X射线全身照射后小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)表达量的变化

用L929细胞染料摄入法检测了小鼠受不同剂量(75mGy,2.0Gy)X射线全身照射后小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)表达量的时程变化及全身照射后24h的剂量-效应关系.结果可见,75mGy照射后3h,TNFα表达量有所增加,从6～120h,均显著高于对照组,12h表达量最高;2.0Gy照射后3～120h,不同时间点均显著高于对照,表达量最高点为12h.从剂量-效应关系中可见,经50mGy～2.0Gy不同剂量照射后,TNFα表达量均显著高于对照组,0.5Gy照射组其表达量最高,而经4.0Gy和6.0Gy照射后,TNFα的表达量显著低于对照组.提示一定剂量电离辐射可诱导巨噬细胞产生TNFα.     

电离辐射对大鼠脑组织中稀醇化酶、S-100蛋白表达的影响

观察了超大剂量6MeV电子线照射后大鼠脑组织NSE、S-100蛋白的动态变化.对成熟的(Sprague-dawle,SD)大鼠用6MeV电子线进行10Gy、20Gy和30Gy全脑单次照射,应用免疫组织化学法测定大鼠脑损伤后不同时间、不同剂量脑组织中稀醇化酶(Neuro-specific enolase,NSE)、S-100蛋白的相对含量.60只大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,用6MeV电子线对实验组大鼠进行20Gy全脑单次垂直照射,分别于照射后1d、7 d、14 d和30 d处死大鼠,取其脑组织,用免疫组织化学法测定NSE、S-100蛋白的相对含量,并与对照组进行比较.在上述时间点,脑内海马区S-100和NSE表达有时间规律,照射后7 dS-100蛋白的表达和照射后24h NSE的表达组间存在一定差别.与对照组相比,实验组大鼠脑组织中NSE表达显著下降(p＜0.05),S-100表达显著升高(p＜0.05).在照射后7 d,上述各指标变化的幅度为30Gy组＞20Gy组＞10Gy组.电离辐射可诱导脑组织中S-100蛋白的表达,同时下调NSE在神经元中的表达,脑组织中S-100和NSE表达水平的变化可作为辐射诱导的急性脑损伤的敏感指标.     

电离辐射诱发体内旁效应的初步研究

探讨孕鼠受γ射线照射对旁效应器官胎鼠脑组织神经发育的影响。将怀孕的昆明小鼠随机分为7组:空白对照组、0.5 Gy全身照射组、0.5 Gy头部照射组、1.0 Gy全身照射组、1.0 Gy头部照射组、2.0 Gy全身照射组及2.0 Gy头部照射组。照射组用60Co治疗机对实验小鼠于孕9 d单次急性垂直照射,于孕18 d取胎鼠脑组织,用酶联免疫吸附法(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定胎脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AchE)及乙酰胆碱(Acetylcholine,Ach)的含量。结果显示,与空白对照组比较,0.5 Gy和1.0 Gy头部照射组胎脑Ach含量显著性降低(p0.05);2.0 Gy头部照射组胎脑AchE及Ach含量均显著性降低(p0.05);0.5 Gy全身照射组胎脑AchE含量明显升高(p0.05);2.0 Gy全身照射组胎脑AchE及Ach含量均显著性降低(p0.05)。孕鼠急性头部受照,电离辐射能够诱发体内旁效应,其胎脑效应类似孕鼠急性全身照射后胎脑效应。     

低剂量辐射对小鼠肠道损伤的影响

采用3种不同低剂量(L组0.04 Gy/d、M组0.12 Gy/d、H组0.2 Gy/d)辐射对3组Balb/c小鼠进行连续5天的照射(分别累积照射0.2、0.6、1.0 Gy),设立对照组(NC),照射结束后测定小鼠体重、外周血象、脏器指数、小肠组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、免疫细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α)、DNA损伤、细胞凋亡等指标的变化。通过比较不同低剂量辐射下小鼠肠道损伤指标的变化,以探讨低剂量辐射小鼠肠道损伤最佳照射剂量,为低剂量辐射小鼠肠道损伤模型的建立提供科学依据。结果表明,连续照射5天后,各照射组相比于对照组,小鼠体重、脏器指数均有不同程度下降(脾脏指数L组p＜0.05、M、H组p＜0.01);小肠组织中MDA含量明显升高(L组p＜0.05、M、H组p＜0.01);SOD含量有不同程度下降;TNF-α、IL-2、IL-1β和IL-6作为代表性促炎因子呈剂量依赖性升高(IL-1β:M、H组p＜0.05,IL-2:M组p＜0.05、H组p＜0.01,TNF-α:M、H组p＜0.05);M、H组有明显DNA损伤及细胞凋亡。通过以上结果得出本次低剂量辐射小鼠肠道损伤模型的最佳照射剂量及方法为0.12 Gy/d连续照射5天累积0.6 Gy。     

吸入一氧化氮对放射性肺纤维化中细胞因子及丝裂原物质变化的影响

观察了吸入NO对放射性肺纤维化中细胞因子及丝裂原物质表达变化的影响 ,以期对NO防治肺纤维化的可能机理进行探讨。6 0 Coγ射线照射Wistar大鼠建立放射性间质肺炎模型 ,分别在照射前 1d (B和C组 )以及照射后一个月 (D和E组 )开始吸入NO ,NO吸入浓度分别为2 0 μg·g- 1(B和D组 )和 1.0× 10 - 5μg·g- 1(C和E组 )。分别于照射后 1d、1周、1个月、3个月和 6个月取材应用免疫组化、原位杂交等方法检测TGFβ、ET - 1mRNA及其蛋白和TNFα、AII蛋白表达情况。结果表明 ,照射后大鼠肺脏TGFβ、ET - 1mRNA及其蛋白和TNFα、AII蛋白表达明显增强 ,照射前开始吸入NO组与正常大鼠相比前述各指标表达增强 ,但低于其它组。表明TGFβ、TNFα、ET - 1和AII均参与了放射性肺纤维化的病理发展过程 ,吸入NO可抑制上述因子的过度表达 ,从而减轻炎症 ,延缓和抑制肺纤维化的发展     

低剂量率中子-伽玛射线混合照射对大鼠肝细胞CYP7A1基因mRNA表达的影响

将60只大鼠随机分成4组,即照射14 d的混合照射组20只、14 d的空白对照组10只、照射31 d的混合照射组20只、31 d的空白对照组10只。照射组每天用低剂量率60Coγ-射线(0.0167 Gy·h-1)照射2 h和252Cf中子(0.028 mGy·h-1)照射20 h,在照射14 d、31 d后,各处死20只受照大鼠及10只对照大鼠,提取肝脏总RNA,用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测肝脏中CYP7A1基因及参与调控该基因表达的核受体—PPARα(Peroxisome proliferator activated receptorα)、FXR(Farnesoid X receptor)、PXR(Pregnane X receptor)、HNF4α(Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α)和LXRα(Liver X receptorα)的转录水平。结果表明:混合照射14 d后,大鼠肝细胞CYP7A1基因mRNA表达显著下调至空白对照组的44%(p0.01),PXR基因mRNA表达上调至空白对照组的1.69倍,PPARα、FXR、HNF4α及LXRα基因mRNA表达无明显变化;混合照射31 d后,大鼠肝细胞CYP7A1基因mRNA表达显著下调至空白对照组的22%(p0.01),PXR基因mRNA表达显著上调至空白对照组的2.34倍(p0.01),PPARα、FXR、HNF4α及LXRα基因mRNA表达无明显变化。一定时期内,低剂量率中子-γ射线混合照射导致大鼠肝细胞CYP7A1基因的表达随着受照剂量的增加而显著下降,其机制可能是混合照射上调了PXR基因的表达,而PXR对CYP7A1基因表达起抑制作用。     

氚β射线出生前照射致大鼠大脑甘氨酸含量改变的相对生物效应研究

对2组妊娠11 d 的大鼠分别注入氚水(HTO)和用~(137)Cs γ射线照射,以仔鼠出生后18 d 时大脑甘氨酸含量的改变为生物学终点,观察两种辐射的剂量效应曲线,并将两者比较,求出氚的 RBE值。结果表明,仔鼠受氚β射线和~(137)Cs γ射线照射,吸收剂量范围分别为0.0038—1.9 Gy 和0.07—2.68 Gy,仔鼠大脑甘氨酸含量皆随剂量的增加而增加(P<0.01);大脑甘氨酸含量增加的百分数 Y 与剂量 D(Gy)可拟合成对数直线回归方程(?)_β=113.9+30.1 lgD 和(?)_γ=86.2+49.7 lgD。氚β射线的 RBE 值在吸收剂量1.9—0.19 Gy 时为2.8—6.08。     

超大剂量6MeV电子束照射对大鼠脑Ca2+、Mg2+含量的影响

观察超大剂量6 MeV电子束照射对大鼠脑Ca2+、Mg2+含量的动态变化,探讨其在放射性脑损伤发病机制中的作用.对SD大鼠用6MeV电子线进行10Gy、20Gy和30Gy全脑单次照射,应用等离子直读光谱仪定量分析大鼠脑放射性损伤后不同时间、不同剂量脑组织中Ca2+、Mg2+含量的动态变化,用干-湿重法测定脑组织含水量.大鼠全脑受照射后,均存在脑组织中Ca2+含量升高、Mg2+含量下降和脑水肿的发生.其中20 Gy照射后24 h脑组织中Ca2+含量与对照组相比有显著升高(p＜0.05),Mg2+含量在照后7天与对照组相比有显著下降(p＜0.05).在照后7天,上述各指标变化的幅度为30Gy组＞20Gy组＞10Gy组.基于大鼠放射性脑损伤后脑组织中Ca2+、Mg2+含量发生的变化,探讨了电离辐射所致脑损伤的机理.     

电离辐射对小鼠血清淀粉酶活力和血清脱氧胞苷含量的影响

本文报道了经~(137)Csγ射线不同剂量照射的小鼠血清淀粉酶活力和血清脱氧胞苷含量的变化规律。结果表明各照射剂量组在照后2h血清淀粉酶活力都显著低于正常值(P<0.001),而后15 Gy和30Gy剂量组持续升高,5Gy和7.5Gy剂量组照后1d恢复正常后再降低。血清脱氧胞苷含量的变化为5Gy和7.5Gy剂量组照后2h稍高于正常值,第9d降低;15Gy和30Gy剂量组照后2h低于正常值,而后持续升高。     

3Gy全身辐射对小鼠小肠粘膜上皮内淋巴细胞数量和功能的影响

采用昆明种小鼠3Gy全身照射为模型,分离培养照后8h～15d共6个时相点全小肠粘膜上皮内淋巴细胞,并对其数量、细胞增殖活力、细胞毒力、TNF-α和TGF-β分泌水平进行检测。结果表明小肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量显著下降,增殖活力和细胞毒力明显受抑,表现为照后8h下降,72h达低值。上皮内淋巴细胞分泌TNF-α和TGF-β显著增多,表现为照后8h增高,72h达峰值。小肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量减少和功能降低成为全身放射损伤时造成肠粘膜免疫屏障功能受损的一个重要原因。     

我国东南沿海城市地下建筑氡浓度分布

为了解东南沿海城市地下建筑氡浓度的分布，用固体核径迹法(SSNTD’s)，分别在春、夏、冬3季对沿海7城市地下建筑室内氡浓度进行调查。结果表明，福州具有最高的平均氡浓度，上海的平均氡浓度最低。季节的变化对地下建筑室内氡浓度有影响，各城市氡浓度平均值夏季最高、冬季最低。各城市夏季氡浓度与该城市的年均值的比值与城市中各测点氡浓度之间的离散度有一定的相关性。夏季地下建筑室内氡浓度高的城市，它的平均氡浓度受某些具有高氡水平测点的影响大。     

Fusion Safety Studies in Russia in 1996

The paper seeks to provide a summary report of observations and results of some Russian fusion safety studies performed in 1996. Release of tritium and helium from neutron irradiated beryllium at relatively high neutron fluences has a burst nature. With the growth of the beryllium temperature-increase rate to 90 K/s, the temperature of tritium burst release decreases from 800 to 450–500°C and for helium decreases from 1200 to 500°C. Characterization of carbon and tungsten dust produced in experiments simulating plasma disruptions revealed that dust particle distribution of sizes for graphites and carbon fiber composites has a bimodal nature with maxima in the range of 0.01–0.03 and 2–4 m for composite UAM and in the range of 0.14–0.18 and 2–4 m for graphite MPG-8. Chemical reactivity of beryllium with air was studied as well. A mathematical model for beryllium weight gain under its chemical interaction with air at temperatures of 700–800°C as a function of beryllium porosity, temperature, and interaction duration was developed.     

Trends in computational intelligence in nuclear engineering

Several changes to the focus of Computational Intelligence in Nuclear Engineering have occurred in the past few years. With earlier activities focusing on the development of condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques for current nuclear power plants, recent activities have focused on the implementation of those methods and the development of methods for next generation plants and space reactors. These advanced techniques are expected to become increasingly important as current generation nuclear power plants have their licenses extended to 60 years and next generation reactors are being designed to operate for extended fuel cycles (up to 25 years), with less operator oversight, and especially for nuclear plants operating in severe environments such as space or ice-bound locations.     

Increase in internal friction in uranium with change in temperature

On the basis of the previously described increase in internal friction in uranium during heating, a semiquantitative evaluation was made of the dependence of increase in internal friction on the rate of heating, frequency and amplitude of vibrations. The results of the calculations agree satisfactorily with data obtained experimentally. A study was made of the effect of the initial state of the specimen on the increase in internal friction at the initial stages of heating.     

广东省进出口食品中的放射性检验

报道了广东省商检中心放射性检验室开展的广东进出口食品中的放射性检验工作。介绍了检验工作采用仪器的主要性能及应用;给出了分析测量方法和探测下限以及实验的质量保证措施,并给出了检验室测量的广东省几种食品中的放射性含量范围,测量结果与我国食品中放射性活度变化范围大体一致。     

Temporal changes in vertical distribution of 137Cs in litter and soils in mixed deciduous forests in Fukushima,Japan

Downward migration of ¹³⁷Cs in soils was studied in three mixed deciduous forests c.a. 40 km northwest of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant (FDNPP), Japan. We selected three different types of forest regarding to environmental condition such as slope inclinations and snow coverage conditions at the time of deposition. We examined temporal changes in the vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs from litter layers to 10 cm soil depth for two years (2.3 to 4.3 years after the FDNPP accident in 2011). At all three study sites, the ¹³⁷Cs in the litter layer had largely migrated to surface soil by 2013. After 2014, about 80% of the ¹³⁷Cs in forest soils (litter layer to 10 cm soil depth) remained within 0–5 cm soil layer. The vertical distribution had not changed substantially since 2014, suggesting that changes to the downward migration rates of ¹³⁷Cs in soils drastically decreased with time. In addition, small amounts of migrating ¹³⁷Cs could not be detected by the present method because there was a large spatial variation in the distribution of soil ¹³⁷Cs. The results showed similar patterns of soil ¹³⁷Cs distribution among the three study sites although there were differences in the environmental conditions.     

微机在核物理实验应用中的抗干扰问题

本文简单介绍了计算机在核物理技术应用中的各种噪声，并初步探讨了抑制噪声的方法。     

固体核径迹研究进展

介绍最近几年固体核径迹研究取得的主要进展，包括：径迹形成机制和探测方法研究固体核径迹在核物理、高能和相对论重离子核反应，原子物理、空间科学、宇宙射线探测、地学、测氡和核孔膜等领域的应用。     

自噬与鼻咽癌放疗研究进展

自噬对鼻咽癌(Nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)具有抑瘤和促瘤双重作用。自噬在NPC发生、发展及转归中起重要作用:低水平、基础自噬有利于细胞的自我保护与新陈代谢,是NPC放、化疗抵抗的重要因素之一;高水平、过度自噬则可导致自噬性细胞死亡,是基于自噬靶点的NPC治疗基础。自噬剂的研发与应用是实现自噬水平调控的关键环节,自噬抑制剂或自噬诱导剂可增敏NPC放、化疗甚至诱导其自噬性细胞死亡,但其作用机理颇为复杂且迄今尚未完全明了。本文着重综述自噬与NPC放疗研究进展,并探讨自噬作为新靶点的NPC治疗前景,尤其X射线作为自噬剂以诱导NPC发生治疗性的自噬性细胞死亡。     

Tritium concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai

Tritium concentrations in precipitation can be used as a criterion to evaluate the tritium baseline of the environment. The tritium concentration in precipitation in Shanghai during 2014-2015 was determined. Values ranged from 0.68 ± 0.04 to 4.11 ± 0.39 Bq/L, and it showed a decreasing trend compared with historical data; however,the values were slightly higher than the natural background tritium level. Additionally, the tritium concentration shows a seasonal variation: It was higher in autumn and winter and lower in summer and spring. A comparison of concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai and around the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant reveals no correlation,implying that the nuclear power plant operations may not affect the environment of Shanghai. Thus, the raised tritium concentrations in Shanghai might be due to the effects of monsoons, spring leak, raindrop, or other activities that generate tritium there. Those activities may include chemistry research that uses tritium as a tracer.