连续相变萃取去除蓖麻粕中蓖麻碱新工艺研究

采用自主产权的新型连续相变萃取工艺去除蓖麻粕中的蓖麻碱。在单因素试验基础上,选用处理温度、时间和萃取压力作为3个显著影响因素,应用Box-Behnken响应面分析法建立数学模型,优化蓖麻碱去除条件。同时对脱毒前后蓖麻粕中营养成分进行分析。结果表明,连续相变萃取去除蓖麻粕中蓖麻碱的最佳工艺条件为脱毒温度76.8℃,时间2.25h,萃取压力0.1 MPa,该条件下蓖麻碱的去除率为91.75%;营养成分分析表明,脱毒后除脂肪含量明显下降外,其它各营养成分没有明显变化。     

蓖麻饼粕的饲用开发

蓖麻饼粕是一种尚待开发的饲料蛋白资源。本文综述了蓖麻粕的饲用价值，分析了其中的毒性成分及其脱毒方法，展望了其在畜禽饲料中的应用前景。     

桐籽粕脱毒作饲料的研究

在实验室条件下对桐籽粕进行脱毒,分析了桐籽粕在脱毒前后的营养成分,实验结果证明脱毒对桐籽粕营养成分无不良影响,且有改善作用。将桐籽粕以5％的量取代对照组中5％的菜籽粕,进行猪的喂养试验证明,脱毒桐籽粕用作饲料是安全的,增重速度和料肉比,乙醇脱毒组和氨脱毒组优于对照组和未脱毒组,但没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。     

棉酚分析研究报告

通过确定对脱毒棉籽饼粕中游离棉酚的测定方法,对使用脱毒棉粕蛋白饲料、确保产品质量提供参考。在检测方法上使用美国油脂化学家协会的标准方法(AOCSB27—58)检测游离棉酚含量。通过测定,证明棉粕进行化学脱毒的有效性,因为脱毒棉粕中棉酚的含量均低于未脱毒者。研究说明,棉酚的分析测定可比较棉粕的脱毒效果并对产品进行监测,在脱毒研究和工业生产中是不可缺少的。     

棉籽饼粕化学脱毒研究

本文报导了直接浸出棉粕和预榨浸出棉粕在脱毒剂“CCDG”型作用下,经直接蒸汽处理脱除棉酚毒素作饲料蛋白的一种化学脱毒新方法。该法具有工艺简便,脱毒剂无毒,来源广泛,易于配制,成本低等特点,适合我国现有预榨浸出和直接浸出工艺的油厂生产脱毒棉粕.脱毒粕经分析测定:总棉酚含量≤1.0%,游离棉酚含量<0.04%,达到了国内外公认的脱毒标准,可作蛋白饲料添加。脱毒粕经动物喂养试验,结果表明:去毒效果明显,该化学脱毒法是一种有效的脱毒新方法.     

棉籽饼粕化学脱毒研究

本文报导了直接浸出棉粕和预榨浸出棉粕在脱毒剂“CCDG”型作用下,经直接蒸汽处理脱除棉酚毒素作饲料蛋白的一种化学脱毒新方法。该法具有工艺简便,脱毒剂无毒,来源广泛,易于配制,成本低等优点,适合我国现有预榨浸出和直接浸出工艺的油厂生产脱毒棉籽饼粕脱毒棉粕经分析测定:总棉酚含量≤1.0%; 游离棉酚含量<0.04%。达到了国内外公认的脱毒标准,可作蛋白饲料添加。脱毒粕经动物喂养试验,结果表明:去毒效果明显,该化学脱毒法是一种有效的脱毒新方法。     

蓖麻变应原生物脱毒方法的优化及脱毒机理的初步探讨

以蓖麻饼粕中蓖麻变应原降解菌的分离、筛选及菌株的生理特性为研究对象,对挑选出脱毒效果明显的菌株进行单菌脱毒及复配脱毒研究,然后对变应原降解条件进行优化分析研究并测定其脱毒效果,采用L9(33)正交设计实验,设计不同发酵温度、发酵时间、接菌量对蓖麻饼粕中变应原的脱毒条件进行优化分析.结果表明,蓖麻变应原较佳脱毒效果的工艺参数为:发酵温度33℃,发酵时间5 d,接菌量10%.     

小桐子(麻疯树)粕脱毒工艺技术的研究

小桐子油是制备生物柴油的优质原料,但其粕含有毒性物质而未得到很好利用.研究了在制油的同时使小桐子粕脱毒的工艺技术条件,确定了符合常规制油工艺的脱毒路线和直接压榨及膨化浸出脱毒工艺的技术路线.检测结果显示粕中毒性物质的脱除率达93%以上,脱毒后的小桐子粕经动物急性毒性试验证明无毒,从而可使小桐子粕用作饲料原料.     

膨化蓖麻粕的饲用

用强饲法测定膨化蓖麻粕的鸡代谢能和真可消化氨基酸 .在此基础上 ,进行肉用仔鸡和生长猪的饲养试验 .试验结果 :膨化蓖麻粕的鸡代谢能为 9.2 9MJ/kg ,各种氨基酸消化率为 :Asp86.7% ,Thr 77.3 % ,Ser 81 .1 % ,Glu 90 .0 % ,Gly 54.2 % ,Ala 78.5% ,Cys 82 .9% ,Val83 .2 % ,Met80 .2 % ,Ile 83 .2 % ,Leu 81 .3 % ,Tyr 79.6% ,Phe 84 .4 % ,Lys 74 .3 % ,His 90 .5% ,Arg 92 .3 % .肉鸡饲养试验表明 ,前、中、后期分别加 3 %、6%、9%的膨化蓖麻粕对肉鸡生长无不良影响 .生长猪试验表明 ,前期加 5%的膨化蓖麻粕对猪无不良影响 ,后期加 1 6%的膨化蓖麻粕对猪的生长也无不良影响 .以上结果表明 ,膨化蓖麻粕是一种营养价值良好的饲料资源 .     

油茶籽粕微生物发酵研究进展

油茶籽粕是一种优质的蛋白质饲料资源,但有毒物质茶皂素的存在制约了其在畜牧业中的应用。在对油茶籽粕进行脱毒的处理方法中,微生物发酵法被认为是最具有发展潜力的处理方法之一。论述了油茶籽粕的营养价值,微生物发酵对油茶籽粕脱毒处理的研究进展及其应用前景。     

脱毒亚麻粕籽粉对面团流变学及面包特性的影响研究

采用粉质仪、拉伸仪、质构仪等分析手段探讨脱毒处理后的亚麻籽粕粉添加到小麦粉中对面团流变学特性(粉质特性、拉伸特性)、面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,挤压处理使有毒成分生氰糖苷含量显著降低(从257.85 mg/kg降到18.58 mg/kg);随着脱毒亚麻籽粕粉添加量的增加,面团吸水率、弱化度增加;面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质评价值降低;面团的R5阻力、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸长度、拉伸能量降低;复合小麦粉所制面包比容下降,感官评分及硬度、弹性等物性指标均无较大的变化。当添加量增大(超过5%时),需同时配合使用小麦粉改良剂。     

Effect of Detoxification on Conformational and Functional Properties of Jatropha curcas Proteins

The effects of detoxification process on conformational and functional properties of Jatropha curcas proteins were investigated. The molecular fractions and structure of proteins were affected more easily by the detoxification process. Compared with the proteins in Jatropha curcas meal, the detoxification process decreased the thermal stability and led to an increase in the surface hydrophobicity with a decrease in the contents of sulfhydryl and disulfide bond of proteins in detoxified Jatropha curcas meal. These conformational sand compositional changes in proteins influenced by the detoxification process, contributed to the relatively good changes in functional properties of detoxified Jatropha curcas meal, such as solubility, water and fat holding capacities, emulsifying properties, and foaming properties. Therefore, the detoxification treatment was not only a promising way to detoxify, but also an effective means to improve the functional properties of detoxified Jatropha curcas meal.     

Effect of aflatoxin B1 detoxification on the physicochemical properties and quality of ground nut meal

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in groundnut meal (GNM) was detoxified up to 97% by a combination of enzymatic and physical processes. Finely-powdered defatted groundnut meal containing 1.2 mM AFB₁ per 100 g of meal was first detoxified up to 53% with 10 IU of horseradish peroxidase enzyme in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and then the meal containing 12–15% (wb) moisture was treated with microwave radiation at 1 kwt for 15 min to achieve a final 97% detoxification. A comparison was made of the treated and untreated groundnut meal quality with respect to their nitrogen solubility, total nitrogen and protein nitrogen contents, and protein composition. Rat feeding experiments were performed to study the effect of detoxification processes on ground nut meal quality as indicated by the mortality, food efficiency ratio and food conversion rate. Mean weight gains of the rats receiving the treated meals were essentially comparable to those for animals receiving aflatoxin-free diets. Overall, nitrogen-solubility of the enzyme-treated meal increases in the pH 2–6 range. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of the protein did not show any notable changes. Amount of protein nitrogen in the meal increased after the enzymatic treatment. Mortality rates of the young animals were high when they were fed untreated meal containing aflatoxin. Resistance increased with age, which was evidenced by the relatively lower mortality rate of the rats after prolonged feeding of aflatoxin-infected meal.     

Metabolisable energy values for growing chicks of some feedstuffs from Sri Lanka

Seven chick bioassays were conducted with 600 one-week-old White Leghorn cockerels to determine the zero nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy (ME_n) values of twenty-three Sri Lankan-produced feedstuffs. The ME_n values (MJ kg^?1 dry matter) of the feedstuffs were: maize 14.28, sorghum 14.42, broken rice 12.35, rough rice 9.21, rice bran grade I 14.28, rice bran grade II 9.30, wheat feed flour 9.31, wheat bran 7.66, undetoxified cassava root meal 13.38, detoxified cassava root meal 15.92, coconut oil meal 7.46, sesame oil meal 11.48, rubber seed meal 11.25, kapok seed meal 8.75, urd bean 12.68, cassava leaf meal 7.82, local fish meal 11.97, skim milk powder 10.41, meat and bone meal 8.02, sugar filter-press mud 8.85, cocoa husk meal 7.46, Mango seed kernel meal 10.84, and tea refuse 6.02. The difference between the ME_n values of undetoxified and detoxified cassava root meal indicate that hydrocyanic acid interferes with energy utilisation in poultry.     

Toxicity of water extracted rapeseed meal in the rat

The toxic effect of different concentrations of “detoxified” rapeseed meal (DRSM) obtained by 2 h lixiviation was studied. This preparation contained 0.02 % oxazolidinethiones (VTO) and no detectable isothiocyanates (ITC). It was fed for 4 weeks to weanling rats in amounts that provided from 0 to 100% of total dietary protein. The control diet provided 20% protein from casein. Another control group was fed crude rapeseed meal (RSM) to the same protein level. Growth rates and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were similar in rats fed DRSM and casein diets. The substitution of casein by increasing levels of DRSM did not modify PER. The weight of the liver, thyroid, heart, spleen, adrenals and kidneys was normal. In animals fed DRSM no histological changes were detected in the liver. The thyroid exhibited changes similar to, but of lesser severity than in animals fed crude RSM. It is suggested that other toxic compound(s) may be present in rapeseed meal that are not extractable by lixiviation. The need of further investigations of the effect of this “detoxified” product including functional studies before its extensive inclusion in animal or human diets is emphasised.     

Functional Properties of Guar Seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Meal Detoxified by Different Methods

Functional properties of guar meal detoxified by autoclaving, extraction with aqueous ethanol, methanol, isopropanol or dilute hydrochloric acid were compared with those of defatted soy meal. Acid washed and the autoclaved meals gave low nitrogen solubility (NS) at pH 7.0. Detoxified guar meals had greater water absorption capacity (WAC) than the raw meal, while defatted soy meal was far superior to defatted guar meal. Fat emulsification capacity (EC) showed a similar trend as NS and fat absorption capacity (FAC) inversely correlated with the bulk density of samples. Autoclaved guar meal had higher EC and FAC than the alcohol or acid extracted meals. The foam capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) of the 80% isopropanol extracted guar meal were the highest among the samples.     

Differences detected in vivo between samples of aflatoxincontaminated peanut meal, following decontamination by two ammonia-based processes

A sample of peanut meal, highly contaminated with aflatoxins, has been subjected to decontamination by two commercial ammonia-based processes. The original contaminated and the two decontaminated meals were fed to rats for 90 days. No lesions associated with aflatoxin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis were detected histologically following feeding with the two detoxified meals. There were, however, clear differences between the two meals in respect of growth rates of the rats. In addition, feeding one of the detoxified meals resulted in hepatic abnormalities detected using novel immunohistochemical reagents. Differences between the two detoxified meals were also indicated by the results of studies using meals 'spiked' with [¹⁴C]-aflatoxin B₁ prior to being subjected to the detoxification processes. The meals differed in the bioavailability of the label. It was concluded that peanut meal where an initial, unacceptable level of contamination with aflatoxins had been reduced by two ammonia-based processes to comparable, acceptable levels, may still have different effects in vivo when incorporated into animal diets.     

Rapeseed meal. IV. Continuous water extraction and short-term feeding studies in rats with the detoxified product

A continuous two-hour water extraction procedure is proposed instead of the former 14-hour method to remove the thioglucosides from rapeseed presscake meal (RSM). This new procedure produced a complete removal of isothiocyanates (ITC) and a reduction of 97% in oxazolidinethiones (VTO). Net protein utilisation (n.p.u.) increased from 40 to 69% and protein efficiency ratio (p.e.r.) from 0.8 to 1.94. The detoxified material showed a satisfactory growth-promoting capacity for the rat at the level of 10% dietary protein. It did not cause hypertrophy of the thyroid, as compared to the untreated meal, but it produced histopathological damage of variable intensity to this gland. It also caused a slight increase in the size of the liver although the histology of this organ does not show signs of damage. The importance of the minimal residual VTO content in the washed rapeseed meal upon the effect of thyroid histology is discussed and the presence of substances other than VTO and ITC which could be responsible for such adverse effects is postulated.     

麻枫仁饼粕对肉鸡生长性能和组织损伤的影响

研究了脱毒麻枫仁粕、未脱毒麻枫仁饼替代基础日粮中50%豆粕蛋白质时,对肉鸡生长性能和组织损伤的影响,为合理利用麻枫籽榨油后的副产物麻枫仁饼粕提供试验依据。试验采用单因素完全随机分组设计,设3个处理组。结果:未脱毒麻枫仁饼、脱毒麻枫仁粕的佛波酯含量分别为1.774 mg/g和0.554 mg/g;采食未脱毒麻枫仁饼的肉鸡生产性能下降,肝脏、肾脏、肺和胃损伤,在15 d全部内死亡,0~7 d佛波酯摄入量为727 mg/kg;对照组(0~21 d和22~42 d,1.11和0%)和脱毒麻枫仁粕组死亡率(0~21 d和22~42 d,4.44%和0%)无显著差异;对照组较脱毒麻枫仁粕组肉鸡的体增重更好(0~21 d和22~42d,670.1和538.9 g;1 625.4和1 502.0g,P<0.01);平均阶段采食量更高(0~21 d和22~42 d,1 034和935.1 gP<0.01;3 124.4和2 916.4gP<0.05);料重比更低(0~21 d和22~42 d,1.55和1.74P<0.01;1.92和1.94P<0.05);脱毒麻枫仁粕对肉鸡的内脏器官仍有损伤,佛波酯摄入量在0~7 d、0~21 d、22~42 d和0~42 d分别为221、306、184和489.9 mg/kg体重。表明:未脱毒的麻枫仁饼不能直接饲喂肉鸡;脱毒的麻枫仁粕为潜在的蛋白质饲料资源,而适宜的添加剂量和脱毒工艺有待进一步研究。     

Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects. Part II. Flavour and palatability

This paper has reviewed the current literature relating to the effects of glucosinolates on the palatability of rapeseed meal. The available evidence indicates that diet palatability can be adversely affected by rapeseed meal inclusion and that this response is related to glucosinolate level. However the response is variable and depends also on the species of animal, age and growth state. Younger animals, particularly chicks, piglets and calves appear to be more severely affected and exhibit reduced intake and hence depressed performance with diets containing high levels of glucosinolates from high glucosinolate rapeseed meal. Palatability is substantially improved by the use of low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (LG-RSM) containing 10–30 μ/g and very low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (VLG-RSM) containing 1–5 μ/g glucosinolates. From the findings of this review, it can be concluded that LG-RSM and VLG-RSM can be included at levels up to 20% and 30% for calves and dairy cows respectively. Since piglets are particularly sensitive it is suggested that rapeseed is excluded from early starter diets but that low glucosinolate meals can be included at levels of 10% and 15% for grower and finisher pigs respectively. Growing poultry may be less sensitive to palatability problems associated with rapeseed meal but the use of high levels is constrained due to the lower energy and higher fibre contents of RSM compared with soybean meal.