云南钛砂矿在微波场中的吸波行为和还原效应

测定了钛砂矿的吸波特性,表明钛砂矿具有良好的吸波性,据此提出了微波辐射还原云南钛砂矿的新工艺,进行了焦炭最佳配比吸波特性的测定和条件实验,探索了内配碳、复合添加剂用量、还原温度和还原时间等因素对TiO2品位的影响;确定了微波碳热还原云南钛砂矿的最佳条件为:还原温度1 150℃、还原时间1.5 h、复合添加剂用量3%、内配焦炭15%.在此条件下得到的还原产物TiO2品位为50.34%.     

钛及钛合金的新型多级深度热还原技术

提出了“多级深度热还原”的理念,即镁/铝热自蔓延-多级深度还原制备钛及钛合金技术,利用该技术成功制备出纯度为99.69%的高纯还原钛粉,氧含量<0.15%的Ti6Al4V合金粉;制备出20 kg级的TiAl合金铸锭,其Ti/Al原子比为1∶1,氧含量为0.09%。该研究成果已在山东淄博傅山企业集团推广应用,所建成的200 t/a钛粉生产线于2019年12月全线贯通投产。实践证明,该技术有效解决了传统金属热还原无法彻底还原TiO 2直接制备钛及钛合金的难题,可使钛材生产成本降低30%左右,为钛材低成本清洁制备与应用奠定了工业化基础。     

电化学还原法制备金属钛的反应历程研究

用电化学还原法从固体TiO2中提取金属钛是一种流程较短,成本较低的新工艺。通过改变电解时间,用SEM,EDS,XRD等方法分析电解产物的结构及组成变化来研究电化学还原法制备金属钛的反应历程及反应机制。XRD分析结果表明TiO2电化学还原过程是由高价氧化物向低价氧化物逐步进行的。在电解12 h的情况下,还原产物的变化情况如下:TiO2——Ti10O19+Ti4O7+CaTiO3(Magnéli相)——Ti3O5+Ti2O3+CaTiO3——TiO+CaTiO3——Ti+TiO——Ti。对阴极产物断面的SEM分析结果表明,随着电解时间的延长,电解产物的内层由致密变得疏松,并出现相互连通的多孔结构;颗粒不断长大,其外形趋于光滑;内外层结构逐渐均匀。电解12 h后,得到金属钛,氧含量是0.28%。反应过程中出现的CaTiO3是由熔盐中饱和的CaO与电极表面未还原的钛的氧化物反应形成的;在TiO2的电化学还原过程中,氧的离子化机制和钙热还原机制是同时存在的。     

高温还原性气氛下TiOx-SiO2-MgO系结晶过程的研究

实验通过定组成的H2/CO2混合气控制氧分压,在温度为1873 K、1673 K、1473 K,氧分压为1.22×10-8~2.18×10-12 Pa、4.92×10-8~8.79×10-12 Pa的范围内,研究了TiOx-SiO2-MgO 系的析出相.结合XRD和EDS分析并对比汪大亚等人的研究可知,当氧分压较高（PCO∶PCO2=5∶1）时,对于初始成分TiO2∶MgO∶SiO2摩尔比为60∶25∶15的试样,在1873 K 和1673 K 时的析出相为TiO2,在1473 K 时其析出相为MgTi2O5;对于初始成分TiO2∶MgO∶SiO2摩尔比为60∶15∶25的试样,在1873 K时其析出相为TiO2,在1673 K和1473 K时析出相为MgTi2O5.而当氧分压较低（PH2∶PCO2=600∶1、300∶1、150∶1）时,2种不同成分的试样在不同温度下的析出相均为黑钛石,并且随着氧分压的降低,黑钛石中的Mg 含量逐渐减少.     

熔盐电解法制备金属钛的研究

对不同重量的TiO2电极熔盐电解法制取金属钛进行了研究,分析了电解过程中的电流变化、物相组成和形貌特征.实验表明,电解前期,形成了中间产物CaTiO3,这也是主要的中间产物,随后形成的中间产物有Ti4O7、Ti3O5和Ti2O3等较高价钛氧化物,随着电解进行,它们逐步被还原为较低价的钛氧化物和纯钛.电解21h以上,产物为纯钛,氧含量为0.34％左右;延长电解时间到30 h后,电解得到的纯钛衍射峰值降低、峰也有所宽化,这可能是纯钛中固溶入一些杂质造成的,同时电解产物的晶粒显著增大.电解不彻底时,会有TiC中间产物保留在电解产物中.在TiO2的电化学还原过程中,氧的离子化机制和钙热还原机制同时存在.     

配碳比对TiO2真空碳热还原的影响

以钛白粉和石墨为原料,开展TiO2/C真空碳热还原试验,考察配碳比对TiO2/C真空碳热反应历程和还原产物的影响.研究结果表明:TiO2/C真空碳热还原表现出阶段性反应特征,各阶段反应程度取决于配碳比；不同配碳比还原产物的表观差异在于游离碳含量及其赋存状态；随着配碳比升高还原产物颗粒尺寸减小、孔隙率增大；不同配碳比还原产物的电阻率介于2.61×10-3～4.20×10-3Ω·cm,导电性能介于导体和半导体之间.     

熔盐电解中钛离子电化学沉积行为研究

对熔盐电解提钛工艺中钛离子的电化学沉积行为进行研究,首先通过调整TiCl_4和海绵钛的比例在NaClKCl熔盐中反应制备出不同电解质组分,然后在制备的电解质体系中研究钛离子的电化学沉积行为。低价钛电解质组分的XRD分析结果表明,在993 K的NaCl-KCl熔盐中,当TiCl_4与Ti摩尔比为1∶2时,反应产物主要为2价的TiCl_2,电解质形成NaCl-KCl-TiCl_2体系;当摩尔比为2∶1时,反应产物主要为2.57价的TiCl_2和K_3TiCl_6,电解质形成NaCl-KCl-TiCl_2-K_3TiCl_6体系。两种电解质体系的循环伏安研究结果表明,NaCl-KCl-TiCl_2体系中钛离子的还原历程为Ti~(2+)→Ti,主要受扩散影响,扩散系数为2.93×10~(-5)cm~2/s,而NaCl-KCl-TiCl_2-K_2TiCl_6体系中钛离子还原历程为Ti~(3+)→Ti~(2+)和Ti~(2+)→Ti两步。钛离子电化学沉积产物的SEM分析结果表明在NaCl-KCl-TiCl_2体系中,得到的钛粉产物呈现大颗粒的枝晶状,随着电流密度增大和钛离子浓度减小,钛粉产物颗粒逐步变细;而在NaCl-KCl-TiCl_2-K_2TiCl_6体系中获得产物为细颗粒的多孔状钛粉。     

固态原位电还原TiO2制取Ti的阴极还原过程

运用循环伏安法对固态原位电还原TiO2制取B的阴极还原过程进行了研究,探讨了固态原位电还原TiO2制取Ti的电解机理．研究发现,固态TiO2原位直接电还原为Ti是分步进行的：第一步为可逆、产物不溶的二电子反应,即Ti（Ⅳ）＋2e=Ti（Ⅱ）;第二步同样为可逆、产物不溶的二电子反应,Ti（Ⅱ）＋2e=Ti．同时,在电解温度下,CaCl2熔体中存在着少量CaO．Ca2＋在阴极放电析出金属Ca,即Ca2＋＋2e=Ca,生成的金属Ca热还原TiO2生成金属Ti．固态原位电还原TiO2制取Ti是TiO2的直接电还原与Ca热还原TiO2共同作用的结果．     

熔盐电解法制备高钛铁合金

采用电化学还原法,温度为900℃,在CaCl2熔盐中以烧结的TiO2与钛铁矿混合物(Ti:Fe=1:1原子比)为阴极,石墨棒为阳极,制备出了高钛铁合金.探讨了混合物烧结后的相组成变化及高钛铁合金的合金化历程.实验结果表明,混合物烧结后,TiO2由锐钛矿结构转变为金红石结构,钛铁矿转化为热力学稳定的Fe2TiO5.钛铁矿的晶体结构由烧结前的三方晶系经950℃以上烧结后,转变为斜方晶系的Fe2TiO5.制备出的高钛铁中铁钛含量分别为:77.19％和9.68％(质量分数).其合金化历程为:TiO2先生成CaTiO3,然后继续脱氧还原为金属钛;钛铁矿优先还原出金属铁,然后与生成的金属钛发生合金化反应生成钛铁合金.表明熔盐电解nO2与钛铁矿的混合物是一条制备高钛铁合金的新途径.优化电解条件提高电流效率可进一步提高电解速度,得到质量更高的高钛铁合金.     

低钛型钒钛磁铁矿深度还原-磨选分离试验

对某低钛型钒钛磁铁矿进行深度还原-磨选分离试验,结果表明:还原温度1 050℃,还原时间10 h,是抑制钒还原的临界条件;使用添加剂和延长还原时间能够强化钒钛磁铁矿还原,其中硼砂能够有效促进钒钛磁铁矿还原,硼砂用量3%时,产物金属化率达98.21%,而Ca F2在本试验条件下对还原起到抑制作用,弱磁选并深度细磨有利于铁、钒分离。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

参与式农业基地建设行动方案设计

为了编制实用性强的基地建设行动方案,首先,确定参与式发展的主体,搭建一个"决策框架";其次,针对行动目标,提出不同参与主体,如管理者、农民、消费者等团队与个人的目标及行动内容;最后,工作应向重塑伙伴式合作关系,挖掘农民自我发展潜力,完成三大角色的转换,打造农业基地文化等方向推进.