Pancreatin酶解马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白过程中产物性质研究

研究了Pancreatin酶解马氏珍珠贝内蛋白过程中氨基酸、可溶性氮、肽的释放规律以及产物的风味评价。游离氨基酸和可溶性氮含量在酶解过程中逐渐增加,但不同氨基酸以及同一氨基酸在不同水解时间段释放速率均不一致,控制酶解马氏珍珠贝内蛋白可提高其营养价值。水解24h后产物中分子质量大于10 000 u的肽段几乎完全被降解;水解6 h后,Pancreatin降解分子质量10 000 u以下肽的能力较弱。酶解产物鲜味随酶解时间延长不断增强,苦味在开始酶解6 h内不断增加,随后下降。     

琥珀酸脱酰胺对小麦面筋蛋白酶解特性的影响

研究琥珀酸不同脱酰胺程度对小麦面筋蛋白Pancreatin酶解过程中蛋白回收率、水解度、总酸、总糖的影响,并对酶解48h酶解液的肽分子量分布、氨基酸及风味进行分析评价.结果表明:蛋白回收率、水解度、总酸在酶解过程中逐渐上升,总糖含量在酶解12h后下降,脱酰胺后酶解产物的蛋白回收率和水解度增大,而高脱酰胺程度下又略有降低;琥珀酸脱酰胺后酶解产物分子量大于10000Da的肽段减少,3000～5000Da的肽段增加;琥珀酸脱酰胺使酶解产物风味明显提高,其中琥珀酸高脱酰胺程度预处理的酶解液苦味最低,且具有较强的鲜味和成味;氨基酸分析表明,琥珀酸高脱酰胺预处理使酶解液游离氨基酸中鲜甜味氨基酸比例增大,苦味氨基酸比例降低,同时必需氨基酸含量升高.     

不同蛋白酶制剂对牛肉的酶解效果研究

以复合蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶对牛肉进行预处理,测定酶解液的理化指标、多肽分子量分布、游离氨基酸等,筛选出适宜蛋白酶。结果表明,复合蛋白酶在可溶性氮、氨基酸态氮,水解度等指标上优于其他种类蛋白酶制剂。添加木瓜蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶的酶解液在2 KDa～5 KDa、小于1 KDa的多肽分布较高,这两部分多肽对食品风味具有重要作用。添加复合蛋白酶酶解液的氨基酸总量最多,其中鲜味氨基酸含量明显高于其他组别,苦味氨基酸含量低于其他组别。结合酶解液的感官评定结果,复合蛋白酶是比较适宜酶解牛肉的酶制剂。     

鲲鱼酶解过程中呈味物质变化趋势的研究

研究了鳀鱼酶解过程主要呈味成分(氨基酸、多肽)以及酶解液滋味的变化。结果表明,鳀鱼酶解液在酶解4h达到苦味最大值,而鲜味随着酶解时间延长而提高;随着酶解时间的延长氨基酸含量逐渐增加,呈鲜甜味氨基酸比其他氨基酸增加得快;大分子量的多肽随水解时间延长有较大幅度的降解,酶解8h后,大部分肽类物质的分子量均小于1000Da。     

鳀鱼酶解过程中呈味物质变化趋势的研究

研究了鳀鱼酶解过程主要呈味成分(氨基酸、多肽)以及酶解液滋味的变化。结果表明,鳀鱼酶解液在酶解4h达到苦味最大值,而鲜味随着酶解时间延长而提高;随着酶解时间的延长氨基酸含量逐渐增加,呈鲜甜味氨基酸比其他氨基酸增加得快;大分子量的多肽随水解时间延长有较大幅度的降解,酶解8h后,大部分肽类物质的分子量均小于1000Da。     

鸡骨架和鸡胸肉复合底物酶解工艺优化及产物呈味特性研究

为了提升鸡骨架和鸡胸肉复合底物酶解产物的风味,利用生物酶解技术对鸡骨架和鸡胸肉复合底物进行酶解,通过单因素实验与正交试验优化了酶解工艺,并分析了酶解物中的游离氨基酸含量及肽分子量分布情况。结果表明：复合蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶以3:1复配比同步酶解时风味最佳,最佳酶解条件是：鸡骨架与鸡胸肉比例9:1,料液比1:2 g/mL,温度50℃,pH7.5,酶添加量0.6%,酶解时间3 h。该条件下水解度达13.60%,感官评分4.7,制得的酶解物具有突出的鲜味和肉香味,呈味效果良好。随着酶解时间的延长,产物中游离氨基酸总量和小分子肽含量不断增加。最优工艺条件下,酶解产物中苦味氨基酸含量为2.74 mg/mL,占总游离氨基酸的71.73%,是主要的氨基酸;相对分子质量小于3 kDa的肽含量为93.26%。该研究结果为低值鸡骨架的综合开发和应用提供了参考。     

超声波对鸡骨蛋白酶解产物的影响及机理研究

利用超声波技术辅助酶解鸡骨架,制得鸡骨蛋白酶解产物,比较了超声功率、超声处理时间对鸡骨架酶解产物特性的影响。实验结果表明,不同超声波功率及超声处理时间对酶解液的水解度、多肽含量、滋味等特性的影响程度不同,800 W、30 min为最适超声条件,在此条件下,鸡骨蛋白酶解液的水解度及其多肽含量得到提高,DH可达24%,同时鲜味增强;蛋白结构分析表明,超声破坏了蛋白的网络结构,蛋白分子的活性位点被更多的暴露,使得酶解过程中的水解度、活性肽段释放效率、鲜味响应值得到提升。     

鸡肉蛋白酶解工艺及水解产物成分研究

为了研究鸡肉蛋白的酶解工艺条件,采用复合酶解的方法,研究了酶种类及酶解工艺条件对水解度的影响。结果显示鸡肉蛋白的最佳水解条件:pH为7.0,料液比为1:2,酶解温度为58℃,复合蛋白酶(添加量0.33%)酶解2 h后,不灭酶,加入风味蛋白酶(添加量0.67%)再酶解2 h;并在此酶解条件下,研究测定了鸡肉蛋白酶解液中游离氨基酸成分和含量,以及酶解液中肽分子量分布的情况。酶解液中游离氨基酸种类齐全且含量丰富;酶解液的肽相对分子质量都集中在1000u以下,酶解过程中多肽不断减少,寡肽不断增加;酶解3.5 h后,相对分子质量小于1000 u的小分子肽和氨基酸含量可达99.85%。     

水解度对牡蛎酶解液特性的影响

利用胰蛋白酶限制性酶解牡蛎肉,研究水解度(degree of hydrolysis,DH)对牡蛎酶解液的感官评分、肽分子量分布和游离氨基酸组成的影响。实验结果表明,随着水解度的增大,牡蛎酶解液的鲜味、酸味和甜味先增加后降低,而咸味和苦味则一直增加;分子量>10 kDa和5~10 kDa肽比例逐渐减少,3~5 kDa肽比例先增加后减少,1~3 kDa和<1 kDa肽比例逐渐增大。<1 kDa和1~3 kDa肽比例最高的是DH62.02%酶解液。6种水解度牡蛎酶解液中各游离氨基酸含量、游离氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量随着水解度的增大而升高。鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和苦味氨基酸含量均随着水解度的增大而增加,芳香族氨基酸含量先增加后降低。随着水解度的增大,6种酶解液中TAV>1的氨基酸数量逐渐增多。6种水解度牡蛎酶解液中谷氨酸TAV值均大于1,且随着水解度的增大TAV值逐渐增大。     

分步酶解小麦面筋蛋白制备低苦味肽粉的研究

目的 研究分步酶解小麦面筋蛋白(wheat gluten, WG)制备低苦味肽粉的工艺。方法 选用中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶水解WG至8%水解度,接着用风味蛋白酶对水解产物进行脱苦处理,对不同酶解产物中苦味肽的特性进行系统研究,探究苦味肽含量、氨基酸组成、分子量分布、表面疏水性等指标变化对WG酶解物苦味值的影响,对比风味蛋白酶对不同单酶酶解物的脱苦效果差异,分析风味蛋白酶对WG酶解物脱苦的内在机理,进而确定制备低苦味小麦蛋白肽粉的最佳酶解工艺。结果 中性蛋白酶的酶解产物经风味蛋白酶作用后,脱苦效果最显著,苦味肽苦味值从4.08降至2.25,酶解产物的苦味值可下降56.42%。木瓜蛋白酶的酶解产物经风味蛋白酶作用4 h后,酶解产物的苦味值最低,制备出苦味值为1.28的WG低苦味肽粉。结论 经分步酶解作用后,酶解产物中苦味肽的含量下降;疏水性氨基酸比例的下降和游离氨基酸含量的升高引起苦味肽苦味阈值的增大,共同导致酶解产物苦味值显著降低,该研究为酶解脱苦技术的快速发展和WG活性肽工业化生产提供新的参考。     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹. Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹ and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹. A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at ≥10⁵ cfu g⁻¹ or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chilli sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌mcr-1基因携带及分析

目的 了解在农业农村部禁止使用多黏菌素作为动物促生长使用后四川部分地区鸡源大肠埃希氏菌（E.coli）mcr-1基因的携带情况,为制定进一步防控措施提供依据。方法 采集四川部分地区市场售卖点肉鸡直肠拭子,用含有多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的EC肉汤增菌接种含多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的麦康凯平板,挑取可疑菌落,采用PCR方法鉴定菌株并检测mcr-1基因;微量肉汤稀释法测定mcr-1基因阳性菌株对临床常见抗菌药物耐药情况。脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对mcr-1基因阳性菌株进行同源分析。耐药基因质粒结合实验验证mcr-1基因传播途径。结果 从70份肉鸡样本中的13份检出mcr-1基因阳性大肠埃希氏菌,检出率18.57%（13/70）,对实验的13种抗生素,除13株mcr-1阳性菌株对头孢西丁有12株敏感以外,对其他抗生素都表现出不同程度的耐药,其中四环素和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑耐药率最高,达到了100%（13/13）;其次是氨苄西林和氯霉素,耐药率为84.62%（11/13）。PFGE显示13株mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌分属13个不同的型别;质粒结合实验显示mcr-1基因能够通过质粒传播。结论 mcr-1基因在鸡大肠内大肠杆菌中检测率比较高,且鸡大肠中mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌的耐药情况比较严重。     

Comparison of the most odour-active volatiles in different hop varieties by application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis

Application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis on the volatiles isolated from five different hops (Hallertau Perle, Hallertau Hersbrucker Spät, Slowenian Golding, Hallertau Smaragd, US Cascade) revealed linalool and myrcene with the highest Flavour Dilution (FD)-factors in all varieties, followed by 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 3-methylbutanoic acid and geraniol. Some odourants, however, showed high FD-factors only in certain varieties, for example, (5Z)-octa-1,5-dien-3-one and germacrene B in Hersbrucker Spät, (3E,5Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene in Hersbrucker Spät and Cascade and nonanal in Cascade. The overall odour profile of the Cascade sample clearly differed from the other varietes, and was dominated by a black currant like odour note. The identification experiments revealed 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, so far unknown as hop constituent, as key contributor to this odour. In addition, an odour-active undecatetraene was present, in particular, in Perle and Cascade. Synthesis and structural assignment of the four stereoisomers of (3E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene allowed the identification of the fresh, pineapple-like smelling compound as (3E,5Z,9E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene. Among the four isomers synthesised, this compound showed by far the lowest odour threshold of 0.01 ng/L in air.     

Developmental and population growth rates of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of stored-product insect pests

Phosphine resistance positively contributes towards an individual's fitness under phosphine fumigation. However, phosphine resistance may place resistant individuals at a fitness disadvantage in the absence of this fumigant, which can be exploited to halt or slow down the spread of resistance. This study aimed to determine if there is a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance in populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) and the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)). The developmental rate and population growth of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of these three species of stored-product insects were therefore determined under phosphine-free environment. The majority of the phosphine-resistant populations exhibited lower developmental and population growth rates than the susceptible populations indicating that phosphine resistance is associated with fitness cost in all three species, which can potentially compromise the fixation and dispersal of the resistant genotypes. Nonetheless, some phosphine-resistant populations did not show a fitness cost. Therefore, resistance management strategies based on suppression of phosphine use aiming at eventual reestablishment of phosphine susceptibility and subsequent reintroduction of this fumigant will be useful only for insect populations exhibiting a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance. Therefore recognition of the prevailing phosphine-resistant genotypes in a region is important to direct the management tactics to be adopted.     

Cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from Aspergillus oryzae

Fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. We cloned two catalase genes, catA and catB, from Aspergillus oryzae. The catA gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with Aspergillus fumigatus catalase (catA) and 77% with Aspergillus nidulans catalase (catA). The catB gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with A. fumigatus catalase (catB) and 75% with A. nidulans catalase (catB). However, the catA and catB genes share little homology (41%) with one another, suggesting that each gene belongs to a distinct gene family. Overexpression studies demonstrated that both genes encode a functional catalase. Promoter assays indicated that the catA gene is developmentally regulated as it was preferentially expressed in solid-state cultures undergoing sporulation. However, its expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Conversely, the catB gene was highly expressed under all culture conditions tested, and it was induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. These results suggest that the catB gene may be mainly used for detoxification of oxidative stress while the catA gene may have another role such as chaperoning proteins in the spore.