Depression and caregiver burden experienced by caregivers of Jordanian patients with stroke

Many stroke survivors will be cared for at home, primarily by their relatives. Providing care to a family member with a chronic disabling disease can be both emotionally and physically distressing for the caregivers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between patients' characteristics, duration of caregiving, daily caregiving time, caregiver's characteristics, caregiver depression and burden in caregivers of patients with stroke. A cross-sectional design was used with a convenience sample of 116 subjects. The Center of Epidemiologic Studies of Depression and the Caregiver Strain Index were used to identify caregiver depression and burden, respectively. Logistic regression analysis identified the influence of independent variables on caregiver depression and caregiver burden. Caregivers had high scores for depression and burden indices. Caregivers' health, receiving professional home health care and caregivers' burden were related to caregiver depression. Functional disabilities of patients with stroke and depression of caregivers were related to caregiver burden. To decrease caregiver depression and burden, nurses must provide caregivers with instructions for home management of patients with stroke. Development of specialized stroke home health services in Jordan that targets patients with stroke and their caregivers are recommended.     

Comparing Perceived Burden for Korean and American Informal Caregivers of Stroke Survivors

Little is known about the burden of cross‐cultural care for stroke patients. This article compares the perceived burden for caregivers of stroke survivors in Korea and the United States. A brief interview was conducted to determine specific problem areas for caregivers. Caregiver burden (using the Sense of Competence Questionnaire) and social support (using the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory) also were measured. The overall‐sense‐of‐burden‐from‐caregiving score was significantly higher in the Korean cohort than in the American cohort, as was the scale regarding satisfaction with the relationship with the recipient of care. The primary predictors of overall burden for the combined sample were caregiver and patient depression and insufficient social support. Lower perceived social support among Korean caregivers was strongly related to caregiver depression, while it was more strongly related to increased hours of caregiving in the American sample. These findings can help rehabilitation nurses plan supportive interventions that incorporate cultural values for stroke survivors and their caregivers.     

Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Chinese Caregivers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in China. Two hundred and seventy-three caregivers were surveyed using questionnaires on HRQOL, family functioning, coping style, social support, and caregiver burden. Besides socio-demographic characteristics of children with ASD and their caregivers, results demonstrate that family functioning, coping style, social support, caregiver burden are predictors of HRQOL in caregivers of children with ASD, and these predictors correlated with each other. These results indicate that comprehensive intervention, which focuses on improving caregivers' coping strategies, social support (especially from family members and friends) and family functioning, and on releasing caregiver burden, should be provided to caregivers of children with ASD.     

癌症患者亲属的抑郁情况及其与社会支持的关系

目的探讨癌症患者亲属的抑郁情况及与社会支持的关系。方法采用抑郁自评量表（CES-D）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）对106名癌症患者的主要照顾亲属进行问卷调查。结果本组患者亲属的抑郁自评分为（18．75±9．06）分,显著高于国内常模,且超过正常范围界值;有55．7％的亲属CES．D评分≥16分,存在抑郁症状;本组亲属的社会支持得分为（40．54±8．21）分,显著高于国内常模;亲属抑郁组社会支持利用度得分显著低于无抑郁组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;亲属的抑郁情况与其对社会支持的利用度呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）。结论癌症患者的主要照顾亲属存在较严重的抑郁情绪,医护人员应积极采取干预措施,提高患者亲属的社会支持水平和心身健康水平,进而提高对患者的支持水平和照顾质量。     

乳腺癌患者配偶社会支持与照顾者负担的相关性研究

目的了解乳腺癌患者配偶的社会支持和照顾者负担情况,探讨其相关性。方法 2013年7月至2014年7月,便利抽样选择湖北省襄阳市中心医院肿瘤科收治的116例乳腺癌患者及其配偶为研究对象,采用一般情况调查表、社会支持评定量表和Zarit照顾者负担量表进行调查。结果乳腺癌患者配偶的社会支持总分为(29.14±3.42)分,照顾者负担总分为(37.52±13.85)分,处于中度负担水平;社会支持总分与照顾负担总分及其各维度呈负相关,其中主观社会支持与照顾负担各维度呈负相关,社会支持利用度与个人负担呈负相关(均P0.05),客观社会支持与照顾负担各维度均无相关性(均P0.05)。结论乳腺癌患者配偶的社会支持与照顾者负担具有显著相关性,作为乳腺癌患者的主要照顾者,其配偶的社会支持应给予重视,临床医护人员应了解并关注乳腺癌患者配偶主观社会支持,并提高其对社会支持的利用度,以缓解其照顾者负担,减轻其在照顾过程中产生的不良体验,使患者及配偶能积极应对疾病及后续治疗。     

老年临终患者家属照顾者照顾反应与社会支持的相关性研究

目的探讨老年临终患者家属照顾者照顾反应和社会支持关系。方法采用照顾者反应量表（CRA）和社会支持量表（MOS-SSS）对264例老年临终患者家属照顾者进行调查,并分析照顾反应各维度与其社会支持情况的关系。结果老年临终患者家属照顾者照顾反应自尊维度得分最高,其余消积结果中得分排名依次为时间受打扰、健康问题维度、经济问题维度和家庭支持维度。医疗结果研究的社会支持总分为（58.69±2.44）分,远低于常模标准;照顾反应中自尊维度与社会支持各维度无明显相关;其它各维度均与社会支持总分呈负相关（P〈0.05）。结论在为临终患者及家属照顾者提供临终关怀服务时,应重视社会支持状况与照顾者照顾反应之间的关系,提供针对该群体适合的护理措施,提高老年临终患者家属照顾者的社会支持水平,减轻照顾负荷,从而保障临终患者和照顾者双方的生活质量。     

Relationships Among Perceived Social Support,Family Resilience,and Caregiver Burden in Lung Cancer Families: A Mediating Model

ObjectivesTo identify the factors associated with caregiver burden in Chinese lung cancer families and to detect whether family resilience mediates the effect of perceived social support on caregiver burden.Data SourcesFrom October 2021 to March 2022, a total of 213 family caregivers of patients with lung cancer from a public hospital in Sichuan Province, China, completed the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS). The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to identify the influencing factors of family caregiver burden, and the bootstrapping method was conducted to detect the mediating role of family resilience.ConclusionIn this study, family caregiver burden could be influenced by caregiver age, caregivers’ relationships with patients, and patients’ self-care degree; family resilience was found to mediate the relationship between caregivers’ perceived social support and caregiver burden.Implication for Nursing PracticeOur study manifested that factor from both the patients’ and caregivers’ sides could influence caregiver burden of lung cancer family caregivers. The results provide further evidence that lung cancer care should be family-centered, and relevant family-supportive systems should be further developed in this field.     

老年痴呆患者主要照顾者照顾负荷水平与社会支持相关性研究

目的:探讨老年痴呆患者主要照顾者照顾负荷水平与社会支持的相关性。方法:采用照顾负荷量表(CBI)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对108例老年痴呆患者的主要照顾者进行调查。结果:老年痴呆患者主要照顾者的负荷总得分为(49.13±4.41)分,前三位分别是时间依赖性负荷(17.14±1.76)、发展受限性负荷(11.32±1.79)和身体性负荷(8.64±1.07)。社会支持总分为(27.53±3.7)分,低于全国常模。照顾者照顾负荷总得分与社会支持利用度、主观支持、客观支持均呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论:护理人员应重视老年痴呆患者主要照顾者的负荷与社会支持状况,通过健康促进、护理支持,提高其社会支持水平,减轻照顾负荷,提高患者与照顾者双方生活质量。     

慢性心力衰竭患者主要家庭照顾者负荷水平及其影响因素

目的评估慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)患者主要家庭照顾者的负荷水平,并探讨与负荷相关的影响因素。方法 2010年6-12月采用目的抽样法选择在温州医学院附属第二医院心血管内科病房接受住院治疗、经临床医师诊断为CHF患者(NYHAⅡ～Ⅳ级)102例的主要家庭照顾者为研究对象,采用自制的一般情况调查表、社会支持评定量表(social support rating scale,SSRS)、照顾者负荷量表(zarit burden interview,ZBI)等进行问卷调查。结果 CHF患者主要家庭照顾者整体负荷总得分为(27.45±11.68)分,个人负荷和责任负荷的平均值分别为(14.58±6.63)分和(7.22±5.49)分。多因素结果分析提示,CHF患者主要家庭照顾者的负荷水平与患者医疗支付方式、社会支持度、利用收费型服务、照顾者的宗教信仰等呈负相关,与患者日常生活能力情况、照顾者职业状况等呈正相关。结论 CHF患者主要家庭照顾者的高负荷水平具有普遍性,与其他慢性疾病患者主要家庭照顾者的负荷有区别;患者的日常生活能力情况、医疗支付方式、照顾者的信仰、职业状况、是否利用收费型服务和社会支持度是照顾者负荷的主要影响因素。     

Factors associated with burden of primary headache in a specialty clinic

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with social, occupational, and psychological burden of common primary headache (migraine and tension-type headache). BACKGROUND: The personal and social burden of primary headache is high. Health, occupational, social, and psychological factors contributing to burden in people with disabling headache have not been fully unravelled. METHODS: One hundred eighty consecutive patients with either migraine or tension-type headache attending a specialty headache outpatient clinic for the first time were evaluated over a 9-month period. Headache subtype was operationally defined according to International Headache Society criteria. Headache frequency, duration, and severity were recorded. Occupational and social disability were quantified using the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire. Psychological burden was quantified using the 28-item General Health Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Premorbid vulnerability to life stress was quantified using the neuroticism subscale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. RESULTS: Patients with frequent (chronic) headache scored higher on the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire and had higher Beck Depression Inventory and General Health Questionnaire depression scores than those with less frequent (episodic) headache. Frequency of headache, but not pain severity, duration, or diagnosis, predicted both Migraine Disability Assessment total disability and General Health Questionnaire/Beck Depression Inventory depression. Neuroticism was predictive of depression but not disability. Patients with chronic migraine had the highest depression and disability scores. CONCLUSION: The number of days per month with headache is a key determinant of headache-related burden in those attending specialty clinics. Frequent (chronic) headache is associated with significantly higher psychopathology scores and general social impairment, but the direction of this relationship is not clear. Those with migraine and chronicity are the most impaired.     

Psychological distress and quality of life of palliative cancer patients and their caring relatives during home care

Purpose

Palliative patients and their family caregivers were interviewed at the beginning of home care in personal interviews at home in regard to their psychological distress as well as their quality of life.

Methods

Quality of life was collected with the palliative module EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL (patients) and the Short Form-8 Health Survey (caregivers). The psychological distress was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the extent of social support with the Oslo 3-items social support scale. Two multiple regression models were employed to examine factors associated with psychological distress. Data from 106 palliative patients (39.6 % female) and their family caregivers (67.9 % female) were included in the analysis.

Results

Every fourth patient had clinically relevant anxiety levels and half of the palliative patients had clinically symptomatic depression scores. The main symptoms of the patients were: fatigue, loss of appetite, pain, and shortness of breath. Patients’ and caregivers’ anxiety and depression scores were significantly correlated (anxiety r?=?0.386, depression r?=?0.416). Thirty-three percent of caregivers suffered from high anxiety and 28 % from depression. Spousal caregivers had higher psychological distress than other caregivers. Other relevant factors for higher distress were high financial burden and low social support. There was hardly any family member receiving professional psychological support.

Conclusions

In palliative patients, depressive symptoms should not be judged as a normal attendant of the terminal illness situation. Instead, patients should be referred to appropriate support services for pharmacological or psychological treatment. Spousal caregivers and caregivers who are socially not well integrated are in particular need of support. Attention to the financial burden of family caregivers is also very important. Due to the existing correlation between the psychological situation of palliative patients and their caring relatives, couples must be considered an emotional system rather than just two individuals.     

Family carers of ICU survivors: a survey of the burden they experience

Intensive care unit (ICU) survivors may experience deterioration in their quality of life for months following their return home, with families assuming a caregiving role. The aim of this study was to measure the burden associated with caring for a family member who had been critically ill. The study also sought to describe the relationship between three factors (filial obligation, social support, self-efficacy) and caregiver burden. Seventy-one family carers, 51 females (72%) and 20 (28%) males of long-term intensive care patients completed a mailed survey, after signing an informed consent form. Although the vast majority of the caregivers were providing substantial number of hours of care each week, they scored lower than the midpoint on all caregiver burden inventory subscales. Filial obligation was found to be positively associated with caregiver burden; however, there was no association between social support, self-efficacy and caregiver burden. Male caregivers experienced significantly more burden than female caregivers. The findings suggest that an understanding of the factors that impact on caregiver burden of families of ICU survivors is only beginning to emerge.     

Caregiver burden of family members of persons living with HIV in Thailand

Lee S-J, Li L, Jiraphongsa C, Rotheram-Borus MJ. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16 : 57–63
Caregiver burden of family members of persons living with HIV in Thailand
Caregivers of people living with HIV (PLH) in Thailand face tremendous caregiver burden. This study examines complex ways in which caregivers' mental health affects their levels of caregiver burden. This study uses data from 409 caregivers of PLH in northern and north-eastern Thailand. Multiple regression models were used to examine the predictors of caregiver burden. Depression was significantly associated with caregiver burden ( P  < 0.0001) and being HIV positive ( P  = 0.015). Inverse associations were observed between depression and quality of life ( P  < 0.0001) and caregiver burden and quality of life ( P  = 0.004). Social support had direct positive association with caregiver's quality of life ( P  < 0.0001). Our findings underscore the complex relationship between caregiver burden, depression and HIV-status. Interventions that address the caregiver burden are urgently needed.     

中风病人照顾者抑郁与其社会支持及病人生活能力的相关性研究

目的了解中风病人主要家庭照顾者的抑郁情况,探讨照顾者抑郁与其所得到的社会支持及所照顾的病人的生活能力的相关性。方法选择51例中风病人的主要家庭照顾者为研究对象,采用CESD量表、BarthelIndex量表和社会支持评定量表对本组照顾者及病人进行调查研究。结果本组主要照顾者有54．90％发生抑郁,社会支持得分属于较低水平;有抑郁的照顾者与其所得到的社会支持和所照顾的病人的生活能力呈负相关。结论社区护理人员、家庭和社会应共同关注中风病人照顾者的抑郁问题,加强社会支持度,提高照顾者的生活质量和照顾质量。     

1型糖尿病患者主要照顾者负担水平与其社会支持状况的相关性研究

目的：调查1型糖尿病（T1DM）患者照顾者负担水平与社会支持状况及两者相关性。方法：采用一般资料问卷、照顾者负担量表及社会支持评定量表对65例T1DM患者照顾者进行问卷调查。结果：T1DM患者照顾者负担总分为（33.0±14.9）分,仅13.8%的照顾者无照顾负担;社会支持总分为（35.6±6.6）分,绝大多数（95.4%）照顾者社会支持尚未达到高水平。总社会支持水平与总负担及负担各维度呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;主观支持维度与总负担及负担各维度呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;客观支持维度与总负担及角色负担维度呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。结论：T1DM患者照顾者普遍存在不同程度的照顾负担,社会支持多处于中低水平;所获社会支持程度越高,感知的照顾者负担越轻。护理人员应给予照顾者恰当的社会家庭支持及相关知识的指导,减轻其身心负担,使其能更有效地承担照顾患者的责任,优化患者疾病控制情况。