一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对博莱霉素所致肺损伤的影响

目的观察一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性在博莱霉素（ＢＬＭ）所致大鼠肺间质纤维化过程中的动态变化,探讨ＮＯＳ抑制剂氨基胍（ＡＧ）对大鼠肺纤维化模型的影响及其作用机制。方法观察各组动物肺脏病理组织学改变和肺匀浆中ＮＯＳ活性、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）以及肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）含量的变化。结果肺匀浆中ＮＯＳ活性在气管灌注ＢＬＭ后迅速上升,第７天达高峰（与对照组相比,Ｐ＜０．０１）,于第２８天基本恢复正常。ＡＧ能显著降低肺匀浆中ＮＯＳ活性,显著延缓、减轻肺泡炎。结论一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在肺间质纤维化的发生发展特别是肺泡炎阶段起着重要作用。     

Epidermal growth factor receptor activation by protein kinase C is necessary for FSH-induced meiotic resumption in porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes

It is proved that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like factors mediate gonadotropin-induced rodent oocyte maturation via EGF receptor (EGFR). However, the detail kinetics and signal pathway between FSH and EGF/EGFR is not clear in large animals. In the present study, we investigated the roles of EGFR and protein kinase C (PKC) in FSH-induced porcine oocyte meiotic resumption. Porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured in NCSU37 medium containing 10% porcine follicular fluid and germinal vesicle breakdown (meiotic resumption) was detected after different treatments. The results showed that EGF-like factor amphiregulin (AR) and EGFR mRNA were expressed in porcine cumulus cells, but not oocytes. FSH significantly induced AR mRNA expression with maximum at 4 h and activated EGFR phosphorylation at 8 h. AR (1-100 ng/ml) dose-dependently induced meiosis resumption of porcine oocyte. The specific EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, but not AG43 (the inactive analog of AG1478), completely blocked FSH, EGF, and AR-induced oocyte meiotic resumption; the inhibitory effect of AG1478 on FSH action gradually decreased when the inhibitor was added at 6 h or later and disappeared when it was added at 11 h; EGF reversed the inhibitory effect on FSH when AG1478 was added within 6 h. FSH triggered porcine oocyte meiotic resumption (at 20 h) later than that of EGF and AR (at 18 h). All these results supported that endogenously produced EGFR activator(s), possibly AR (maximum at 4 h) and EGFR activation (began at 6 h and finished within 11 h), in cumulus cells is necessary for FSH-induced porcine oocyte meiotic resumption (began at 18 h). Furthermore, PKC activator PMA mimicked but PKC inhibitor chelerythrine chloride inhibited FSH action, and AG1478 also suppressed PMA-induced porcine oocyte meiotic resumption. These data together suggested that EGFR activation, by PKC signal pathway, participates in FSH-induced porcine oocyte meiotic resumption.     

表皮生长因子受体对支气管哮喘小鼠气道黏液分泌的影响及机制

目的 探讨支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)小鼠气道黏液分泌与表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、转化生长因子α(TGF-α)的关系以及表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(AG1478)的干预作用.方法 32只小鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组、哮喘模型组、AG1478组和地塞米松干预组.建立哮喘小鼠模型,对肺组织切片行过碘酸雪夫染色显示气道黏膜杯状细胞的增生情况.应用免疫组织化学方法检测TGF-α的蛋白及RT-PCR方法检测EGFR mRNA表达的变化.结果 哮喘组出现气道壁增厚、杯状细胞增多、黏液分泌增加,EGFR、TGF-α水平增高.地塞米松组和AG1478组较哮喘组均有所改善,EGFR、TGF-α表达降低(P<0.05).结论 EGFR、TGF-α参与哮喘小鼠气道黏液分泌过程,AG1478可抑制气道黏液分泌.AG1478可能通过下调EGFR、TGF-α的表达以及抑制依赖于EGFR下游的细胞信号转导级联反应来发挥其效应.     

Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation Enhances In Vivo Histamine-Stimulated Gastric Acid Secretion in the Rat

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) have been shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion through stimulation of the EGF receptor (EGFR). In this study we examined in vivo the effects of inhibition of the EGFR on histamine-stimulated acid secretion in the rat. Submaximal (1.5 mg/kg/hr) histamine-stimulated acid secretion was measured (μ Eq H⁺/2 hr) during infusion of EGFRtk inhibitors and ranitidine in anesthetized rats. EGFR phosphorylation in gastric mucosal tissue lysates was measured by Western blot analysis. Submaximal histamine-stimulated acid secretion was increased significantly by the EGFR inhibitors tyrphostin (Tyr) A46 and Tyr AG1478. Tyr A46 prevented TGFα (10 μ g/kg/hr)-mediated inhibition of maximal (5.0 μ g/kg/hr) histamine-stimulated acid output. Histamine caused a fourfold increase in EGFR phosphorylation which was inhibited by both Tyr and ranitidine. We conclude that the EGFRtk inhibitors, Tyr A46 and Tyr AG1478, significantly increased submaximal histamine-stimulated acid output and Tyr A46 prevented TGFα inhibition of histamine-stimulated acid secretion. These observations suggest that the EGFR is involved, in vivo, in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. This work was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs through Merit Review research funds.     

表皮生长因子家族与肺纤维化关系的研究进展

表皮生长因子家族及其受体在细胞增殖、组织修复和正常细胞的稳定性上被认为有着重要的作用.肺纤维化的主要病理特征之一是在各种生长因子刺激下成纤维细胞过度增殖.表皮生长因子及其受体可刺激成纤维细胞增殖从而在肺纤维化的发病机制中起重要作用.分子靶向药物表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在肿瘤治疗领域已经取得了令人瞩目的 成绩,其是否有益于肺纤维化的治疗值得关注.     

表皮生长因子受体对支气管哮喘小鼠气道黏液分泌的影响及机制

目的探讨支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）小鼠气道黏液分泌与表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）、转化生长因子α（TGFα）的关系以及表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（AG1478）的干预作用。方法32只小鼠随机分为4组：正常对照组、哮喘模型组、AG1478组和地塞米松干预组。建立哮喘小鼠模型,对肺组织切片行过碘酸雪夫染色显示气道黏膜杯状细胞的增生情况。应用免疫组织化学方法检测TGF—α的蛋白及RTPCR方法检测EGFR mRNA表达的变化。结果哮喘组出现气道壁增厚、杯状细胞增多、黏液分泌增加,EGFR、TGF—α水平增高。地塞米松组和AG1478组较哮喘组均有所改善,EGFR、TGF—α表达降低（P〈0．05）。结论EGFR、TGF—α参与哮喘小鼠气道黏液分泌过程,AG1478可抑制气道黏液分泌。AG1478可能通过下调EGFR、TGF-α的表达以及抑制依赖于EGFR下游的细胞信号转导级联反应来发挥其效应。     

Rolipram attenuates bleomycin A5-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats

Background and objective:   Pulmonary fibrosis has a poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders is unclear, but the extent of lung damage due to persistent inflammation is regarded as a critical factor. Rolipram inhibits inflammation induced by various stimuli, as well as the chemotaxis of fibroblasts. In this study rolipram was used to treat pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin A5 in rats, and the possible mechanisms were investigated.
Methods:   Rolipram (0.25 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally daily, following intratracheal instillation of bleomycin A5 (5 mg/kg). Animals were killed at 7 or 28 days after bleomycin A5 instillation, and indices of lung damage and fibrosis were evaluated.
Results:   Bleomycin A5 induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, increased the levels of malondialdehyde and tumour necrosis factor-α and enhanced accumulation of collagen in the lungs. Rolipram administration significantly attenuated these effects.
Conclusions:   Rolipram ameliorated pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis induced by bleomycin A5 in rats. The effects of rolipram may be associated with its antioxidant activity and inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-α production.     

Antitumor efficacy of cytotoxic drugs and the monoclonal antibody 806 is enhanced by the EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478

Blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling with specific inhibitors of the EGFR tyrosine kinase retards cellular proliferation and arrests the growth of tumor xenografts. AG1478, an inhibitor of the EGFR tyrosine kinase, is used in laboratory studies; however, its therapeutic potential has not been elucidated. Therefore, we evaluated an aqueous form of AG1478 for its antitumor activity in mice bearing human xenografts expressing the WT EGFR or a naturally occurring ligand-independent truncation of the EGFR [delta2-7 (de2-7) EGFR or EGFRvIII]. Parenteral administration of soluble AG1478 blocked phosphorylation of the EGFR at the tumor site and inhibited the growth of A431 xenografts that overexpress the WT EGFR and glioma xenografts expressing the de2-7 EGFR. Strikingly, even subtherapeutic doses of AG1478 significantly enhanced the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs, with the combination of AG1478 and temozolomide displaying synergistic antitumor activity against human glioma xenografts. AG1478 was also examined in combination with mAb 806, an anti-EGFR antibody that was raised against the de2-7 EGFR but unexpectedly also binds a subset of the EGFR expressed in cells exhibiting amplification of the EGFR gene. The combination of AG1478 and mAb 806 displayed additive, and in some cases synergistic, antitumor activity against tumor xenografts overexpressing the EGFR. Here, we demonstrate that different classes of inhibitors to the EGFR can have synergistic antitumor activity in vivo. These results establish the antitumor efficacy of the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and provide a rationale for its clinical evaluation in combination with both chemotherapy and other EGFR therapeutics.     

Effects of nintedanib on the microvascular architecture in a lung fibrosis model

Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, has anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activity. We explored the impact of nintedanib on microvascular architecture in a pulmonary fibrosis model. Lung fibrosis was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by intratracheal bleomycin (0.5 mg/kg). Nintedanib was started after the onset of lung pathology (50 mg/kg twice daily, orally). Micro-computed tomography was performed via volumetric assessment. Static lung compliance and forced vital capacity were determined by invasive measurements. Mice were subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage and histologic analyses, or perfused with a casting resin. Microvascular corrosion casts were imaged by scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation tomographic microscopy, and quantified morphometrically. Bleomycin administration resulted in a significant increase in higher-density areas in the lungs detected by micro-computed tomography, which was significantly attenuated by nintedanib. Nintedanib significantly reduced lung fibrosis and vascular proliferation, normalized the distorted microvascular architecture, and was associated with a trend toward improvement in lung function and inflammation. Nintedanib resulted in a prominent improvement in pulmonary microvascular architecture, which outperformed the effect of nintedanib on lung function and inflammation. These findings uncover a potential new mode of action of nintedanib that may contribute to its efficacy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.     

A novel role for epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and its downstream endoplasmic reticulum stress in cardiac damage and microvascular dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFRtk) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are important factors in cardiovascular complications. Understanding whether enhanced EGFRtk activity and ER stress induction are involved in cardiac damage, and microvascular dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus is an important question that has remained unanswered. Cardiac fibrosis and microvascular function were determined in C57BL/6J mice injected with streptozotocin only or in combination with EGFRtk inhibitor (AG1478), ER stress inhibitor (Tudca), or insulin for 2 weeks. In diabetic mice, we observed an increase in EGFRtk phosphorylation and ER stress marker expression (CHOP, ATF4, ATF6, and phosphorylated-eIF2α) in heart and mesenteric resistance arteries, which were reduced with AG1478, Tudca, and insulin. Cardiac fibrosis, enhanced collagen type I, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were decreased with AG1478, Tudca, and insulin treatments. The impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and -independent relaxation responses were also restored after treatments. The inhibition of NO synthesis reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation in control and treated streptozotocin mice, whereas the inhibition of NADPH oxidase improved endothelium-dependent relaxation only in streptozotocin mice. Moreover, in mesenteric resistance arteries, the mRNA levels of Nox2 and Nox4 and the NADPH oxidase activity were augmented in streptozotocin mice and reduced with treatments. This study unveiled novel roles for enhanced EGFRtk phosphorylation and its downstream ER stress in cardiac fibrosis and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus.     

Murine gammaherpes virus as a cofactor in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin resistant mice.

Studies of human tissue have suggested an association between productive Epstein Barr virus and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, a pathogenic role for the virus has not been established. This study was undertaken to develop an animal model, which would explore the association between viral infection and pulmonary fibrosis. BALB/c mice (n=30), resistant to bleomycin, were primed with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 and then given intraperitoneal bleomycin. The mice were sacrificed at 28 days after bleomycin and their lungs assessed histologically and biochemically. Lung pathology was scored 0-3 for fibrotic and inflammatory change. BALB/c mice given virus and bleomycin showed more lung fibrosis (median score 2.2) compared to those given bleomycin alone (median 0), virus alone (median 0.2) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control (median 0). Similarly mice given both virus and bleomycin showed more lung inflammation (median score 1.9) compared to those given bleomycin (median 0.5), virus (median 0.8), or PBS control (median 0.2). There was a significant difference in collagen content between the bleomycin and virus group (mean 1.86 mg) compared to the belomycin alone group (mean 1.52 mg). These results suggest that virus alone does not result in pulmonary fibrosis but that replicating virus in the presence of an exogenous injury may promote the development of pulmonary fibrosis.     

肺间质纤维化小鼠肺内T细胞γ-干扰素和转化生长因子β1的表达

目的 探讨肺组织内T细胞及其转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)/γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)表达与肺间质纤维化的关系.方法 C57BL/6小鼠30只,随机分为5组,即正常对照组和博莱霉素1、2、3、4周组.采用气管内注射博莱霉素(5 mg/kg)建立纤维化模型,分别于造模后1、2、3、4周断头处死,留取各组小鼠肺组织,观察肺泡炎和肺纤维化程度,流式细胞仪在单个细胞水平检测CD4+、CD8+、CD3+/CD8-/IFN-γ+和CD3+/CD8-/TGF-β1+细胞的频率.结果 博莱霉素组小鼠出现明显纤维化;与正常对照组相比,博莱霉素组肺组织CD4+明显增多,CD8+显著降低(P值均<0.01);博莱霉素组肺组织CD4+T细胞来源IFN-γ水平低于正常对照组,而CD4+T细胞来源TGF-β1水平显著增高于正常对照组(P值均<0.01);CD4+TGF-β1+/CD4+IFN-γ+比值进行性增高,与肺纤维化评分呈正相关(r=0.683,P<0.01).结论 CD4+T细胞来源IFN-γ与TGF-β1分别下调与上调,参与肺纤维化.     

Losartan attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats

BACKGROUND: In addition to regulating blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis, the renin-angiotensin system is also involved in lung fibrogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of losartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in SD rats by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (5 mg x kg(-1)). Subsequently, the rats received daily losartan (3, 9 and 27 mg x kg(-1)) or prednisone (20 mg x kg(-1)) orally. Six rats in each group were sacrificed 14 and 21 days after intratracheal instillation. Hydroxyproline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lung tissues were determined by spectroscopy. The levels of TGF-beta1 in serum were measured by ELISA. Histological changes in the lungs were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin stain, and scored. RESULTS: Rat body weight evidently decreased while the indices of lung and hydroxyproline contents in lung tissue were significantly increased 14 and 21 days after intratracheal bleomycin instillation. Inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrotic scores were more prominent in the model group compared to the sham group. Losartan (3, 9 and 27 mg.kg(-1), i.g.) apparently attenuated the degree of pulmonary fibrosis. Further study showed that losartan significantly increased SOD levels while it decreased MDA contents in lung homogenates. Serum TGF-beta1 levels of pulmonary fibrosis rats were also decreased by losartan. CONCLUSIONS: Losartan had an inhibitory effect on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and its effect may be associated with its anti-free radicals and the reduction in TGF-beta1.     

MiR-21 is an EGFR-regulated anti-apoptotic factor in lung cancer in never-smokers

Fifteen percent of lung cancer cases occur in never-smokers and show characteristics that are molecularly and clinically distinct from those in smokers. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations, which are correlated with sensitivity to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), are more frequent in never-smoker lung cancers. In this study, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling of 28 cases of never-smoker lung cancer identified aberrantly expressed miRNAs, which were much fewer than in lung cancers of smokers and included miRNAs previously identified (e.g., up-regulated miR-21) and unidentified (e.g., down-regulated miR-138) in those smoker cases. The changes in expression of some of these miRNAs, including miR-21, were more remarkable in cases with EGFR mutations than in those without these mutations. A significant correlation between phosphorylated-EGFR (p-EGFR) and miR-21 levels in lung carcinoma cell lines and the suppression of miR-21 by an EGFR-TKI, AG1478, suggest that the EGFR signaling is a pathway positively regulating miR-21 expression. In the never-smoker–derived lung adenocarcinoma cell line H3255 with mutant EGFR and high levels of p-EGFR and miR-21, antisense inhibition of miR-21 enhanced AG1478-induced apoptosis. In a never-smoker–derived adenocarcinoma cell line H441 with wild-type EGFR, the antisense miR-21 not only showed the additive effect with AG1478 but also induced apoptosis by itself. These results suggest that aberrantly increased expression of miR-21, which is enhanced further by the activated EGFR signaling pathway, plays a significant role in lung carcinogenesis in never-smokers, as well as in smokers, and is a potential therapeutic target in both EGFR-mutant and wild-type cases.     

Preventive effect of irbesartan on bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice

BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a specific form of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia that is limited to the lung. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ ligands have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. We investigated the effects of irbesartan—an ARB with PPAR γ activity—on the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.MethodsLung injury was induced in imprinting control region (ICR) mice by intratracheal instillation of 2 mg/kg of bleomycin. The treatment group orally received 20 mg/kg of irbesartan for 5 consecutive days before instillation. The mice were sacrificed and were evaluated 14 days after bleomycin instillation.ResultsIrbesartan reduced the fluid content and hydroxyproline level in the lung and improved the pathological findings as indicated by the Ashcroft score. Total cell counts, the numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, and the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) 1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were decreased. Treatment with a PPARγ antagonist GW9662 reversed some of the effects of irbesartan.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicated that irbesartan attenuated the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by decreasing TGF-β1 and MCP-1 via blocking of ATI, by binding to CCR2b, and by PPARγ-mediated inhibition of inflammation.     

茶黄素和表皮生长因子受体对气道黏液分泌的影响

目的 探讨茶黄素对炎症反应时气道上皮细胞黏液分泌的影响.方法 通过人中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(HNE)刺激人肺腺癌细胞A549,构建炎症反应时气道黏液高分泌模型,以茶黄素和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)阻断剂表皮生长因子受体阻断剂(AG1478)进行干预,观察黏蛋白5AC(MUCSAC)、EGFR、磷酸化EGFR(P-EGFR)、磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(P-ERK1/2)、兔抗磷酸化p38(P-p38)及磷酸化JNK丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(P-JNK)的表达.用四甲基偶氮唑盐法测定细胞活性,再将A549细胞分为对照组、HNE处理组、茶黄素组、AG1478组和茶黄素+AG1478组.用逆转录PCR方法检测各组MUC5AC mRNA、EGFR mRNA的变化;Western blot法检测EGFR、P-EGFR、P-ERK1/2、P-p38和P-JNK蛋白的表达;酶联免疫吸附测定法观察MUCSAC蛋白表达的变化,并用细胞免疫激光共聚焦显微镜观察作用前后黏蛋白的分布.两样本均数间比较采用t检验,多样本均数间比较采用单因素方差分析.结果 HNE处理组MUC5AC的mRNA和蛋白的积分吸光度值分别为0.99±0.03和(169±6)μg/mg,EGFR mRNA和蛋白表达的积分吸光度值分别为0.98±0.02和(0.89±0.03)μg/mg,均较对照组[0.53±0.02、(105±4)μg/mg和0.61±0.11、0.21±0.05]明显升高;P-EGFR、P-ERK1/2的蛋白表达也较对照组显著增加,而P-p38的表达则有较低幅度的增强,P-JNK无明显变化.给予茶黄素及AG1478预处理后,与HNE刺激组相比,EGFR、P-EGFR、P-ERK1/2、P-p38均明显下调,P-JNK无相应改变;而茶黄素+AG1478组MUCSAC mRNA和MUC5AC的下调较单独用茶黄素或AG1478处理更为明显,其积分吸光度值分别为0.20±0.02和(125±3)μg/mg,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.02和1405.94,均P<0.05).结论 茶黄素可通过下调EGFR水平、减少EGFR的活化、部分阻遏EGFR信号转导途径及细胞外信号调节激酶来实现对下游途径的影响,从而发挥茶黄素抑制炎性气道黏液高分泌形成的作用.     

Resveratrol alleviates bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats

Antioxidant therapy may be useful in diseases with impaired oxidant-antioxidant balance such as pulmonary fibrosis. This study was designed to examine the effects of resveratrol, an antioxidant agents, against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and oxidative damage. Wistar albino rats were administered a single dose of bleomycin (5 mg/kg; via the tracheal cannula) followed by either saline or resveratrol (10 mg/kg; orally) for 14 days. The effect of resveratrol on pulmonary oxidative damage was studied by cell count and analysis of cytokine levels (TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and biochemical measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation; glutathione (GSH), a key antioxidant; and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, an index of neutrophil infiltration, in the lung tissue. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was determined by lung collagen contents and also microscopically. Bleomycin caused a significant decrease in lung GSH, which was accompanied with significant increases in MDA level, MPO activity, and collagen contents of the lung tissue concomitant with increased levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators and cell count in BALF. On the other hand, resveratrol treatment reversed all these biochemical indices as well as histopathological alterations induced by bleomycin. The results demonstrate the role of oxidative mechanisms in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and resveratrol, by its antioxidant properties, ameliorates oxidative injury and fibrosis due to bleomycin. Thus, an effective supplement with resveratrol as an adjuvant therapy may be a very promising agent in alleviating the side effects of bleomycin, an effective chemotherapeutic agent.