离子注渗碳化钨模具高耐磨性的分析

采用高能离子注渗技术向模具表层注渗碳化钨(WC)，使碳化钨含量高的富集层厚度0．35mm，碳化钨注渗层总厚度1．2mm。这种注渗WC的模具使用寿命比相同材料的模具提高3--5倍。还能利用低等级模具材料替代高等级模具材料，制造出性价比更高的模具。中对离子注渗碳化钨模具的耐磨机理进行了分析。     

高能离子注渗碳化钨切分轮

为提高切分轧制中切分轮的综合性能，采用了高能离子注渗技术，在合金结构钢表层内形成0．3～0．5mm的碳化钨富集层，其平均使用寿命比高速钢切分轮提高3．23倍，经济效益显著。     

表面纳米化对Dievar模具钢高能离子注渗WC层性能的影响

通过超声表面滚压处理制备出具有梯度纳米结构表层的 Dievar 模具钢试样。 在滚压试样和未滚压试样表面进行高能离子注渗 (High energy ion implantation, HEII)工艺优化试验,制备出高能离子注渗碳化钨层,并从微观组织结构、成分、硬度和高温摩擦磨损性能等方面研究表面纳米化对于高能离子注渗碳化钨性能的影响。 结果表明:与 HEII 试样相比,USRP+HEII 试样的梯度纳米结构表层明显增强了高能离子注渗碳化钨的效果。 相对于 HEII 试样,USRP+HEII 试样的表面组织更加致密均匀,其注渗层深度提高了约 27%;USRP+HEII 试样的表面硬度为 944. 9 HV,分别较原始母材硬度和 HEII 试样表面硬度提高了约 373%和 27%;USRP+HEII 试样的平均摩擦因数和体积磨损量在不同温度条件下低于 HEII 试样,说明 USRP+HEII 试样具有更加优良的抗高温磨损性能。     

钢的辉光离子渗铬研究

利用辉光离子渗氮炉进行离子渗铬。研究了１０、Ｑ２３５、４５、Ｔ８、Ｔ１０、Ｔ１２钢离子渗铬层的组织和结构，渗层生长动力学，渗铬温度对渗层厚度的影响，钢的含碳量对渗层及碳化物层厚度的影响，钢的含碳量、辉光放电对渗层铬浓度分布的影响并对渗铬后钢件表面应力进行了测定。结果表明辉光离子渗铬可获得良好的渗层组织并明显加速渗铬过程。     

紫铜表面高能离子注渗Ni、Al的研究

对紫铜表面进行高能离子注渗Ni、Al试验的对渗层组织、成分分布进行了观察与分析,并同单元注渗Ni实验进行了比较分析.结果表明,紫铜表面高能离子注渗镍的渗层与铜基体结合良好,由表及里镍含量呈梯度分布,紫铜高能离子注渗Ni、Al的渗层组织和渗Ni组织大致相似,渗层表面出现"贫Al现象",即铝向基体扩散,最终主要集中在渗层的中部.     

钛合金Ti6Al4V表面渗钼层的摩擦磨损性能

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术在钛合金Ti6Al4V表面进行合金化，形成均匀、致密、厚度为9．4μm的钛钼合金渗层。表面硬度提高3倍左右，达到1050Hκ。采用球盘磨损试验机考察了钛合金Ti6Al4V表面渗钼层和Ti6Al4V钛合金的摩擦性能，得出该合金表面渗Mo后虽然摩擦因数略微增大，但耐磨性提高100余倍；通过对磨损形貌的分析可知，表面渗Mo合金层磨损机制主要表现为粘着及少量微切削。     

工艺条件对WC/高铬铸铁铸渗效果的影响

高铬铸铁铸渗碳化钨制备的复合材料有利于解决特殊工况条件下零部件磨损异常突出的问题，但前提条件是要达到良好的铸渗效果。作者就浇注系统、浇注温度、型腔气压、铸渗层厚度等工艺参数对铸渗效果的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明，在适宜的铸造工艺条件下，碳化钨颗粒和高铬铸铁基体之间可以形成良好的冶金结合，铸渗效果较好。     

40Cr钢循环离子渗氮工艺及渗层硬度研究

目的探索循环离子渗氮与常规恒温离子渗氮技术的工艺效果。方法先对试样进行调质处理,分组进行离子渗氮,固定氨气和乙醇的流量,改变渗氮时间和渗氮温度两种工艺参数及渗氮工艺,分别测定渗氮后各试样的表面硬度及渗层厚度,观察其金相组织,并分析每组试样渗氮层的性能。结果循环离子渗氮530 6 h℃试样的表面硬度最高,随着渗氮温度的升高和渗氮时间的延长,试样的表面硬度增加,但是当温度超过530℃、时间超过6 h后,试样的表面硬度反而降低。循环渗氮550 10 h℃试样的渗层厚度最厚,随着渗氮温度的升高和渗氮时间的增加,试样的渗层厚度变厚,但时间超过6 h后,渗层厚度的增加较缓慢,6、8、10 h试样的渗层厚度差别不大。相同的渗氮温度下,循环渗氮6 h的试样的渗层厚度基本与常规恒温渗氮10 h试样的渗层厚度一样,相同渗氮时间内,循环渗氮510℃的试样的表面硬度高于恒温渗氮550℃试样的表面硬度,且两者的渗层厚度相差不多。结论循环离子渗氮工艺优于常规的恒温离子渗氮,循环离子渗氮550 8 h℃试样的综合性能最好。     

T10钢自蔓延高温渗硼共晶化的研究

采用自蔓延高温渗硼共晶化技术在T10钢表面获得了具有共晶组织的渗硼层。渗层最大厚度可达1．6mm，渗层与基体呈冶金结合状态。渗层物相主要由α—Fe、Fe3(C，B)及少量的Fe23(C，B)6相构成，其中，Fe3(C，B)相构成花纹状共晶的骨架，α—Fe相则分布于其中，从而赋予渗层以良好的强度、硬度与韧性。     

净化催渗离子渗氮及渗层性能研究

采用阶段性通入含氮气氛的方法,探究净化处理对N80钢离子渗氮的影响。采用金相显微镜、显微硬度计、XRD分析离子渗氮层。结果表明:净化处理对离子渗氮具有明显的催渗作用。净化处理的催渗作用随着净化时间的延长和净化温度的升高而增加。但处理时间过久或温度过高,起不到催渗作用,反而造成金属表面脱碳,影响离子渗氮效果。净化处理20 min后550℃离子渗氮6 h,渗氮层厚度约0.55 mm,比未经净化处理的离子渗氮层厚约0.2 mm,且渗氮层硬度梯度减小,韧性提高。     

Wear resistance of WCp/Duplex Stainless Steel metal matrix composite layers prepared by laser melt injection

Laser Melt Injection (LMI) was used to prepare metal matrix composite layers with a thickness of about 0.7 mm and approximately 10% volume fraction of WC particles in three kinds of Cast Duplex Stainless Steels (CDSSs). WC particles were injected into the molten surface layer using Nd:YAG high power laser beam. As a result the microstructure characterized by hard ceramic particles distributed in a metal matrix with the strong bonding to substrate is formed in the surface layer of the treated metal.Dry sliding wear properties of these metal matrix composites layers were measured and compared with the wear properties of the substrate and with surfaces simply remelted by the laser beam. The observed wear mechanisms are summarized and related to detailed microstructural observations. The layers have been found to show excellent interfacial bonding, coupled with substantially improved tribological properties expressed through the wear resistance increase of 8 times. The amount of WC particles was sufficient to reinforce the matrix and the particles have shown a good bonding to the matrix to support the contact stress in the layer.     

堆焊工艺制备金属间化合物复合材料的组织和性能

以WC，NiAl，NiB和Ni粉末等混合球磨、烧结制备复合材料焊条，在球磨过程中，WC颗粒被破碎，NiAl，NiB和Ni反应生成金属间化合物Ni3A1。用氩弧焊将这种复合材料焊条堆焊在1Cr25Ni20Si2不锈钢的表面，形成5mm厚的金属间化合物耐磨复合材料。堆焊过程中，部分WC溶解，析出新碳化物W2C，Ni3Al转变成新金属间化合物Ni3(A1Ti)C。这种复合材料的耐磨性可达45钢的3倍以上。     

20Cr2Ni4A钢表面WC增强铁基涂层耐磨性能的研究

目的 制备优异的耐磨性涂层用于机械零部件表面,可有效地提高其使用寿命,减少机械设备因磨损失效而带来的各类故障.方法 以20Cr2Ni4A合金钢为基体材料,利用激光熔覆技术,制备了铁基涂层和铁基/WC复合涂层.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、HV-1000显微维氏硬度计,分别对铁基涂层和铁基/WC复合涂层的相组成、组织形貌、显微硬度进行表征.利用HRS-2M型高速往复摩擦磨损试验机对铁基涂层和铁基/WC复合涂层的磨损性能进行研究,并分析其磨损机理.结果 两种涂层的显微硬度与基体相比改善较大,其中铁基/WC复合涂层改善最为明显,表面平均硬度值为610HV.以直径为6 mm的GCr15对磨球为摩擦副,铁基涂层的平均摩擦因数为0.53左右,磨损量为0.1432 mm3,而铁基/WC复合涂层的平均摩擦因数为0.36左右,磨损量为0.05935 mm3,与铁基涂层相比,20Cr2Ni4A合金钢表面结合铁基/WC复合涂层的硬度提高了17％左右,磨损量减小了58.6％,具有良好的耐磨损性能.结论 铁基/WC复合涂层因其表面存在W2C、WC、Fe3C等物相,能够均匀分布在铁基涂层上作为耐磨骨架,显著提高了涂层的硬度和耐磨性能.     

Optimization of the surface mechanical strength of AISI 316L physically vapour deposited nitrogen-doped coatings on AISI 316L substrates

High load Vickers indentation, scratch testing under constant and progressive loading as well as pin-on-disc wear testing were used to assess the overall strength of coated specimens. In scratch testing, the major damage mechanism was found to be brittle, by thickness cracking of the coating with growth defects the dominant crack intiators. No adhesive failure was observed within the load range considered (0–200 N, 1.58 mm WC ball as pin).

Under high load, WC ball-on-disc wear testing with significant plastic deformation, analogous brittle cracking mechanisms were observed. The coating process parameters optimized simultaneously with respect to scratch and wear resistance were the percentage of reactive nitrogen in the plasma, related to the level of nitrogen-doping and hardness of the coating, and the substrate bias voltage. During wear testing, an adhesive transfer layer built up on the WC ball during the run-in phase was found to have a detrimental influence on the long-term wear rate.     

盾构滚刀材料表面镍基碳化钨涂层摩擦学性能研究

目的 盾构滚刀磨损是盾构施工中最常见的问题之一,为减缓刀具的剧烈磨损、延长刀具的使用寿命,采用等离子堆焊工艺在盾构滚刀表面制备镍基碳化钨涂层以强化滚刀性能,基于盾构滚刀服役的真实工况,研究滚刀涂层的摩擦学性能及其合理的评价方式.方法 对镍基碳化钨涂层在往复滑动、冲滑复合(冲击+滑动)两种相对运动模式下进行摩擦磨损试验研究.结果 制备镍基碳化钨涂层后可提高滚刀的耐磨性.往复滑动磨损后,镍基碳化钨涂层的磨痕宽度为0.42 mm,而H13钢的磨痕宽度达到0.78 mm,镍基碳化钨涂层的抗冲滑性能也明显优于H13钢.两种相对运动模式下镍基碳化钨涂层均主要承受磨粒磨损,但往复滑动模式下涂层存在局部剥落,而冲滑复合模式下则伴随一定的粘着磨损.结论在两种相对运动模式下,镍基碳化钨涂层表面的高硬度碳化钨颗粒都可阻止磨粒对较软镍基合金区域的切削与碰撞.相较往复滑动模式,冲滑复合模式下镍基碳化钨涂层要承受冲击和滑动的耦合作用,涂层的磨痕特征以及损伤形式都有明显的不同.采用冲滑复合运动模式的摩擦磨损试验能对盾构滚刀刀圈的摩擦学性能进行更全面、合理的研究及评价.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面离子注入N+C,Ti+N和Ti+C性能研究

采用等离子体基离子注入的方法在Ti6Al4V合金表面分别注入N+C、Ti+N和Ti+C元素,注入剂量均为2×1017 ions/cm2,N+C和Ti+N元素的注入负脉冲偏压为-50 kV,Ti+C元素的注入电压分别为-20 kV、-35 kV和-50 kV。通过X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对注入层进行了微观结构分析,结果表明：Ti+C注入层中存在TiC和Ti-O,Ti+N注入层中存在TiN和Ti-O键。采用纳米压痕仪和球盘磨损试验机对注入层的硬度和摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明：在相同注入电压下,Ti+C注入层的硬度最高,其次是Ti+N注入层,N+C注入层的硬度最低;Ti+C 注入层的硬度随着注入电压的增大而增大,最大硬度为11.2GPa。50kV注入层Ti+C具有最低的比磨损率,其值为6.7×10-5mm3/N.m,比磨损率较未处理Ti6Al4V基体下降了1 个数量级以上,表现出优异的耐磨损性能。     

Materials for the electrospark strengthening and reconditioning of worn metal surfaces

The aim of this work is the development of technology for obtaining electrode materials from Colmonoy-WC alloys and hard alloys containing TiC, WC, Mo₂C, Tin, Co, Cr, Ni, and Al. The phase composition and structure are studied along with the kinetics of mass transfer, hardness, and wear resistance of electrospark coatings made of the manufactured alloys. The methods used were metallography and electron microscopy and X-ray phase and durometric analyses. It was shown that the alloys Colmonoy (Ni-Ni₃B–Si–Cu), Colmonoy-10% WC, and Colmonoy-25% WC have a eutectic structure. With an increase in the WC content in the alloys, the structure is found to be an aggregation of the phases of a hard solution based on nickel and tungsten carboborosilicide. At the pulse energy of 7.5 J, the thickness of the coatings formed was 3–4 mm. The wear resistance of the coatings increased with the growth of the WC content in the coatings from 64.5 μm/km for Colmonoy to 18.5 μm/km for the alloy with 70% WC, and the steel wear resistance under those conditions was 160 μm/km. It was established that the structure and composition of the manufactured electrode materials from the hard alloys based on TiC and WC carbides make it possible to produce electrospark coatings with a thickness up to 100 μm and hardness up to 20–24 GPa. The developed materials can be used to harden/recondition worn workpieces made of constructional steels by the electrospark method.     

截齿表面感应熔覆WC增强Fe基熔覆层的研究

采用高频感应熔覆技术在采煤机截齿前端表面制备高耐磨的WC增强Fe基熔覆层,结果表明:熔覆层与基体为冶金结合,组织主要为奥氏体、鱼骨状共晶体及少量WC,增强相由(Cr,Fe)7C3,WC,Fe3 W3C及Fe3C等组成,熔覆层厚度约2 mm,硬度达63.6HRC,显微硬度平均值为1 007.9HV0.3,耐磨性为基体的4...     

Tribological performance of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene sliding against DLC-coated and nitrogen ion implanted CoCrMo alloy measured in a hip joint simulator

The influence on the tribological properties in a modified metal‐on‐polymer (CoCrMo/UHMWPE) articulation should be tested with DLC coated or N⁺ ion implanted into artificial hip joint heads. For this a diamond like carbon (DLC) film was deposited on a CoCrMo artificial hip joint head by filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique (FCVA) with a thickness of approximately 600 nm. Alternatively nitrogen ions were implanted into the CoCrMo artificial hip joint head by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) technology. Before wear tests, the surface morphology and topography of unmodified, DLC coated and N⁺ implanted CoCrMo heads were investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and stylus profilometry. Then a MTS hip joint simulator was used to characterize the tribological properties of the artificial hip joint implants. The wear loss of UHMWPE cup and wear morphology of both the CoCrMo head and UHMWPE cup were investigated after hip joint simulator wear tests. The results showed that the DLC film deposited on the CoCrMo joint head by FCVA method had excellent tribological properties and didn't fail during two million wear cycles while the N⁺ implanted layer formed on the CoCrMo head was damaged during the wear test. Compared with sliding against unmodified CoCrMo head, the UHMWPE cup had a higher wear rate when sliding against DLC coated or N⁺ implanted CoCrMo head. In our opinion, only applying the surface modification (DLC film or N⁺ implantation) on the CoCrMo head could not improve the wear resistance of metal‐on‐polymer (CoCrMo/UHMWPE) articulation for artificial hip joint implant.     

激光合金化熔覆制备耐磨陶瓷梯度涂层

利用预涂敷与激光重熔方法制备陶瓷梯度涂层，并对涂层的冶金结构、组成、硬度、以及耐磨性进行分析。结果表明：该涂层内陶瓷硬质相体积百分比沿基体到表面方向呈梯度变化，过渡层为具有良好韧性的固溶体。涂层结构均匀，和基体结合良好，无气孔和裂纹。厚度为０．４－０．８ｍｍ，表层硬度达ＨＶ_（０．２）１１００。与普通激光涂层比较，涂层内部的硬度随着成分组成的变化而平缓变化，既提高了涂层与基体的结合强度又提高了表面的耐磨性，同时，避免裂纹的产生。