下颌切牙双根管的显微根管治疗

目的评价显微根管治疗术处理下颌切牙双根管的临床疗效。方法选取143颗需进行根管治疗的下颌切牙（下颌中切牙68颗,下颌侧切牙75颗）,拍摄术前X线正位投照片和偏位投照片。对单根管患牙采用常规根管治疗;对疑为双根管的患牙先常规探查根管,再在牙科手术显微镜下探查并疏通根管,机用镍钛器械预备根管,垂直加压充填技术充填根管。记录根管类型,不同X线投照角度、使用和未使用牙科手术显微镜时多根管的发现率,根据术前、术中及术后X线片评价根管预备和充填效果。结果采用显微根管治疗,下颌中切牙、侧切牙双根管的发现率分别为26.47%、29.33%,X线偏位投照片双根管的发现率高于正位投照片;使用牙科手术显微镜后,多根管的发现率高于未使用时;在牙科手术显微镜下进行根管预备,无根管堵塞、偏移、台阶、器械分离等并发症发生;134颗患牙适充,9颗有糊剂或牙胶超充,无欠充。结论显微根管治疗是处理双根管下颌切牙的有效方法,在牙科手术显微镜下以机用镍钛器械预备根管,垂直加压充填技术充填根管可取得良好的治疗效果。     

多根管下颌前磨牙显微根管治疗的效果观察

目的观察下颌前磨牙多根管的发现率以及显微根管治疗方法处理多根管下颌前磨牙的临床疗效。方法选取152颗需进行根管治疗的下颌前磨牙，拍摄术前X线正位投照片和偏位投照片。对单根管患牙采用常规根管治疗，对怀疑多根管的患牙先常规探查根管，再在显微镜下探查并疏通根管，镍钛机动器械预备根管，垂直加压充填技术充填根管。记录根管类型，使用和未使用显微镜时多根管的发现率，根据术前、术中及术后X线片评价根管预备和充填效果。结果下颌第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙多根管的发现率分别为32．9％、7．5％；使用显微镜多根管的发现率高于未使用显微镜者；治疗中无根管堵塞、偏移、台阶、器械折断等并发症发生，完成治疗的31颗多根管下颌前磨牙30颗适充，1颗超充。结论显微根管治疗是处理多根管下颌前磨牙的有效方法。     

利用根管显微镜诊治恒牙变异根管的临床疗效

目的：评价运用根管手术显微镜和超声技术诊治成人恒牙变异根管的临床疗效。方法：选择需行显微根管治疗的恒牙97颗,在根管手术显微镜下诊断、定位变异根管,机用镍钛旋转器械冠向下法预备根管,热牙胶垂直加压技术充填根管。记录根管变异类型,治疗过程中并发症情况,统计成功率。结果：97颗含有变异根管的患牙波及下颌前牙区、前磨牙区、磨牙区和上颌磨牙区。上颌磨牙区根管变异的主要类型为近颊根双根管,其中2-2型根管多见;下颌第二磨牙根管变异以C形根管为主,C2型根管多见。91颗患牙治疗成功,成功率为93.81%。无一例发生根管壁侧穿或牙根折裂。结论：成人恒牙根管系统的复杂变异是临床诊治的难点,运用现代治疗技术寻找和定位变异根管是治疗成功的关键,根管手术显微镜对提高变异根管的诊治成功率具有重要价值。     

下颌前磨牙牙根形态和根管系统的锥形束CT研究

目的采用锥形束CT(Cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)研究下颌前磨牙牙根及根管系统解剖形态特征。方法回顾148例患者288颗下颌第一前磨牙和218颗下颌第二前磨牙的CBCT影像,分析牙根和根管系统形态,采用Vertucci等提出的分类法对根管构型进行分类。结果 288颗下颌第一前磨牙单根牙285颗,双根牙2颗。三根牙1颗;根管Ⅰ型占77.78%,Ⅱ型0.34%,Ⅲ型2.08%,Ⅳ型0.69%,Ⅴ型14.58%,Ⅶ型1.04%,Ⅹ型0.69%,C型2.78%。218颗下颌第二前磨牙全部为单根;根管Ⅰ型占98.17%,Ⅴ型占1.83%。结论下颌前磨牙大多数是单根单根管。下颌第一前磨牙根管系统具有较大的变异性。下颌第一前磨牙多根管类型主要是Ⅴ型,C型根管的检出率也较高。而下颌第二前磨牙多根管的发生率远低于下颌第一前磨牙。多根管的分歧发生在根中或根尖1/3处。CBCT可用于下颌前磨牙复杂根管形态的评价。     

下前牙根管再治疗的临床研究

目的:经切缘开髓路径对下颌前牙根管治疗失败的病例进行再治疗,探讨下颌前牙开髓路径提高根管治疗的成功率。方法:临床收集79例下前牙因根管治疗失败后需要再治疗的患牙共计94颗,去除原根充材料,探查是否遗漏根管,采用经切缘开髓路径对患牙进行根管再治疗,治疗前后拍摄X线片,观察对比治疗前后根管的充填情况及下颌前牙根尖病变的愈合情况。结果:94颗患牙中共发现72例下前牙为双根管,其中下颌中切牙为双根管33例,下颌侧切牙为双根管19例,下颌尖牙双根管20例。所有患牙经根管再治疗后根管充填结果满意,患牙根尖病变明显好转。结论:下颌前牙切缘开髓根管路径趋于直线不仅视野良好,且能有效提高复杂根管的发现率及治疗成功率。     

经切缘开髓路径行老年患者下前牙根管再治疗的临床研究

目的:经切缘开髓路径对老年下颌前牙根管治疗失败的病例进行再治疗,探讨下颌前牙开髓路径提高根管治疗的成功率.方法:临床选取46例平均年龄为65岁的老年患者下前牙因根管治疗失败后需要再治疗的患牙共计53颗,去除原根充材料,探查是否遗漏根管,采用经切缘开髓路径对患牙进行根管再治疗,治疗前后拍摄X线片,观察对比治疗前后根管的充填情况及下颌前牙根尖病变的愈合情况.结果:53颗患牙中共发现49例下前牙为双根管,其中下颌中切牙为双根管26例,下颌侧切牙为双根管13例,下颌尖牙双根管10例.所有患牙经根管再治疗后根管充填结果满意,患牙根尖病变明显好转.结论:下颌前牙切缘开髓根管路径趋于直线不仅视野良好,且能有效提高复杂根管的发现率及治疗成功率.     

口腔锥形束CT在下颌第二磨牙C形根管诊治中的应用

目的探讨口腔锥形束CT(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)在根管治疗中诊断治疗下颌第二磨牙C形根管的临床应用。方法选取初次根管治疗失败的下颌第二磨牙62颗,根尖片不能确定根管解剖形态以及可疑遗漏根管,患牙采用CBCT进行扫描三维重建。结果使用CBCT确定下颌第二磨牙中52颗为C形根管,C形根管发生率达83.87%,C形根管中28颗为C1型变异根管(53.84%),18颗为C2型变异根管(34.62%),6颗为C3型变异根管(11.54%)。52颗患牙除2颗因根管侧穿导致根管治疗失败外,其余50颗患牙通过热牙胶充填与垂直加压技术将软化的牙胶充入不规则的根管系统,达到严密充填根管,根管再治疗后患牙成功治疗的有50颗(96.15%),均无不适症状。CBCT在根管治疗中辅助定位变异根管,定位准确率较高。结论 CBCT影像精密度高,可从三维角度分析根管,在根管治疗中诊断治疗下颌第二磨牙C形根管具有临床指导意义。     

显微超声技术在老年人下颌前磨牙扁根管预备中的应用

目的：利用牙科手术显微镜对老年人下颌前磨牙扁根管的预备。方法：因龋坏、颈部楔状缺损和牙合面重度磨损所致牙髓炎或根尖周炎以及因固定修复要求进行根管治疗的共69例,82颗下颌前磨牙。k锉或protaper镍钛锉常规根管预备后,再使用显微镜超声根管工作尖处理扁形根管,以完成预备。结果：常规根管治疗后显微镜观察扁根管并超声处理54颗牙齿,28颗常规根管预备后未见根管壁有遗留,其中5颗第一下颌前磨牙为双根管。结论：利用显微镜并使用超声根管工作尖ED20、ED40能有效地预备根管壁而去除遗留的坏死组织和感染的牙本质,完善根管预备,有助于提高根管治疗的成功率。     

应用锥形束CT观察下颌第二乳磨牙牙根及根管形态的研究

目的 应用锥形束CT分析儿童下颌第二乳磨牙牙根及根管形态,为儿童口腔科牙髓及根尖周病的治疗提供参考.方法 收集2009年10月至2012年3月四川大学华西口腔医学院儿童口腔科就诊患者(年龄4～8岁)因多生牙、外伤、正畸治疗、颌面部肿瘤等原因拍摄的共305张锥形束CT片.将牙根完全发育、无根尖周炎、无牙根吸收的下颌第二乳磨牙纳入分析样本,共纳入437颗下颌第二乳磨牙样本,样本的数据录入由经过一致性检验的2名研究生及1名放射科主任医师完成,应用SPSS 19.0统计软件采用卡方检验对下颌第二乳磨牙牙根数的性别差异和左右侧差异进行统计学分析,以双侧P ＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 纳入的437颗下颌第二乳磨牙近中单根者436颗,1颗牙为近中双根;远中单根者325颗(74.4％),双根者111颗(25.4％),1颗牙远中3个牙根.近中双根管者424颗(97.0％),单根管者13颗(3.0％);远中单根单根管者103颗(23.6％),单根双根管者222颗(50.8％),双根双根管者106颗(24.3％),双根三根管者5颗(1.1％),三根三根管者1颗(0.2％).下颌第二乳磨牙有10种不同的牙根及根管类型,其三根变异和根管分型存在性别(P=0.000)和左右侧(P =0.028)分布差异.结论 本组资料中下颌第二乳磨牙以两个牙根居多,也存在三根变异的情况,三根变异的发生率男性高于女性;近远中根多为双根管.     

下颌第一前磨牙非单根管系统的形态学研究

目的：采用锥形束CT（CBCT）分析下颌第一前磨牙非单根管系统的解剖形态。方法：选取20颗具有非单根管系统下颌第一前磨牙离体牙标本,CBCT 扫描数据,使用三维重建软件分析下颌第一前磨牙牙根的数目、根面沟情况及根管形态。结果：20颗下颌第一前磨牙非单根管系统中,单根及融合单根17颗（85．0％）、双根3颗（15．0％）。根面沟发生率为95．0％,好发于近中舌侧、舌侧。根管形态发生率分别为双根管Ⅲ型（1－2－1）25．0％、Ⅴ型（1－2）5．0％,三根管Ⅷ型（3－3）15．0％、Ⅸ型（3－4）型5．0％、C形9例45．0％、环形1例5．0％,其中C形发生率最高。结论：下颌第一前磨牙非单根管系统解剖形态复杂。     

Mandibular premolar with three root canals—two case reports

The presence of three root canals in the mandibular premolar may sometimes be recognized when there is persistent postoperative discomfort following root canal therapy. This paper presents two cases of root canal treatment of mandibular premolars with three root canals including one mandibular first premolar and one mandibular second premolar. The possibility that there is more than one root canal in lower premolar teeth must be considered in the radiographic and clinical examination during root canal treatment.     

不同投照角度X线片诊断下颌第一前磨牙多根管的临床分析

目的探讨不同投照角度X线片在诊断下颌第一前磨牙多根管中的作用。方法选取需行根管治疗的88颗下颌第一前磨牙为研究对象。每颗患牙均拍摄术前X线正位、偏位投照片判断是否为多根管牙；K型锉探查和定位根管口，冠下法预备根管，冷侧压法充填根管，充填时记录根管形态及数量，并拍摄根管充填术后X线正位和偏位投照片，对根管进行分型。结果88颗下颌第一前磨牙中，术前X线片诊断多根管31颗，临床发现多根管30颗。术前X线诊断为多根管的31颗牙，临床治疗中3颗未定位到多根管；而术前诊断为单根管的2颗牙，在临床治疗中发现为多根管。术前正位X线片诊断多根管牙13颗，术前偏位X线片诊断多根管牙25颗，其中7颗牙的术前正位和偏位X线片均表现为多根管影像。下颌第一前磨牙多根管的临床发现率为34.09%（30/88），其中Ⅳ、Ⅴ型根管为21颗，占多根管牙的70.00%。结论不同投照角度X线片有助于提高下颌第一前磨牙多根管的临床发现率。     

塑化根管再治疗中显微超声技术的临床应用

目的探讨显微超声技术在塑化治疗后根管再治疗的临床应用。方法选取临床上已行根管塑化治疗但因各种原因需要进行根管再治疗的患者168例,前磨牙187颗（239个根管）,分成两组,分别运用常规手动K锉和显微超声技术去除根管内的塑化物后进行根管预备和充填,并记录根管再治疗的疗效和根管充填的效果。结果166个根管（69．45％）疏通获得成功,其中运用显微超声技术对上颌前磨牙根管再通畅成功率为83．82％,常规方法的下颌前磨牙的再通畅率为60．00％。统计结果显示这两种方法有着显著性差异。结论塑化治疗后的根管再治疗中运用显微超声技术能够取得比较好的临床效果。     

A cone-beam computed tomography study of root canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular premolars in a Turkish population

Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the root canal number and configuration of maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth by gender, intervals for decades, tooth position and unilateral or bilateral occurrence in a Turkish population using Cone Beam Computed Tomography(CBCT) scanning. Methodology. CBCT images of 5496 maxillary and mandibular premolars from 849 patients were evaluated. The following was evaluated in all the images: numbers of roots and root canals, the morphology of the root canal configuration according to the Vertucci classification, male–female differences in the tooth position and male–female differences in unilateral or bilateral occurrence. The reliability data were analyzed with a chi-square test. Results. The most prevalent root canal frequency was the two canals (86.2%) and type IV (76.9%) configuration for maxillary first premolar, one canal (59.7%) and type I (54.5%) canal configuration for second premolar. The incidence of one canal was higher in females and the occurrence of two or three canals was more common in males. The incidence of one canal was higher on the left side of maxillary premolars and the incidence of two canals was higher on the right side. Most mandibular first (93.5%) and second (98.5%) premolars had one canal. In general, females had one root canal of the mandibular premolar, whereas males had two or three canals. The type I configuration was most common and the incidence was higher on the right side. There were some differences found in the frequency distribution of the number of root canals and configuration of maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth according to intervals for decades. Conclusion. CBCT scanning provides comprehensive information about the root canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth. These data may help clinicians in root canal treatment of premolar teeth.     

Relationships between pain-related mediators and both synovitis and joint pain in patients with internal derangements and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint

OBJECTIVES: Routine dental CT scans were used to describe mandibular first premolar root configurations and canal variations. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred twenty dental CT examinations were evaluated for mandibular first premolar root configurations and canal variations regarding shape of root and root canal, incidence of multiple canals, and level of bifurcation. RESULTS: A total of 17 teeth in 12 patients showed mesial invagination of the root of the mandibular first premolar. One root displayed 3 canals with 3 apical foramina. In 2 teeth, a single canal divided into 2 canals, but merged into 1 apical foramen. One root showing 2 root canals finally divided into 2 roots near the apex. Thirteen roots had 2 canals and 2 apical foramina. The distance from the cementoenamel junction to the level of bifurcation was between 4 and 13 mm (mean, 7.4 mm). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of incidentally found mandibular first premolar root variations should be an important component of dental CT reports.     

不同投照角度X线根尖片诊断下颌前牙、前磨牙多根管的临床评价

目的 探讨不同角度X线投照技术对发现下颌前牙、前磨牙多根管及提高其临床治疗率的作用。方法 选取临床上需要进行下颌前牙、前磨牙根管治疗的患者214例，共247颗患牙。每颗患牙均需拍摄术前X线正、偏位投照片及诊断丝X线正、偏位投照片。依据两种X线影像特点（根管位置和走向不在牙根中心、较粗大的根管在根管上1／3、中1／3突然消失或模糊）判断是否为可疑多根管。采用冠向下法预备，冷侧压法根管充填后将根管分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ型并与X线结果对应。结果 在87颗X线诊断的多根管患牙中，临床证实多根管为60．92％；26．44％为扁根管。诊断丝X线偏位投照片的多根管X线诊断灵敏度为93．0％，4例术后发现有遗漏根管。247颗下颌前牙、前磨牙临床治疗多根管57颗，多根管临床治疗率分别为：中切牙9．43％、侧切牙38．33％、尖牙15．90％、第一前磨牙加．38％、第二前磨牙2．63％。结论 不同角度的术前及诊断丝X线根尖片有助于临床医师发现下颌前牙、前磨牙多根管，其中以诊断丝X线偏位投照发现的多根管最多。     

Anomalous mandibular premolars: a mandibular first premolar with three roots and a mandibular second premolar with a C‐shaped canal system

Aim To describe unusual variations in the root morphology and root canal systems of mandibular first and second premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. Summary Normally mandibular first and second premolar teeth have single roots with single canals. A 15‐year‐old patient presented for orthodontic treatment and two mandibular premolar teeth were examined post‐extraction. The mandibular first premolar exhibited three distinct, separate roots and the mandibular second premolar exhibited a C‐shaped root canal system. The coronal morphology of each of the mandibular premolars revealed dimensions and anatomy within normal limits. The incidence of a three‐rooted mandibular first premolar is approximately 0.2%. Key learning points ? Thorough clinical and radiographic interpretation is important in recognizing anomalous root and root canal systems. ? The most common forms of root and canal systems and its aberrations must be understood to realize variations from normal do occur. ? Successful root canal treatment requires an accurate diagnosis of the root canal system using all available aids. ? Value of microcomputed tomography in the study of anatomy ex vivo and cone‐beam tomography in clinical endodontics of complex premolar cases is increasing.