清远市2000～2003年钩端螺旋体病监测分析

目的：了解清远市2000～2003年钩端螺旋体病人群及宿主动物带菌情况，为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法：采取病人血、动物脏器分离培养病原体。用MAT法检测健康人、疑似病人和鼠血清抗体。结果：从病人血和动物脏器中分离鉴定了16株钩端螺旋体，分属4种菌群，分别为犬热群、秋季热群、赛罗群和爪哇群。健康人血清和疑似病人血清阳性率分别为29．22％和3．81％，菌群均以黄疸出血群为主。鼠血清阳性率为29．71％，菌群以爪哇群为主，板齿鼠、黄毛鼠、黄胸鼠和褐家鼠的带菌率在26％～50％之间。结论：我市人群钩端螺旋体隐性感染水平和鼠带菌率均较高，从人群中分离到的赛罗群钩端螺旋体在我省尚属首次。继续加强监测，采取综合性防治措施，可有效地控制钩端螺旋体病的流行。     

清远市2004年钩端螺旋体病监测分析

目的 对2004年清远市钩端螺旋体病疫情、人群及宿主动物监测情况进行分析,为制定防治措施提供科学依据.方法 采取疑似病人血、鼠类、水禽类和蛙类动物肾组织分离培养病原体,用MAT法检测健康人、疑似病人、鼠类和水禽类动物血清抗体.结果 报告发生钩体病10例,发病率0.25/10万,死亡1例,病死率10.00%.从鼠肾组织中分离鉴定了5株钩体菌,分离阳性率为5.00%,均为爪哇群.流行前、后期健康人血清和流行期疑似病人血清抗体阳性率分别为13.27%、4.00%和15.79%,菌群以黄疸出血群和七日热群为主,其次为拜伦群和爪哇群.鼠血清抗体阳性率为22.00%,黄毛鼠、板齿鼠、褐家鼠和黄胸鼠的血清抗体阳性率在8.57%～50.00%之间,菌群以秋季热群为主,其次为犬热群.水禽（鸭）血清抗体阳性率为4.00%,菌群为拜伦群和致热群.结论 我市人群钩体隐性感染水平和鼠带菌率均较高,开始出现钩体病发病年龄组后移及钩体带菌优势鼠种由野栖鼠种向家栖鼠种交叉转移的动向,从水禽类动物（鸭）血清中检测出钩体带菌抗体在我市尚属首次.继续加强监测,采取综合性防治措施,可有效地控制钩体病的流行.     

洪灾区钩端螺旋体宿主动物及健康人群感染情况的流行病学研究

目的:了解洪灾区钩端螺旋体宿主动物的带菌情况及人群的免疫水平. 方法:应用柯素夫培养法作牛尿和鼠肾钩体培养.显微凝集试验(microscopic agglutination test,MAT)作钩体及人群钩体感染的血清学分群(型).结果:灾区、临灾区及新建移民点的鼠密度分别为6.95%,6.28%及8.67%;鼠肾钩体培养阳性率分别为4.63%,1.35%和3.13%;牛尿培养阳性率分别为5.88%,5.98%和1.75%;分离的菌株主要为黄疸出血型及犬型;人群钩体抗体阳性率分别为45.91%,62.30%和58.67%,明显高于全省及全国的平均感染率;其主要血清学分型依次为黄疸出血、秋季热、犬型、泼摩那型、巴达维亚型;人群抗体阳性率无年龄差异.结论:3个不同区域的宿主动物鼠和牛中均有钩体带菌,人群钩体隐性感染率水平较高,宿主动物和人群感染的主要血清群相吻合,主要为黄疸出血型.     

2009-2011年宾阳县健康人群钩端螺旋体病血清学监测结果分析

目的了解宾阳县钩端螺旋体病流行的主要血清群(型)及其分布,为防控钩端螺旋体病(简称钩体病)提供科学依据。方法按照《广西钩端螺旋体病监测实施方案》要求,在宾阳县选1个乡镇作为监测点,每年采集健康人群血清,采用显微凝集试验进行钩体病抗体血清学检测。结果 2009-2011年采集健康人血清302份,钩端螺旋体抗体阳性159人(阳性率为52.65%),3年监测的抗体阳性率分别为52.00%(52/100)、65.00%(65/100)、41.18%(42/102)。抗体阳性率与性别差异无统计学意义,与年龄密切相关,健康人群含钩体病13个血清群抗体,以黄疸出血群为主。结论宾阳县健康人群中钩体病易感人群有一定积累,且菌种、菌型复杂,以黄疸出血群为主,阳性率为30.46%,其次为波摩那群、巴达维亚群、犬等,应加强钩体病的抗体监测、疫情预警和防治工作。     

四川省大竹县钩端螺旋体病两个集中暴发点流行病学特征调查

目的了解大竹县钩端螺旋体病(简称钩体病)两个集中暴发点流行病学特征,为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法根据疫情报告,选取钩体病两个集中暴发点进行调查,用MAT法检测病人和蛙血清抗体;并分离培养钩体病原体。用夹夜法捕鼠,无菌采集鼠肾、猪肾、牛中段尿和蛙肾分离培养钩体病原体,分析钩体病流行病学特征和感染菌群情况。结果发病户数占总户数的68.13%;发病例数占总人数的28.41%;病人和宿主动物标本中检出阳性菌株51份,经鉴定以七日热群为主,占60.78%,其次分别为黄疸出血群、澳洲群、波摩那群、犬群,分别占29.41%、3.92%、3.92%、1.96%。结论病人和宿主动物感染钩体菌群复杂,应切实加强钩体病的监测,为制定钩体病防治方案提供科学依据。     

湖南省2005年钩端螺旋体病监测结果与分析

目的 调查了解湖南省钩端螺旋体病的防治监测工作.方法 选择湖南5个县(市)进行传染源带菌情况、自然人群与疑似病人血清学研究,按照国家有关标准进行实验室检测.结果 传染源钩体分离及菌型分布情况对鼠及蛙类标本进行钩体分离培养,分离出15株钩体.其中鼠肾分离培养出阳性标本14株,阳性率3.59%.血清学:检测11份疑似病人血清抗体,确诊5例,确诊率45.45%;525份自然人群血清钩体抗体有12群之多,黄疸出血群里,湘潭县自然人群血清抗体阳性率最高(62.75%),沅江市自然人群血清抗体GMT最高(37.64).结论 从鼠、蛙钩体分离培养中可看出,塞罗群萨克斯可宾型和沅江型是湖南省洞庭湖区主要菌型;黄疸出血群仍是湖南省自然人群主要流行菌型,其次秋季群、澳洲群、波摩那群和流感伤寒群也是湖南省流行菌型;地区重点菌群监测预防工作应加以重视.     

湖南省洪涝灾害高发地区钩端螺旋体病流行因素的研究

目的研究湖南省洪涝灾害高发地区钩端螺旋体病的流行因素。方法选择洞庭湖区6个县研究传染源密度、带茵情况和自然人群、病人与动物抗体水平，按国家有关标准进行实验室和现场工作。结果(1)传染源：灭鼠前、后和钩体病流行后期鼠密度分别为7．02％、2．31％和4．64％，优势鼠种为黑线姬鼠，灭鼠后鼠密度下降了67．09％：村民家庭家畜饲养以圈养形式占99．15％，喂商品混合饲料的占72．33％。(2)病原学：对鼠、猪、犬和病人的标本进行钩体培养，分离出82株钩体，黄疸出血群占70．73％，1株国内新型茵，黑线姬鼠分离率高达11．03％。(3)血清学：检测1263名自然人15个群钩体抗体，一群以上抗体阳性率未接种钩体苗为50．88％，接种一针四价钩体为72．55％，人群抗体有14群之多；检测85例病人双份血清抗体，确诊63例，符合率74．11％，黄疸出血群感染比例最高；流行季节牛、犬和出栏猪抗体分别有14、8和7个群，牛阳性率最高。结论流行前灭鼠效果好，不仅降低了鼠密度，还降低了带茵率；主要传染源是鼠和牛，牛作为传染源的意义大于猪和犬；人群接种一针四价钩体菌苗亦有效；病人感染黄疸出血、澳洲和秋季群为多。     

三峡库区兴山县钩端螺旋体宿主动物带菌状况及人群免疫水平分析

目的掌握兴山县钩端螺旋体病(钩体病)宿主动物带菌及人群免疫水平,为进一步做好钩体病的预防与控制提供依据。方法按照《全国钩端螺旋体病监测方案》开展鼠、家畜、青蛙等宿主动物带菌调查及健康人群血清学监测。结果平均鼠密度为1.80%。鼠种构成以黄胸鼠、小家鼠和黑线姬鼠为优势种,平均带菌率为3.75%。共检测病人尿液及家畜、青蛙、稻田疫水等7类样本565份,培养阳性菌株4株,阳性率为0.71%,其中稻田疫水2株,病人尿液、蛙肾各1株,菌株经鉴定黄疸出血群1株,秋季热群3株。人群钩体抗体阳性率平均为28.62%,青壮年阳性率较高,以黄疸出血型、七日热型、流感伤寒型、波摩那型为主。在监测中发现1例在农贸市场感染的经济型钩体病。结论兴山县钩体宿主动物带菌率低,血清学显示人群钩体隐性感染率较低,在山区型钩体自然疫源地存在的情况下,其发病率与社会因素和自然因素密切相关。农贸市场、畜牧养殖区及其周边为经济型钩体病疫源地,病例分析已经得到证实,建议今后应将其纳入预防和监测范围。     

构皮滩水电站库区沿岸几种自然疫源性疾病调查

目的:查明构皮滩水电站(以下简称电站)库区沿岸主要宿主动物,了解鼠疫、出血热、钩端螺旋体病(钩体病)和莱姆病的疫源状况,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法:运用现场流行病学调查方法,调查库区遵义市辖区内的3个县7个镇9个点,采集啮齿动物的肝、肺、肾、膀胱和滤纸血标本,分别检测鼠疫F1抗原、出血热HV抗原和抗体、培养分离钩端螺旋体和莱姆螺旋体。结果:捕获啮齿动物9种294只,黑线姬鼠为耕作区优势鼠种,褐家鼠为住宅区优势鼠种,检测出血热抗原阳性2份,分离出钩端螺旋体1株(未定型)。未检出鼠疫菌和莱姆螺旋体感染。结论:电站库区沿岸存在出血热、钩端螺旋体病疫源地,开展自然疫源性疾病监测和灭杀家、野栖鼠类是控制鼠传疾病的重要措施。     

清远市2015—2017年钩端螺旋体病监测结果

目的 了解清远市人群和宿主动物钩端螺旋体（钩体）菌群分布和变迁情况,为预防和控制钩体病提供科学依据。方法 选择清远市清新区太平镇为监测点,开展宿主动物密度、带菌以及健康人群血清抗体监测,对监测资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2015—2017年,清远市分别报告钩体病例0例、3例和1例;鼠密度分别为11.03%、3.73%和3.93%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;采集鼠肾标本450份、猪肾标本154份、蛙肾标本156份,均未培养分离出钩体;分别采集鼠血清150份、199份和101份,钩体抗体阳性率分别为6.00%、43.72%和55.45%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,其中2015年以七日热群为主,占53.85%,2016年以秋季热群为主,占25.96%,2017年以波摩那群为主,占41.38%;分别采集220份、210份和214份健康人血清,钩体抗体阳性率分别为20.45%、23.33%和14.02%,差异有统计学意义（P=0.04）,其中2015年以秋季热群为主,占25.96%,2016年以七日热群为主,占27.36%,2017年以波摩那群为主,占27.27%。结论 清远市近年来钩体病发病水平低,宿主动物和健康人群隐性感染水平高,宿主动物与健康人群血清抗体阳性的主要菌型不尽相同,应警惕由于菌型的更迭引起钩体病暴发流行的可能。     

Serum creatine phosphokinase in leptospirosis.

Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvic transaminase (SGOT, SGPT) levels were determined in 61 patients with leptospirosis and 16 with viral hepatitis during the acute phase of illness. The CPK value was elevated in 29 leptospirosis patients and normal in all 16 hepatitis patients. Conversely, mean SGOT and SGPT levels were lower in leptospirosis patients. The CPK determination is a simple test that may provide diagnostic information in a jaundiced patient, particularly when characteristic manifestations of leptospirosis are absent. The pattern of greatly elevated CPK levels with only modest elevations in transaminase values in an acutely jaundiced patient should strongly suggest a diagnosis of leptospirosis.     

Urinary diagnostic indices in the management of leptospirosis. Selection of patients for dialysis therapy

Cases of leptospirosis admitted to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH), Barbados, were assessed for the presence of "pre-renal azotaemia" (NON-ARF) as opposed to "acute renal failure" (ARF). Distinction between the two diagnoses was made on the basis of clinical course. Peritoneal dialysis was inappropriately utilised in 26% of patients receiving such therapy. This study evaluates diagnostic tests for pre-renal azotaemia, and acute renal failure in leptospirosis, and indicates guidelines for the management of azotaemia in such patients. U/P urea and osmolar ratios show high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing pre-renal azotaemia. While "early" dialysis is essential for patients with acute leptospiral renal failure, in those with plasma creatinines less than 600 mumol/litre on entry and indices indicating NON-ARF, decisions regarding dialysis can safely be delayed for 48-72 hours while the effect of rehydration is assessed.     

Leptospirosis: an institutional experience

Leptospirosis, a common zoonotic disease, may present with variable clinical manifestations in between two extremes. Possibility must be excluded in any febrile patient with hepatorenal derangement. There are different reports regarding prevalence pattern, presentations and case fatality rate from different parts of the country. The purpose of this study was to find out the mode of presentation, biochemical profile and complications of leptospirosis cases in an apical level and make a comparison of same with other parts of India. Fifty-one consecutive cases of leptospirosis were selected for this study. Thorough clinical examination was done. ELISA test was done in the second week of illness. Haemogram, liver and renal function tests, coagulation profile, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), chest xray, ECG were done in all patients. Presenting features were fever (100%), myalgia (78.4%), headache (41.2%), jaundice (17.6%), oliguria (29.4%), respiratory distress (25.5%), bleeding manifestations (9.8%), altered sensorium (21.6%). Icterus was found in 74.5% of patients, hepatosplenomegaly in 72.5%, tachypnoea in 52.9%, bleeding manifestations in 35.3%, encephalopathy in 21.6%, hypotension in 15.7% and meningeal signs in 5.9% cases. Case fatality rate was 7.8%. From the study, it becomes evident that though severe leptospirosis has declined, mild leptospirosis has Increased. The reasons for decline of severe leptospirosis may be greater awareness, availability of better diagnostic tool along with widespread use of antibiotics. So, high index of suspicion may eventually reduce complications. It would be wise to start appropriate antibiotics empirically in suspected cases of leptospirosis.     

Leptospirosis in the Seychelles.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the incidence of leptospirosis in the Seychelles, identify its sources, review diagnostic features and assess complications. DESIGN: A prospective survey over a two-year period 1988-1990 of all cases diagnosed as having leptospirosis at Victoria Hospital, the main referral hospital for the Islands. RESULTS: Eighty cases were diagnosed on clinical grounds with serological confirmation in 58 (73%). Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae was identified in 27 (33%) and serovar autumnalis in 2 (3%), there was broad cross-reactivity in the other specimens. In a further 7 (9%), the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. Useful diagnostic aids were the finding of myalgia in 68 (85%) and a raised creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level in 61 (76%). CPK elevation was found to be a more reliable indicator of disease the earlier in the illness it was measured. Other important clinical signs are reviewed. Sixty (76%) were regular drinkers suggesting a relationship with home-brewed alcohol, 48 (60%) were in at-risk occupations; 13 (16%) deaths resulted. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospirosis in the Seychelles is likely to be rat borne. An annual incidence of 60 per 100,000 was found with significant mortality. Muscle tenderness and raised CPK levels were the most reliable early diagnostic aids.     

广西2000～2006年钩端螺旋体病流行病学分析

目的了解广西钩端螺旋体病流行病学特征，为有效预防与控制钩端螺旋体病的发生和流行提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对2000—2006年广西钩端螺旋体病疫情报告及其相关资料进行分析。结果2000—2006年广西钩端螺旋休病共报告病例1006例，死亡64例，病死率为6．36％，平均发病率为0．30／10万。7—9月为流行季节，发病入数占全部病例的77．23％，8月是发病高峰。职业分布以农民和学生为主，发病人数占全部病例的94．23％。病例男性多于女性，男女性别比为2．25：1。流行的主要菌群是黄疸出血群，主要流行形式是稻田型。结论采取包括传染源控制与管理、健康教育及按种菌苗等综合性防控措施是防治本病的关键。     

Of mice and mongooses ... a history of leptospirosis research in Hawaii

A history of leptospirosis research in Hawaii is presented, beginning with the first published work in 1937. This account traces the leading researchers who described the organism and the disease, the diagnostic tests developed and used, the reservoir animals identified, methods of disease transmission discovered, prevention programs developed in the state, and research into more effective disease detection and prevention.     

用先证病例分析法研究脑动脉炎的病因和流行病学

本文介绍应用先证病例分析法研究脑动脉炎病因和流行病学,结果表明,感染过钩体者脑动脉炎发生率为3.31％,无钩体感染史者未发生1例脑动脉炎病人。感染钩体与脑动脉炎之间有高度联系(X~2_(MH)=15.16 P<0.001 O (?)_(ML)=20)。再次证明感染钩体是脑动脉炎的重要病因。钩体轻型病人和隐性感染者较重型病人更易患脑动脉炎,健康状况较差的亦易感染该病。12个指示病例除1例外,都是5～9岁年龄组儿童。     

A sensitive and specific IgM-ELISA for the serological diagnosis of human leptospirosis using a rLipL32/1-LipL21-OmpL1/2 fusion protein

Objective To construct a lipL32/1‐lipL21‐OmpL1/2 fusion gene and its prokaryotic expression system,and to establish an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the rLipL32/1‐LipL21‐OmpL1/2 fusion antigen of Leptospira interrogans for sensitive and specific detection of IgM in the serum of patients with leptospirosis.Methods lipL32/1‐lipL21‐OmpL1/2 fusion genes were constructed using a primer‐linking PCR.The target recombinant protein antigens,rLipL32/1,rLipL21,rOmpL1/2 and rLipL32/1‐LipL21‐OmpL1/2,we...