各种食品的营养

蔬菜是人类不可缺少的食物,它富含人体需要的维生素、矿物质及消化系统必须的粗纤维等。在我们食用的蔬菜中,豆菜类含有较多的维生素C和矿物质;根茎类含淀粉甚多;叶菜类一般含淀粉较少,含纤维较多均含有铁、钾、维生素以及胡萝卜素;花菜类含维生素A、B、C和矿物质相当丰富;瓜果类含水分最多,它还含有较多的胡萝卜素和     

胆固醇与健康

一、胆固醇是人体的必需物 胆固醇是一种脂类化合物,在化学上它实际上是一种环状分子的一元醇。它不溶于水。胆固醇在体内有很重要的功用。它是细胞膜的重要组成部分;在脑、神经组织、肝、肾和表皮组织中含量特别丰富,约占脑中物质的17％;它是制造胆酸的材料,胆酸可以帮助食品中甘油三酸酯与胆固醇的消化;它可以合成肾上腺皮质激素或在性腺中合成女性激素及男性激素;在紫外线光照射下,7—脱氢胆固醇可转化成维生素D_3,以促进钙的吸收。因此胆固醇是人体中不可缺少的重要成分。正常人体的血液中胆固醇的含量在120—200毫克/100毫升。但是,胆固醇含量过高会导致心脑血管     

按摩耳朵保健全身

<正>中医认为"五脏六腑,十二经脉有络于耳",也就是说,耳朵是全身经络的汇集之处,对它进行按摩,有保健全身的作用。其实,大家仔细观察耳朵的形态就可以发现,它像一个倒立在子宫中的胎儿。耳垂代表胎儿的头眼部,耳的外缘部分为躯干及四肢,     

樱花NSS-O型高压蒸汽灭菌柜的维修与保养

<正>高压蒸汽灭菌柜在医院使用比较广泛,它是耐高压、高温的手术器械及物品消毒灭菌的可靠设备,能为手术安全提供保证。     

食用植物油中3,4-苯并芘的调查研究

<正> 3,4-苯并芘是一种致癌物质,它的来源一方面是它存在于某些物质中,如沥青、粗制煤焦油及煤焦油的各分段产物;另一方面是由于燃料燃烧不完全也会产生,如在香烟的烟中、木材燃烧的烟中、汽车及飞机的尾气中均含有微量。由于大气、水、土壤中以及加工过程中(如烟熏食物)存在着不同程度的污染,致使它广泛的存在于食物中。据文献报导:各种精制植物油含量为0.4～1.5ppb,椰子油为29.3～31.8ppb,熏     

浅谈中药注射剂的不良反应发生原因

<正>注射剂属临床常用剂型。中药注射剂,它是以中医中药理论为指导,应用现代科学方法及技术,从复发中药或者中药中提取有效物质精制而成的注射剂。它具有疗效确切,药效快,临床疗效好等诸多优点。现今,中药注射剂在临床应用的范围愈来愈广。与此同时,中药注射剂所引发的不良反应也受到愈来愈多临床医务工作者的关注。我们就以下几个方面分析一下中药注射剂的常见不良反应及发生原因。1药物因素1.1在我国,中药注射剂多为复方制剂;部分中药注射剂的     

介绍一个用于估计吸烟危害及经济损失的软件——SAMMEC

<正> 为了全面估计吸烟危害及由此造成的经济损失,最近美国推出了一个专用软件——SAMMEC,全名为:Smoking—Attributable Mortality,Morbidity,and EconomicCosts。它综合了先进的统计方法,根据流行病学和卫生经济学的原理估计吸烟归因的各死因死亡、寿命损失及经济损失。在美国,它被疾病控制中心(CDC)推荐为估计吸烟损失的优选软件在全国各州使用。一、SAMMEC的主要功能 1.估计吸烟归因死亡及寿命损失年     

微量元素与辩证论治

<正> 微量元素以其巨大的生物学作用、生理功能及临床诊疗的实用价值,引起了人们的高度重视。它不仅对人体的正常生命活动是必需的,同时与某些疾病的发生、发展也有密切的关系:它在人体内保持相对平衡,无论什么原因使这种平衡被破坏,就会引起疾     

用PIXE方法分析沙棘中微量元素

<正> 沙棘在我国分布广泛,特别是山西、陕西、甘肃沙棘资源十分丰富。它的果实可入药,制革,染色,酿酒,做醋,制果酱和高级化装品及各种饮料。其鲜果肉内含有各种维生素和近二十种氨基酸,这些活性物质可治疗多种疾病。在甘肃省科委及中科院兰州分院支持下,用 PIXE 方法分析了沙棘中的无机元素,并用化学试剂提取出黄红色沙棘油,它是医药中十分重要的原料。     

透明质酸在肝移植中的应用

到目前为止,人们尚没有建立一个非常满意的预测供肝质量的标准,即供肝冷保存后,在即将植入之前,如何较准确地判断它的功能以及植入后它能否成活。８０年代中后期,透明质酸（ｈｙａｌｕｒｏｎｉｃａｃｉｄ,ＨＡ）用于各种肝病的研究,进入９０年代,它在肝移植领域中受到关注。下面就其生化、功能及近年来在肝移植中的应用作一综述。１　ＨＡ的结构、功能及代谢ＨＡ是一种大分子葡萄糖胺多糖,基本结构是杂二糖,以糖苷键连接成直链的大分子,没有支链。其分子量因糖链长短不一而在一定范围内变化,为４×１０３～８×１０６。它广泛分…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.