管道泄漏监测传感器网络的路由路径算法研究

分析管道流量泄漏监测的传感器网络特点,对传感器节点数据流量进行建模分析,如何保障在线监测网络设施的可用性,而链路通信质量随时空变化很大,并且有5%到15%的非对称链路存在。链路层服务不但可以发现邻居传感器节点,测量和预测邻居节点间的链路通信质量,而且还能提供链路数据转发机制减轻单向链路对其他协议的影响。为了提高路由路径的可靠性和减少能量损耗,利用链路层服务和分布式算法,为每个传感器节点建立到汇聚节点的最可靠路由路径,理论分析该算法的性能,在模拟器TOSSIM上进行仿真,实验结果表明基于链路层服务的最可靠路由路径建立算法,可充分利用单向链路建立更可靠的路由路径,有多于17%的节点建立更可靠的路由路径,路由路径的可靠性提高2%到51%。     

基于流量预测的无线mesh网络负载均衡路由协议

提出了一种基于神经网络预测模型的无线mesh网络负载均衡协议NNP-L2MPM。协议根据网络中泛洪的HELLO包计算路径质量,从而选择出到达目的节点的最优下一跳,并以MAC层接口队列长度作为流量负载的衡量依据,然后利用RBF神经网络预测模型对mesh网路中的节点流量负载进行预测,根据预测的下一时刻的流量负载优化路径质量,提前实现路由更新,避免中间节点发生拥塞,进而提高网络性能。仿真结果表明:与原有路由协议相比,所提协议在数据包投递率上提高了约9%,平均端到端延时降低了约16%。     

End-to-end performance aware association mechanism for wireless municipal mesh networks

In a wireless municipal mesh (muni mesh) network, a client station (STA) needs to associate with a mesh access point (MAP) for network access. Previous association mechanisms assume high-speed backhaul and only the access link being the bottleneck. This assumption holds for most WLANs, but in wireless mesh networks traffic could be bottlenecked either by the access link or by the bandwidth-limited wireless backhaul. In this paper, we propose a new joint MAP association mechanism for wireless muni mesh networks to improve STA’s end-to-end communication performance. A STA makes its association decision by jointly considering the quality of the access link between the STA and the associated MAP as well as the cost of the multi-hop path from the associated MAP to the Internet gateway. In addition, we design two new metrics, Contention Aware Expected Transmission Time (CAETT) and Load Aware Expected Transmission Time (LAETT), to measure the access link quality. The main strength of CAETT is incorporating the impact of 802.11 MAC layer contentions on the bandwidth sharing of multi-rate stations. LAETT further captures the real traffic load on the shared medium. In order to reduce the association delay, we use an analytical model to derive a hybrid measurement/estimation method to enable a station to quickly determine the cost of CAETT and LAETT. We conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed joint MAP association mechanism. Especially within the joint association framework, we investigate the impact of various combinations of access link metrics (RSSI, PB, CAETT, LAETT) and backhaul routing metrics (hopcount, ETT, RALA) on the system performance. We show that the joint association mechanism can significantly improve the network performance in terms of throughput and delay by up to 100%. In particular, the joint association mechanism with LAETT as the access link metric and RALA as the routing metric outperforms other schemes and metrics.     

基于IEEE 802.11的长距离无线Mesh网络

基于IEEE 802.11的长距离无线Mesh网络(LDmesh)的单跳链路长度在几十到上百公里,具有带宽高、成本低、覆盖广等优点,可广泛应用于偏远乡村或人口分布稀疏地区的无线宽带接入等.LDmesh网络是点到点的链路,链路的干扰特性和传输特性与传统无线Mesh网络有显著不同,原有的基于CSMA的MAC协议不再适用,进而影响到上层协议的设计.分析了LDmesh网络的研究进展,从链路性能、MAC协议、路由协议及网络管理等方面深入论述了LDmesh网络面临的挑战和进一步研究方向.     

An anonymous distributed routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks

This paper proposes an efficient anonymous routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This protocol considers symmetric and asymmetric links during the wireless communication of MANETs. A MANET is one type of self-organized wireless network that can be formed by several wireless devices such as laptops, tablet PCs, and smartphones. Different wireless transmission ranges of different mobile devices lead to a special communication condition called an asymmetric link. Most research on this topic focuses on providing security and anonymity for the symmetric link without considering the asymmetric link. This paper proposes a novel distributed routing protocol beyond the symmetric and asymmetric links. This protocol guarantees the security, anonymity, and high reliability of an established route by avoiding unreliable intermediate nodes. The routes generated by the proposed protocol are shorter than previous research. The proposed protocol enhances MANET performance in assuring security and anonymity.     

无线mesh传感器网络跨层路由算法

针对无线mesh传感器网络的需求,提出一种综合量度的跨层路由协议H工.S。算法H工S利用底层的链路质 量信息、MAC层时隙分配信息,结合跳数对备选路径做出综合判断,避开质量较差的链路和负载较重的节点。路由发 现过程中在中间节点设置链路质量和节点负载阂值,并根据相关信息进行延时转发操作,以减少不必要的路由开销。 在路由维护阶段使用主动和被动相结合的方式全面检测路由路径。NS2的仿真结果表明,HLS协议在吞吐量、端到 端时延以及网络生存时间上有更好的表现。     

A2MAC-一种非对称链路感知的MAC协议

目前众多的无线网络协议都假定节点间的通信链路具有对称性,然而越来越多的实验结果表明,异构无线网络以及信号传播的不规则性都会形成非对称性的通信链路并严重影响着各种协议的性能.本文针对无线链路非对称性的特点,提出了一种非对称链路感知的MAC协议A2MAC(Asymmetric-link Aware MAC).该协议首先根据引起链路非对称性的不同情况建立正确的链路状况感知邻居表,然后通过链路状况感知邻居表设计MAC协议.仿真结果表明,在非对称链路的网络环境下,A2MAC协议的分组丢失率、平均端对端时延以及网络有效吞吐量都比802.11MAC协议有明显的改善.     

一种基于Ad hoc网络AODV协议的不相交节点多路径路由算法

针对Ad hoc 网络低功耗无线通信的链路不确定性、链路质量不稳定性以及节点失效等问题,基于AODV路由协议提出了不相关节点路由算法。该算法使用简单的数字标志来搜寻不相关节点路径,并通过设置节点的阈值判断链路质量和失效节点来确定可靠的路由链路。仿真实验表明,该算法有很好的报文投递率,并能有效地减少网络链路中断的数量,降低端到端的延迟。     

结合距离与队列积压的无线Mesh网络拥塞感知路由协议

针对无线Mesh网络中路由的拥塞问题,提出了一种结合距离与队列积压信息的拥塞感知路由协议(DR-CAR)。首先,结合链路质量源路由(LQSR)协议中的距离度量和E-Backpressure协议中的队列积压度量构建一种新的链路质量度量。然后,每个节点通过探测数据包来计算链路质量,并通过控制数据包和其邻居节点进行交互,以此来更新链路质量。最后,节点根据链路质量来选择下一跳节点,从而构建从源节点到目的节点之间的最佳路径。另外,在MAC层中为控制数据包分配最高的优先级,同时保证控制数据包的安全性。仿真实验表明,在不同的链路负载下,该协议在网络传输时延和网络吞吐量方面都具有优越的性能,具有可行性和有效性。     

Reliable and Energy-Efficient Routing for Static Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Unreliable Links

Energy efficient routing and power control techniques in wireless ad hoc networks have drawn considerable research interests recently. In this paper, we address the problem of energy efficient reliable routing for wireless ad hoc networks in the presence of unreliable communication links or devices or lossy wireless link layers by integrating the power control techniques into the energy efficient routing. We consider both the case when the link layer implements a perfect reliability and the case when the reliability is implemented through the transport layer, e.g., TCP. We study the energy efficient unicast and multicast when the links are unreliable. Subsequently, we study how to perform power control (thus, controlling the reliability of each communication link) such that the unicast routings use the least power when the communication links are unreliable, while the power used by multicast is close to optimum. Extensive simulations have been conducted to study the power consumption, the end-to-end delay, and the network throughput of our proposed protocols compared with existing protocols.     

Joint scheduling and routing algorithm with load balancing in wireless mesh network

Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a promising solution for last mile broadband internet access. Mesh nodes or mesh routers are connected via wireless links to form a multi-hop backbone infrastructure and improving throughput is the primary goal. While previous works mainly focused on either link level protocol design or complex mathematical model, in this paper, we investigate the performance gains from jointly optimizing scheduling and routing in a multi-radio, multi-channel and multi-hop wireless mesh network. Then, two optimization objectives are addressed by considering wireless media contention and spatial multiplexing. The first objective is to maximize throughput by exploiting spatial reuse while the second one is to ensure fairness among different links. We design a cross-layer algorithm by considering both MAC layer and network layer. Simulation results show that our joint optimization algorithm can significantly increase throughput as well as fairness.     

基于路径质量的无线传感网路由协议

基于跳数的无线传感器网络路由协议因实现简单、延迟少和易维护等优点,一直以来受到广泛关注。在分析现有基于跳数的路由协议的基础上,对最小跳数路由算法的选路标准进行了改进,提出了一种基于路径质量的无线传感网路由协议,采用跳数、综合链路质量和节点能量作为路径质量的度量指标。使用OMNET++网络仿真软件进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明：改进后的路由协议有效地提高了网络分组的投递率,降低了网络的能耗。     

基于树形拓扑的无线Mesh网络路由协议研究

研究和分析了无线Mesh网络路由协议及其特点,提出了无线Mesh网络路由协议设计原则.遵循这些原则,充分利用Mesh网络全相连的优点构建出树形逻辑拓扑结构,该拓扑结构能满足无线Mesh网络业务特点的要求.在该拓扑树基础上设计了一种基于树形拓扑的无线Mesh网络路由协议(TTRP),该协议采用无开销的源地址学习方式构建路由相关表项,快速链路切换和路由重定向机制大大提高了TTRP路由协议的健壮性和网络的抗毁性.网络仿真结果表明了该路由协议的可行性.     

Route Maintenance in IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks

In this paper, we propose a novel Route Maintenance scheme for IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks. Despite lack of mobility and energy constraints, reactive routing protocols such as AODV and DSR suffer from frequent route breakages in 802.11 based infrastructure wireless mesh networks. In these networks, if any intermediate node fails to successfully transmit a packet to the next hop node after a certain number of retransmissions, the link layer reports a transmission problem to the network layer. Reactive routing protocols systematically consider this as a link breakage (and therefore a route breakage). Transmission failures can be caused by a number of factors e.g. interference or noise and can be transient in nature. Frequent route breakages result in significant performance degradation. The proposed mechanism considers multiple factors to differentiate between links with transient transmission problems from those links which have permanent transmission problems and takes a coherent decision on link breakage. The proposed mechanism is implemented in AODV for single-radio single-channel mesh network and an extension is incorporated in multi-radio multi-channel scenarios. Simulation results show substantial performance improvement compared to classical AODV and local route repair schemes.     

基于探测的多信道无线网状网机会路由算法

多信道无线网状网的性能在很大程度上依赖于信道分配和路由选择.现有的多信道无线网状网路由大多没有考虑信道之间的干扰问题,从而导致通信性能下降.针对这一问题,提出一种基于探测的多信道无线网状网机会路由(POR)算法.首先,根据干扰能量,选出最佳通信信道集来降低信道间的传榆干扰.在此基础上,采用探测方式计算路径期望传输时延,确定候选链路集并运用机会路由机制进行数据传输以最小化端到端的传输时延.实验结果表明,POR可以显著地降低平均端到端时延,提高数据包投递率,为数据传输提供实时性和可靠性保证.     

Survivable millimeter-wave mesh networks

Millimeter-wave mesh networks have the potential to provide cost-effective high-bandwidth solutions to many current bandwidth-constrained networks including cellular backhaul. However, the availability of such networks is severely limited due to their susceptibility to weather, such as precipitation and humidity. In this paper, we present a rigorous approach to survivable millimeter-wave mesh networks based on experimentation, modeling, and simulation. Individual link performance is characterised using frame error-rate measurements from millimeter-wave transmissions on test links over a period of one year. A geometric model based on radar-reflectivity data is used to characterise rain storms and determine their impact on spatially correlated links of a mesh network. To mitigate the impact of link impairments on network services, we present two cross-layered routing protocols to route around the failures: P-WARP (predictive weather-assisted routing protocol) and XL-OSPF (cross-layered open shortest-path first). We conduct a performance analysis of the proposed mesh network under the presence of actual weather events as recorded by the US National Weather Service. Results show that the proposed approach yields the highest dependability when compared against existing routing methods.     

SmallWorld Model-Based Polylogarithmic Routing Using Mobile Nodes

The use of mobile nodes to improve network system performance has drawn considerable attention recently. The movement-assisted model considers mobility as a desirable feature,where routing is based on the store-carry-forward paradigm with random or controlled movement of resource rich mobile nodes.The application of such a model has been used in several emerging networks,including mobile ad hoc networks(MANETs),wireless sensor networks(WSNs),and delay tolerant networks(DTNs).It is well known that mobility increases the capacity of MANETs by reducing the number of relays for routing,prolonging the lifespan of WSNs by using mobile nodes in place of bottleneck static sensors,and ensuring network connectivity in DTNs using mobile nodes to connect different parts of a disconnected network.Trajectory planning and the coordination of mobile nodes are two important design issues aiming to optimize or balance several measures, including delay,average number of relays,and moving distance.In this paper,we propose a new controlled mobility model with an expected polylogarithmic number of relays to achieve a good balance among several contradictory goals,including delay,the number of relays,and moving distance.The model is based on the small-world model where each static node has"short"link connections to its nearest neighbors and"long"link connections to other nodes following a certain probability distribution.Short links are regular wireless connections whereas long links are implemented using mobile nodes.Various issues are considered,including trade-offs between delay and average number of relays,selection of the number of mobile nodes,and selection of the number of long links.The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated analytically as well as through simulation.     

Lifetime maximizing dynamic energy efficient routing protocol for multi hop wireless networks

Energy efficiency is recognized as a critical problem in wireless networks. Many routing schemes have been proposed for finding energy efficient routing paths with a view to extend lifetime of the networks – however it has been observed that the energy efficient path depletes quickly. Further, an unbalanced distribution of energy among the nodes may cause early death of nodes as well as network. Hence, balancing the energy distribution is a challenging area of research in wireless networks. In this paper we propose an energy efficient scheme that considers the node cost of nodes for relaying the data packets to the sink. The node cost considers both the remaining energy of the node as well as energy efficiency. Using this parameter, an energy efficient routing algorithm is proposed which balances the data traffic among the nodes and also prolongs the network lifetime. Simulation shows that proposed routing scheme improves energy efficiency and network lifetime than widely used methods viz., Shortest Path Tree (SPT) and Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) based PEDAP, Distributed Energy Balanced Routing (DEBR) and Shortest Path Aggregation Tree Based Routing Protocol.     

Implementation of energy efficient circuit design using A* algorithm in embedded network

In wireless sensor network, the routing path plays a prominent role in network resource utilization. Since, the nodes in network are open to physical abuse an effective routing protocol is necessary to improve data reliability in network and to overcome node data link disconnection. In this paper, we propose to implement A*EEDDP (Energy Efficient Distributed Diffusion protocol) to improve data reliability and increase network lifetime. The A* algorithm determines the shortest routing path between source node and destination node. In addition, the routing path determine with respect to parameters such as energy consumed for communication, residual energy of nodes and the time over which the nodes can support the routing path. The combined A*EEDDP implement in testbed and performance evaluate interms of network lifetime, throughput, packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency and end to end delay. The A*EEDDP performs better compared to other algorithm and achieves higher packet delivery ratio of 97%.     

多信道无线Mesh网络负载均衡路由算法研究

针对无线网状网的网络容量问题,在多信道无线网状网模型的基础上,利用线性规划公式对无线网状网的路由问题进行描述,在此基础上提出了一个负载均衡的路由算法,在对业务请求的路由跳步数进行约束的前提上,通过减少网络链路上的负载,达到提高网络的吞吐量的目的。仿真结果表明,提出的算法能显著提高网络性能。