基于UKF算法的汽车状态估计

准确实时获取行驶过程中的状态信息是汽车动态控制系统研究的关键问题。将unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法应用到汽车的状态估计之中,建立了包含时不变统计特性噪声和非线性轮胎的汽车动力学模型,采用具有对称采样策略和比例修正的UKF算法对汽车估计了多个关键状态量。将UKF估计器与常见的EKF估计器进行了比较分析,基于ADAMS/Car的虚拟试验和实车试验验证了UKF在汽车状态估计中的可行性。     

Railway track geometry determination using adaptive Kalman filtering model

The Kalman filter has been widely used to solve different filtering problems especially in tracking and estimation applications. Besides its simplicity, robustness and optimality, the application of Kalman filter to nonlinear systems can be complicated. The most common method is to use extended Kalman filter which linearizes the nonlinear model so that the standard Kalman filter can be applied. In this paper, a new adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm is designed and applied to a railway track geometry surveying system which has been designed in the scope of a research project at Yildiz Technical University/Turkey. Track gauge, super-elevation, gradient and track axis coordinates which are the railway geometrical parameters can be instantly determined while making measurements by using adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm integrated surveying system.     

基于NACKF的分布式驱动电动汽车轮胎侧向力与质心侧偏角估计

针对传统容积卡尔曼滤波算法在进行车辆关键状态估计时要求噪声统计特性已知的问题,提出一种噪声自适应容积卡尔曼滤波（Noise adaptive cubature Kalman filter, NACKF）算法来进行车辆关键状态的估计。基于次优无偏极大后验估计器对量测噪声协方差进行实时更新并将其嵌入到标准容积卡尔曼算法中实现自适应容积卡尔曼滤波。针对车辆不同子系统间耦合特性对滤波精度的影响,构建双重自适应容积卡尔曼滤波器分别进行侧向力与质心侧偏角的估计,两者在估计过程中互为输入构成闭环反馈,利用分布式模块化结构弱化系统耦合特性对估计精度的影响,实现轮胎侧向力与质心侧偏角的实时准确估计。利用Simulink-Carsim联合仿真平台进行仿真验证和实车试验验证。结果表明,基于双重自适应容积卡尔曼滤波的估计算法相对标准容积卡尔曼滤波估计精度更高,较好地改善了传统容积卡尔曼滤波器在噪声先验统计特性未知条件下非线性滤波精度下降的问题。     

An adaptive three-stage extended Kalman filter for nonlinear discrete-time system in presence of unknown inputs

Considering the performances of conventional Kalman filter may seriously degrade when it suffers stochastic faults and unknown input, which is very common in engineering problems, a new type of adaptive three-stage extended Kalman filter (AThSEKF) is proposed to solve state and fault estimation in nonlinear discrete-time system under these conditions. The three-stage UV transformation and adaptive forgetting factor are introduced for derivation, and by comparing with the adaptive augmented state extended Kalman filter, it is proven to be uniformly asymptotically stable. Furthermore, the adaptive three-stage extended Kalman filter is applied to a two-dimensional radar tracking scenario to illustrate the effect, and the performance is compared with that of conventional three stage extended Kalman filter (ThSEKF) and the adaptive two-stage extended Kalman filter (ATEKF). The results show that the adaptive three-stage extended Kalman filter is more effective than these two filters when facing the nonlinear discrete-time systems with information of unknown inputs not perfectly known.     

分布式驱动电动汽车双无迹卡尔曼滤波状态参数联合观测

为实时观测分布式驱动电动汽车行驶过程中的车身质心侧偏角等状态及车辆惯性参数如车辆质量、横摆转动惯量等信息,针对车辆惯性参数估计易敏感于载荷参数变化的挑战,发展面向载荷参数不确定（乘客或货物加载）的纵向、侧向、横摆运动的四轮车辆非线性动力学系统估计模型,在融合轮毂转矩等车载多传感器信息的基础上,将能适应强非线性系统的无迹卡尔曼滤波引入到车辆惯性参数估计中,设计车辆并联双无迹卡尔曼滤波状态参数联合观测系统,其中一个无迹卡尔曼滤波器观测车辆速度、车身质心侧偏角等状态,而另一个无迹卡尔曼滤波器观测车辆惯性参数。在CarSim/Matlab高保真环境中使用双移线、正弦工况对观测器在不同的载荷加载条件的可行性和有效性进行仿真验证,结果表明：该观测系统能实时观测车辆运行的状态及车辆惯性参数,即使在重载荷加载条件下仍具有较高的观测精度。     

基于AEKF的车辆质量与道路坡度实时估计

针对车辆在实际行驶过程中外界噪声的统计特性无法已知的问题,以车辆纵向动力学模型为基础,提出了自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波(adaptive extended Kalman filter,简称AEKF)的车辆质量及道路坡度估计算法。以动态估计车辆系统中的质量与坡度为研究对象,引入了旋转质量换算系数,建立车辆纵向动力学系统的状态空间模型,考虑了不同时刻的档位匹配与行驶特殊工况的处理。对系统状态方程进行离散化处理,得到系统状态方程与系统测量方程,在扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,简称EKF)的基础上引入带遗忘因子的噪声统计估计器,通过AEKF对状态方程与测量方程实时更新,进行在线估计和校正噪声统计值,从而解决系统的噪声时变问题。本研究算法与EKF算法估计及实测结果的对比分析表明,本研究算法能够很好地对车辆质量和坡度信号进行有效滤波和估计,在短时间内逐渐收敛并逼近实测值,从而能够合理有效地检测车辆在行驶过程中的状态信息。     

基于迭代中心差分卡尔曼滤波的飞机姿态估计

在飞机姿态估计中,系统模型非线性严重、初始估计误差大和可观测性弱等固有缺陷使得对估计算法的精度要求更高。针对这一问题,给出了一种基于迭代中心差分卡尔曼滤波(ICDKF)的飞机姿态估计方法,并将其应用于由低精度高噪声传感器组成的低成本飞机姿态估计系统。首先建立基于四元数的飞机姿态数学模型,然后用ICDKF方法进行姿态估计,并通过实测数据进行验证。实验结果表明,ICDKF不仅有效地提高了飞机姿态估计的稳定性、收敛速度和滤波精度,而且无需计算雅克比矩阵,实现简单,其性能明显优于标准CDKF和EKF方法。     

基于模糊卡尔曼滤波器的锂电池荷电状态与健康状态预测

针对当前锂电池荷电状态(State of charge, SOC)与健康状态(State of health, SOH)预测精度较低的问题,提出了一种基于模糊卡尔曼滤波器的预测方法。采用非线性二阶电阻电容模型表示锂电池,并通过最小二乘误差优化算法对模型参数进行估计,从而更准确地确定蓄电池容量作为SOH值的基础。扩展卡尔曼滤波器(Extended Kalman filter, EKF)可在初始SOC值未知的情况下对其进行准确预测,而模糊逻辑有助于消除测量和过程噪声。仿真结果表明,在城市测功机驱动计划期间(Urban dynamometer drving schedule, UDDS)测试中最大的SOC估算误差是0.66%;通过离线更新卡尔曼滤波器,可对电池容量进行估计,结果表明,最大估计误差为1.55%,从而有效提高了SOC值的预测精度。     

5基于改进型采样点卡尔曼滤波的矿用电池SOC估计

为了实时、准确地估计矿用电池SOC值,通过采用加权统计线性回归法实现模型函数线性化,将采样点卡尔曼滤波技术应用到矿用电池SOC估计中.针对有限的电池管理系统资源,基于电池状态观测复合模型的状态方程线性和观测方程非线性的特点,提出了将标准卡尔曼滤波和采样点卡尔曼滤波组合的非线性滤波算法;为了使得该算法具有应对突变状态的强跟踪能力和应对模型不准确的鲁棒性,引入了奇异值分解,采用特征协方差矩阵代替误差协方差矩阵,并基于强跟踪原理引入了次优渐消因子.仿真结果表明,基于改进型采样点卡尔曼滤波的矿用电池SOC估计算法兼顾估计精度和运算量,并具有跟踪突变状态和应对模型不准确的鲁棒性,完全适用于资源有限的矿用电池SOC估计;可见,该算法具有良好的实际应用价值.     

基于视觉和扩展卡尔曼滤波的位姿和运动估计新方法

估计两参考坐标系之间的相对三维位姿和相对运动 ,对机器人导航、机器人装配、测量、跟踪、目标识别和摄像机定标来说是一个非常重要的问题。用八元数来表示摄像机和运动目标两坐标系之间相对平移和旋转 ,在假设运动目标的三维几何尺寸已知 ,且摄像机和运动目标之间的相对运动为匀速运动的情况下 ,由单个针孔摄像机获取运动目标的图像并测量其图像中的线特征点。由于旋转部分用四元数表示 ,状态转移函数是非线性的 ,测量函数由三维坐标变换和针孔摄像机模型所决定 ,存在严重的非线性 ,常规的卡尔曼滤波方法不适合 ,这里以扩展卡尔曼滤波方法作为数学模型 ,对状态转移函数和测量函数进行线性化后 ,对摄像机和运动目标之间的位姿和相对运动进行了估计 ,仿真结果表明 :该位姿和运动估计算法具有良好的收敛性     

Pico satellite attitude estimation via Robust Unscented Kalman Filter in the presence of measurement faults

In the normal operation conditions of a pico satellite, a conventional Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) gives sufficiently good estimation results. However, if the measurements are not reliable because of any kind of malfunction in the estimation system, UKF gives inaccurate results and diverges by time. This study introduces Robust Unscented Kalman Filter (RUKF) algorithms with the filter gain correction for the case of measurement malfunctions. By the use of defined variables named as measurement noise scale factor, the faulty measurements are taken into consideration with a small weight, and the estimations are corrected without affecting the characteristics of the accurate ones. Two different RUKF algorithms, one with single scale factor and one with multiple scale factors, are proposed and applied for the attitude estimation process of a pico satellite. The results of these algorithms are compared for different types of measurement faults in different estimation scenarios and recommendations about their applications are given.     

基于IEKF-APF算法的汽车状态估计

行驶汽车状态变量质心侧偏角和横摆角速度是汽车稳定性控制系统中重要控制变量,准确获取行驶过程中的状态信息是汽车控制系统研究的关键问题。应用估计理论由传感器测出易测变量来估计难以测量的关键状态变量是一种常用的估计方法。提出一种新的粒子滤波算法通过所建立的包含定常平稳随机噪声和非线性轮胎的汽车动力学7自由度整车模型对汽车状态进行估计。针对粒子滤波过程中出现的退化问题,应用迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波融入最新观测信息产生更加接近真实状态的重要性密度函数,辅助粒子滤波算法通过所产生的重要性密度函数结合观测量进行重采样,结合这两种算法提出迭代扩展卡尔曼-辅助粒子滤波算法(Iterative extended Kalman filtering-auxiliary particle filtering algorithm, IEKF-APF)以改善粒子采样和估计精度的提高。为验证所提出的IEKF-APF算法估计性能,将其结果与实车试验结果和无迹卡尔曼滤波算法(Unscented Kalman filtering, UKF)估计结果进行比较,结果表明其估计性能优于UKF,更接近于试验结果。     

Identifying Bearing Rotor-Dynamic Coefficients Using an Extended Kalman Filter

An extended Kalman filter is developed to estimate the linearized direct and indirect stiffness and damping force coefficients for bearings in rotor-dynamic applications from noisy measurements of the shaft displacement in response to imbalance and impact excitation. The bearing properties are modeled as stochastic random variables using a Gauss-Markov model. Noise terms are introduced into the system model to account for all of the estimation error, including modeling errors and uncertainties and the propagation of measurement errors into the parameter estimates. The system model contains two user-defined parameters that can be tuned to improve the filter's performance; these parameters correspond to the covariance of the system and measurement noise variables. The filter is also strongly influenced by the initial values of the states and the error covariance matrix. The filter is demonstrated using numerically simulated data for a rotor-bearing system with two identical bearings, which reduces the number of unknown linear dynamic coefficients to eight. The filter estimates the direct damping coefficients and all four stiffness coefficients correlated well with actual values, whereas the estimates the cross-coupled damping coefficients were the least accurate.     

Detection of broken rotor bars in induction motors using nonlinear Kalman filters

This paper presents a model-based fault detection approach for induction motors. A new filtering technique using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is utilized as a state estimation tool for on-line detection of broken bars in induction motors based on rotor parameter value estimation from stator current and voltage processing. The hypothesis on which the detection is based is that the failure events are detected by jumps in the estimated parameter values of the model. Both UKF and EKF are used to estimate the value of rotor resistance. Upon breaking a bar the estimated rotor resistance is increased instantly, thus providing two values of resistance after and before bar breakage. In order to compare the estimation performance of the EKF and UKF, both observers are designed for the same motor model and run with the same covariance matrices under the same conditions. Computer simulations are carried out for a squirrel cage induction motor. The results show the superiority of UKF over EKF in nonlinear system (such as induction motors) as it provides better estimates for rotor fault detection.     

改进扩展卡尔曼滤波算法在智能足球机器人比赛中的应用

为了减少系统延时对高实时性机器人足球比赛的影响,在深入研究卡尔曼滤波算法原理的基础上,提出了一种改进的扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法,建立了足球机器人竞赛中小球的运动模型,通过仿真实验给出了小球运动状态的预测轨迹。实验结果表明,改进后的EKF算法可以有效地解决以往算法在高度非线性化区域的不稳定性等问题,同时改进后的算法提高了系统实时性,算法易于实现且预测效果较好。     

卡尔曼滤波器在过程估计中的应用

提出了一种卡尔曼滤波算法,建立离散状态模型,运用MATLAB对直流电机进行分析,对过程进行估计.以一个平方信号作为过程输入,分别计算了无噪声过程响应和有噪声过程响应来加以比较.根据控制信号和测量输出估计过程输出和状态,卡尔曼滤波器的估计输出接近于无噪声过程的输出,状态估计也令人满意;估计输出信号的误差方差较小,效果良好.     

自适应卡尔曼滤波在无刷直流电机系统辨识中的应用

为了有效抑制量测噪声特性变化对系统辨识精度的影响以获得准确的无刷直流电机模型,提出了一种采用自适应卡尔曼滤波算法的无刷直流电机系统辨识方法。通过计算新息理论方差的极大似然最优估计,并将其引入卡尔曼滤波算法中修正滤波增益来抑制量测噪声特性变化对辨识结果的影响,使该滤波算法实现对模型参数的准确估计,提高辨识精度。实验结果表明,在量测噪声特性变化的情况下,该算法能够准确跟踪实际量测噪声特性的变化,参数估计平滑,相对于目前系统辨识广泛采用的带有遗忘因子的递推最小二乘算法,输出误差的均方根值减小了73.5%。该算法简单易行,计算量小,辨识结果可以很好地描述系统行为,便于在工程实践中应用。     

自适应卡尔曼滤波器在火箭弹落点估计中的应用

利用雷达对火箭弹一段飞行过程中的参数进行量测,对火箭弹落点进行了准确估计,实现了火箭弹的轨迹修正。采用具有自适应调节滤波增益矩阵的卡尔曼滤波器,结合质点弹道模型,建立了自适应卡尔曼滤波弹道模型,完成了对三坐标雷达探测的一段火箭弹飞行参数的野值处理与滤波,并对火箭弹落点进行外推。数值仿真结果表明,经自适应调节的卡尔曼滤波器滤波后,弹道量测信号中的野值与噪声被有效去除,且滤波方差可以在短时间内收敛。根据滤波时间与落点估计误差的关系,采用滤波时间为8-10 s 方案,可得到最佳的落点估计。     

基于改进卡尔曼滤波的叉车载重快速准确估计方法

针对工作环境恶劣、操作工况复杂的伸缩臂叉车载重实时快速准确估计需求,对伸缩臂叉车的载重估计数学模型及其求解算法进行了研究。首先,利用叉车现有功能模块中已装配的各类传感器,提出并分析了三种载重估计方案,在综合比较各方案的优缺点之后,确定并建立了基于动力学原理的载重估计数学模型;然后,将载重作为估计系统的状态变量,将液压系统压力、臂架变幅角度和伸缩臂伸缩长度等实时信号作为测量值,将基于转动定律建立的载重计算公式作为状态变量与测量值之间的观测方程,运用卡尔曼滤波算法对该数学模型进行求解;同时,为解决卡尔曼滤波算法在递推过程中状态变量发生改变从而导致大量新测量数据对状态变量失去校正能力的问题,提出了一种基于改进卡尔曼滤波的载重估计算法;最后,对某企业超长载重伸缩臂叉车进行了不同载重的离线试验和在线试验。研究结果表明：对于454 kg的轻载荷,该算法的估计结果的最大绝对误差小于91 kg,而对于1100 kg、2268 kg、3368 kg和4536 kg的重载荷,其平均绝对百分比误差小于3%;趋于稳定估计值的响应时间可在1 s之内,完全优于实际应用需求。该方法模型简单、可移植强,可推广应用到起...