儿科基础

042741 不同出生体重儿0~6岁体格生长水平特点／徐 秀…∥临床儿科杂志.-2003,21(11).-725~727,733 4组(巨大儿、早产低体重儿、足月小样儿、正常体重儿)结果显示:各年龄段巨大儿体重、身高和体块指数均最高,低体重儿最小。体重增长速度     

43例低出生体重儿的智能发育

本文对43例无围产期合并症的低出生体重儿4～10岁时,应用韦氏儿童智力量表测定智商(IQ)。智能发育落后者占23.3％,高于一般群体。早产小样儿组智能发育落后发生率显著高于足月小样儿及早产适于胎龄儿组,出生体重<2000g者,高于>2000g者;父母文化程度高者与父母文化程度低者有显著性差异;学龄儿童智能发育落后发生率高于学龄前儿童。     

100例低出生体重儿体格及智能发育的调查

本文对100例5至10岁的低出生体重儿(其中足月小样儿68例、早产儿21例、早产小样儿11)例进行了体格检查和智能测定,并与60例同时期正常出生体重儿进行比较,结果发现二者差异显著。低出生体重儿生长指标测定结果75％达到正常低限,25％生长发育落后,且小头占10％。小头围者智能发育亦较差。智能筛选结果正常儿智商最高,早产儿次之,足月小样儿居三,早产小样儿最低。     

15例低出生体重儿临床病理及死因

低出生体重儿在围产期中死亡率最高,现将我科1985～1990年经监护治疗后死亡的15例低出生体重儿的临床病理及死因报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料男13例,女2例。胎龄28～30周3例,33～36周5例,37~(+4)～40周7例。胎次:G_1P_18例,G_2P_24例,G_3P_32例,G_4P_21例。出生体重1000～1450g 3例,1600～2300g12例,其中早产低出生体重儿8例,足月小样儿7例。低出生体     

216例低出生体重儿相关因素分析

目的 探讨低出生体重儿发生原因及相关因素,为降低低出生体重儿的发生率、围生儿发病率和病死率制定相应干预措施提供理论依据.方法 对我院2010年1月至2012年6月出生的低出生体重儿进行监测.结果 7325例新生儿中低出生体重儿216例,低出生体重儿总发生率为2.95％(216/7325).其中常住人口2.39％ (85/3559),流动人口3.48％(131/3766);男婴2.42％(94/3892),女婴3.55％ (122/3433);双胎以上27.94％ (57/204),单胎2.51％ (179/7121);早产组50.20％(124/247),足月组1.33％(89/6716);婴儿母亲高中及以下学历3.01％ (107/3552),高中以上学历2.89％(109/3773).结论 低出生体重的发生受不同因素影响,低出生体重儿中常住人口低于流动人口,女婴发生率略高于男婴,早产和多胎妊娠的低出生体重儿发生率明显高于足月和单胎,降低低出生体重儿的发生率要关注孕期保健,应尽可能避免多胎妊娠和预防早产.     

59例小样儿体格及智能发育随访观察

前言根据新生儿出生时胎龄及体重,低于该胎龄体重的第10百分位者为小样儿,也称小于胎龄儿(SGA)。可分为足月小样儿(Term SGA),早产小样儿(preterm SGA)及过期小样儿(posttermSGA)三类。据国外报道小样儿发生率占全部活产的4.5～10.0%,占低出生体重儿的1/3,上海第二医科大学     

早产极低出生体重6胞胎中4例婴儿6个月 体格生长监测及分析

目的评价极低出生体重6胞胎中4个早产婴儿出生6个月以来的体格生长情况。方法将身长、体重等指标分别与足月出生的同龄儿及同胎龄儿进行比较。结果4个早产婴儿出生时身长、体重均低于同胎龄儿及足月新生儿，生后6个月时体重超过同胎龄儿而接近足月儿。身长低于足月儿及同胎龄儿。结论6胞胎中4个早产低出生体重儿6个月时体重增长正常，身长增长尚不十分理想。     

不同低出生体重儿听力损失相关因素分析

目的探讨不同低出生体重儿听力损失及损失程度与出生体重、胎龄的关系。方法应用听性脑干诱发电位对不同低出生体重儿进行听力测试,以单侧耳Ⅴ波反应阈>30dBnHL者作为2～4kHz范围内听力损失指标。结果测试不同低出生体重儿246名,听力损失63名。<1000g超极低出生体重儿3例,听力损失发生率100%;<1500g的极低出生体重儿46例,其听力损失发生18例(39.1%);<2500g的低出生体重儿197人,其听力损失发生42人(21.3%),不同出生体重发生听力损失差异显著(P<0.001)。其中中～重度10例,极重度2例,且出生体重与听力损失程度呈负相关,出生体重越轻,听力损失越重(r=0.378P=0.002)。胎龄<30周的早产儿3例,均有听力损失发生;胎龄30～34周的早产儿47例,听力损失22人(46.8%);胎龄34～37周的早产儿共171人,听力损失发生30人(17.5%);胎龄>37周的足月小样儿25例,听力损失发生8例(32%),不同胎龄患儿发生听力损失差异显著(P<0.001)。结论不同低出生体重儿是听力损失的高发人群,听力损失与不同低出生体重、胎龄有明显的关系,听力损失程度与出生体重呈显著负相关。足月小样儿是独立的高危因素。     

早产和低出生体重及小于胎龄儿与脑性瘫痪发病的关系

目的 明确早产、低出生体重及小于胎龄儿(SGA)与脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)的关联程度。方法 1997年5—7月对江苏省7个市的1～6岁儿童进行了现况普查,共查305263名,并对其胎龄、出生体重及胎龄别出生体重与脑瘫的关系进行了分析。结果 本组儿童共发现脑瘫484例,发生率为1．59‰。早产儿及过期产儿脑瘫发生率相对危险性(RR)分别为足月儿的25．16倍及2．40倍;低出生体重及巨大儿的脑瘫发生率RR分别为正常出生体重儿的19．63倍及1．34倍;SGA及大于胎龄儿(LGA)脑瘫发生率RR为适于胎龄儿(AGA)的4．34倍及0．84倍。先按胎龄别出生体重分层再按胎龄分组,发现各层内早产儿脑瘫发生率均较足月儿高,RR最高AGA层为28．34倍,其次LGA层为21．41倍,最低SGA层为9．29倍,各层内过期产儿脑瘫发生率也较足月儿高,RR最高AGA层为2．63倍,其次SGA层为1．90倍,最低LGA层为1．55倍;先按胎龄分层再按胎龄别出生体重分组发现各层内SGA脑瘫发生率均较AGA高,RR最高足月儿层为4．41倍,其次过期产儿层为3．19倍,最低早产儿层为1．45倍,各层内LGA脑瘫发生率均不比AGA高,除足月儿层相近为0．98倍外,早产儿及过期产儿层均较AGA低,RR分别为0．74倍和0．58倍。按胎龄大小及胎龄别出生体重大小联合分成9组进行比较,发现多数组脑瘫发生率均较足月AGA组高,RR按次序为早产SGA40．99倍、早产AGA28．34倍、早产LGA21．08倍、过期SGA8．39倍、足月SGA4．41倍、过期AGA2．63倍、过期LGA1．53倍、足月LGA0．98倍;前6组差异均有显著性,后2组倍数接近1．0,差异无显著性。结论 早产及SGA两种因素均与小儿脑瘫发生率增加关联,这两个因素分别为小儿脑瘫独立的危险因素;过期产与脑瘫的关联很弱,LGA则与脑瘫的发生率增加无关。     

出生体重不一致双胎0～4岁体格生长状况研究

目的　分析出生体重不一致双胎（birthweight discordant twins,BDT）0～4岁的体格指标,了解BDT出生体重以及BDT体格生长情况。方法　回顾性分析2010年9月至2017年12月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿童保健系统中出生体重不一致双胎（birthweight discordant twins,BDT）0～4岁的体格指标,运用R 3.5.3对数据库进行清理,以出生体重相差20%以上作为纳入标准,分析BDT的差异程度分布,同时对纳入的BDT儿童分别按早产和足月、正常出生体重和低/极低出生体重分组,绘制0～4岁体格指标拟合曲线,并分别与出生体重一致双胎、正常出生体重BDT的体格指标的拟合曲线以及WHO生长曲线（2006版）平均水平进行对比。出生体重差异程度比较及低/极低出生体重儿分布情况比较分析采用SPSS 19.0软件。结果　共纳入BDT 141对,占15.4%（141/916）。早产BDT出生体重差异程度高于足月BDT（t＝3.820,P＜0.001）。早产BDT差异持续时间更长。低/极低出生体重BDT 0～4岁体格生长水平较正常出生水平BDT落后。BDT末次随访时身高体重水平未达世界卫生组织（WHO）平均水平。结论　双胎出生体重的差异可能对其远期生长发育有持续性影响,早产BDT的出生体重差异更大,差异持续时间更长,低水平的出生体重是BDT中较轻者体格发育落后的重要原因。应定期监测BDT生长发育,提高随访依从性。     

A neurologic comparison of pre-term and full-term infants at term conceptional age.

There are currently no neurologic examinations designed for pre-term infants with sufficient data to determine neurologic deviance at various gestational or conceptional ages (gestational age plus age from birth). In this study a neurologic examination standardized for full-term newborn infants was administered to 97 full-term newborn infants was administered to 97 full-term newborn infants and 97 pre-term infants at their expected date of birth, 40 weeks' conceptional age. The pre-term infants had more weak responses than did the full-term infants despite being at a higher level of activity state throughout the examination. The pre-term infants also had more asymmetric responses. There was no correlation between gestational age and the incidence of weak responses in the pre-term infants, but the pre-term infants of lowest birth weight at all gestational ages had the greatest number of weak responses. The latter may be because pregnancy and neonatal problems contribute more to the neurologic findings than does the length of gestation.     

出生早期体重增长速率对早产儿矫正12月龄时神经发育的影响

目的 研究早产儿出生早期的体重增长速率对矫正12月龄时神经发育的影响。方法 收集2015年7月1日至2019年12月31日期间在广州医科大学附属第三医院新生儿科出院,且在该院高危儿门诊随访的早产儿的相关资料,根据其出生至矫正胎龄40周时的体重增长速率分为低速率组[< 10 g/（kg·d）;21例]和高速率组[≥10 g/（kg·d）;87例],在矫正3月、6月、12月龄时采用Gesell发育量表进行神经发育评估,并比较两组间的差异。结果 在矫正12月龄时,低速率组的精细运动能评分明显低于高速率组（P < 0.05）,语言能评分异常率明显高于高速率组（P < 0.05）。其中在出生体重 < 1 500 g与出生体重≥1 500 g的早产儿中,低速率组精细运动能评分均较高速率组评分低（P < 0.05）;出生体重≥1 500 g早产儿中,低速率组语言能评分异常率较高速率组高（P < 0.05）。结论 早产儿出生至矫正胎龄40周时的体重增长速率可能影响其12月龄时的精细运动及语言发育,但有待更大样本量的研究进一步论证。     

84例早产适于胎龄儿第一年体格追赶生长纵向评估

目的：分析早产适于胎龄儿1岁以内的追赶生长特点,探讨其追赶生长规律。方法：选择84名胎龄28～36周的早产适于胎龄儿（男44例,女40例）作为研究对象,对其0～12月内的体重、身长及头围分别按实际月龄足月儿生长标准和纠正月龄标准进行Z评分评估并分析。结果：早产适于胎龄儿1岁内体重、身长和头围均出现追赶性生长,且增长最快的阶段均在实际月龄0～3月,体重追赶速度优于身长追赶速度。结论：生后前3个月是早产适于胎龄儿的快速生长期;体重与身长的变化存在不平衡性。     

Long-Term Growth in Small-for-Date Children

Fitzhardinge, P.M. and Inwood, S. (Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Long-term growth in small-for-date children. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl] 349: 27, 1989.
The growth patterns of 158 infants with significant intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were studied for the first 2 years of life. Eighty-four infants were born after 36 completed weeks. All these full-term infants survived; complete follow-up data were obtained for 78. Acceleration of growth in weight began soon after birth and continued for an average of 6 months. Acceleration of linear growth began somewhat later, but was limited to the first 9 months. Twenty-three infants (29%) were still below the 5th centile for both weight and height by 2 years of age. There was a negative correlation between the neonatal ponderal index and length at 18 months for females only. Seventy-four infants were born prematurely, before 37 weeks'gestation. Mortality in this group was 18% and complete follow-up data were obtained for 49 of the 61 survivors. Birth weight was regained on average at 11 days; accelerated weight velocity began 4–6 weeks before the expected date of delivery (term date). The potential for catch-up growth lasted up to 9 months after the term date. By 18 months, however, 44% of these pre-term infants were still below the 5th centile for weight. Size at 18 months post-term was correlated with weight at the term date and length at 3 months post-term, but not with the degree of IUGR or with the ponderal index.     

Perinatal risk for infants of unmarried mothers over a period of 20 years

The perinatal events of the infants of 444 unmarried mothers, 3.7% of the total Northern Finland birth cohort from 1966, were compared with those of infants of 11,525 married mothers (95.5%), and a similar comparison was made between 395 (4.2%) unmarried mothers and 7516 (80.3%) married mothers in a second Northern Finland birth cohort in 1985-86. 1336 mothers, 14.3% of the mothers in this later cohort, were cohabiting. Divorced and widowed mothers were excluded from both cohorts. The infants of the unmarried mothers had a significantly lower mean birth weight, were more likely to be small for their gestational age (SGA), of low birth weight (LBW) (below 2500 g) and had a higher incidence of pre-term births than those of the married mothers in both cohorts. Perinatal mortality was significantly higher among the unmarried mothers only in the former cohort. These differences in perinatal events diminished markedly after adjustment for maternal age, parity, height, years of schooling and smoking habits, but did not totally disappear. The difference in the incidence of pre-term births diminished, but remained significant in both cohorts. The difference in mean birth weight, in the incidence of LBW infants and in perinatal mortality remained significantly less favourable to the unmarried mothers only in the 1966 cohort. It seems that the gap between the married and unmarried mothers had diminished. The incidence of SGA infants did not differ significantly between the married and unmarried mothers in either cohort after adjustment for the background variables. The cohabiting mothers formed an intermediate group between the married and single unmarried mothers in respect of perinatal events, but were close to the married mothers. In raw figures, the mean birth weight in this group was significantly lower and the incidence of SGA infants higher than among the married mothers, but these differences also disappeared after adjustment of the background variables.     

Heterogeneous growth and mental development of intrauterine growth-retarded infants during the first 3 years of life

Postnatal growth and development were studied in two groups of term infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and one group of infants with normal birth weight up to 3 years of age (total sample, 205 infants). Infants with IUGR were classified as having low ponderal index (IUGR-LPI) or adequate ponderal index (IUGR-API). At birth, the two groups of infants with IUGR had similar birth weight, but length and head circumference measurements were significantly different. Overall, the IUGR-API infants remained lighter and shorter and had smaller head circumferences up to 30 months of age. The IUGR-LPI infants experienced catch-up growth in weight during the first months, because of greater fat deposition. At 24 months of age, the IUGR-API infants scored below the others on mental items. At 3 years of age the IUGR-API infants had the lowest values on seven of eight developmental measures and on the composite score; at these two time periods, the group with normal birth weight scored the highest, and the IUGR-LPI infants obtained intermediate values. It is concluded that infants with IUGR tend to follow postnatal growth and developmental patterns that are associated with their physical characteristics at birth.     

早产儿脑额叶发育及其影响因素的研究

目的 应用三维超声技术探讨早产儿脑额叶发育及其影响因素.方法 选取222例无严重脑损伤的早产儿,应用三维超声对额叶体积进行测量.随访中分别在矫正年龄至40周、1个月、3个月、6个月及以后的时间进行全面的神经系统及体格发育检查,6个月内进行体积跟踪测定.结果 早产儿出生时额叶体积随胎龄的增加而增长.生后出现追赶性生长,在矫正年龄40周及1个月时增长最为迅速,达到甚至超过了足月儿,在以后的生长中逐渐落后于正常足月儿.早产儿成熟度越低,额叶体积越小,矫正年龄40周及以后的时间点,各组额叶体积数值相当,组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).宫内外营养情况较差的早产儿额叶体积的生长始终落后于生长发育正常的早产儿(P＜0.05).额叶体积生长严重落后的早产儿出现神经发育重度异常的几率较正常早产儿明显升高(50%).结论 早产儿额叶体积随胎龄增长而增加,生后短期内出现追赶性生长,宫内外营养状况影响额叶发育,体积测定值的异常与神经发育异常有关.     

1~24月婴幼儿胰岛素样生长因子-1水平及与生长发育的关系

目的：分析1~24月龄婴幼儿血清胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）水平及其与生长发育的关系。方法：525名健康婴幼儿入选本研究（早产儿125名,足月儿400名）,测量体重/身长,酶联免疫吸附法检测血清IGF-1水平。结果：早产组婴儿期血清IGF-1水平在生后1.5月为最低（86±60 ng/mL）,此后一直维持较高水平,生后4~12月显著高于足月组。足月组婴儿期血清IGF-1水平在生后1.5月为最高(116±52 ng/mL),此后缓慢下降,生后8月时降至最低（69±58 ng/mL）。不论是早产儿还是足月儿体重/身长SDS与血清IGF-I水平均存在着正相关关系。结论：血清IGF-1水平均与婴幼儿期生长发育速度密切相关。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（6）：459-461］     

早产儿和低出生体重儿使用捐赠母乳与配方奶喂养的荟萃分析

目的探讨不同喂养对新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)发病率的影响,并分析其对新生儿生长发育的不同作用。方法应用Donor human milk、formula milk、premature、low birth weight等关键词检索Pubmed、EMBASE、Ovid、the Cochrane Library和中国生物医学文献数据库发表的文章,并同时检索相关参考文献,对资料进行Meta分析。结果不同国家的7项研究共16篇文献被纳入此研究。共纳入病例1012例,其中单纯使用捐赠母乳或配方奶者669例,同时进行母乳喂养者343例,荟萃分析发现应用捐赠母乳可降低NEC的发病风险,合并的相对风险度RR=0.34,95%CI(0.16～0.71)。但是其对早产儿和低出生体重儿生长发育的作用弱于配方奶。结论捐赠母乳应该得推广,从而在降低NEC和胃肠不耐受的同时使早产儿和低出生体重儿更快地成长。     

Catch-up growth, muscle and fat accretion, and body proportionality of infants one year after newborn intensive care

We studied catch-up growth, muscle and fat accretion, and body proportionality at 4 and 12 months of age corrected for prematurity in 30 very low birth weight (VLBW) (less than 1500 gm), 30 low birth weight (LBW) (1500 to 2499 gm) and 30 normal birth weight (greater than or equal to 2500 gm) infants who required newborn intensive care. At 4 and 12 months, the VLBW infants had significantly lower mean weight and length (p less than 0.01), but not lower occipitofrontal circumference percentiles, than the LBW and normal birth weight groups, and showed no catch-up weight or length growth between 4 and 12 months. All three groups had significant increases in mean upper mid-arm circumferences, mid-arm muscle circumferences, and arm muscle areas between 4 and 12 months. Mean mid-arm muscle circumferences and arm muscle areas were similar among the three groups at 4 months but became significantly stratified by birth weight groups by 12 months, with VLBW infants having the lowest mean value. In contrast, analysis of fat stores by triceps skin-fold thickness and arm fat area demonstrated no significant increases in any group between 4 and 12 months, except for arm fat area in the LBW group. The VLBW infants had significantly less fat than normal birth weight infants at 4 and 12 months. All three groups had proportional growth at both visits, as assessed by mid-arm circumference/head circumference ratio and weight-length percentile for age. The VLBW infants were significantly lighter for their length than normal birth weight infants. We conclude that VLBW infants have no first-year catch-up growth, remaining smaller than higher birth weight infants, although appropriately proportional. Somatic growth during the first year is due more to muscle than to fat accretion, especially in VLBW infants.