不同异位修复工艺对高浓度铬渣污染土壤中Cr的去除特性

以我国某铬盐厂的两种不同污染特性铬渣污染土壤(A土和B土)为研究对象,探讨了三种异位修复工艺(淋洗、稳定化、湿法解毒)去除铬渣污染土壤中总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的效果,并采用改进BCR顺序提取法分析了不同修复工艺对土壤中各形态Cr的去除效果。实验结果表明,三种异位修复工艺对铬污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果为湿法解毒稳定化淋洗,湿法解毒工艺对A土、B土中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率分别高达83.26%、92.94%;对铬污染土壤总铬去除效果最佳的是异位淋洗工艺,异位淋洗工艺对A土、B土总铬消减分别达54.87%、80.16%。异位淋洗工艺实现了对水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)、酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ)的泥水分离,是总铬消减的主要原因;稳定化工艺和湿法解毒工艺降低了土壤p H,促进了水溶态Cr、酸溶态Cr及可还原态Cr向可氧化态Cr的转化,因此土中总Cr并未发生显著消减。高浓度铬渣污染土壤经三种异位修复工艺处理后,A土Cr(Ⅵ)仍然残留736.6 mg·kg~(-1),B土Cr(Ⅵ)仍然残留245.47 mg·kg~(-1),酸溶态Cr的残留是导致三种工艺修复Cr(Ⅵ)效果受限的主要原因。     

FeCl_3-柠檬酸复合淋洗剂去除土壤中Pb、Cd机理研究

以FeCl_3-柠檬酸复合淋洗剂为淋洗剂,测定不同浓度淋洗剂作用时土壤pH、Eh值变化,进行FeCl_3-柠檬酸复合淋洗剂对土壤中Pb和Cd的淋洗动力学实验,采用BCR连续提取法对淋洗前后土壤中Pb、Cd赋存形态进行分析。结果表明,随着淋洗剂浓度的增大,土壤pH值下降,Eh值增大,且FeCl_3-柠檬酸复合淋洗剂作用时土壤pH和Eh变化较FeCl_3和柠檬酸单一作用时更明显,0.2 mol/L FeCl_3-柠檬酸为适宜淋洗剂;Pb、Cd的淋洗平衡时间为120 min,过程分为快速淋洗阶段、慢速淋洗阶段和淋洗平衡阶段,Pb、Cd的平衡淋洗量分别为0.109 mg/g和0.015 mg/g,分别占土壤中其含量的95.98%和97.98%;淋洗后,土壤中Pb和Cd各形态含量均有所下降,Pb的酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态分别降低82.97%,62.04%,55.29%和22.12%,而Cd的4种形态分别降低96.7%,95.03%,29.59%和17.71%。     

FeCl_3-柠檬酸复合淋洗剂去除土壤中Pb、Cd机理研究

以FeCl_3-柠檬酸复合淋洗剂为淋洗剂,测定不同浓度淋洗剂作用时土壤pH、Eh值变化,进行FeCl_3-柠檬酸复合淋洗剂对土壤中Pb和Cd的淋洗动力学实验,采用BCR连续提取法对淋洗前后土壤中Pb、Cd赋存形态进行分析。结果表明,随着淋洗剂浓度的增大,土壤pH值下降,Eh值增大,且FeCl_3-柠檬酸复合淋洗剂作用时土壤pH和Eh变化较FeCl_3和柠檬酸单一作用时更明显,0.2 mol/L FeCl_3-柠檬酸为适宜淋洗剂;Pb、Cd的淋洗平衡时间为120 min,过程分为快速淋洗阶段、慢速淋洗阶段和淋洗平衡阶段,Pb、Cd的平衡淋洗量分别为0.109 mg/g和0.015 mg/g,分别占土壤中其含量的95.98%和97.98%;淋洗后,土壤中Pb和Cd各形态含量均有所下降,Pb的酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态分别降低82.97%,62.04%,55.29%和22.12%,而Cd的4种形态分别降低96.7%,95.03%,29.59%和17.71%。     

不同异位修复工艺对高浓度铬渣污染土壤中Cr的去除特性

以我国某铬盐厂的两种不同污染特性铬渣污染土壤（A土和B土）为研究对象,探讨了三种异位修复工艺（淋洗、稳定化、湿法解毒）去除铬渣污染土壤中总Cr和Cr（Ⅵ）的效果,并采用改进BCR顺序提取法分析了不同修复工艺对土壤中各形态Cr的去除效果。实验结果表明,三种异位修复工艺对铬污染土壤中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效果为湿法解毒 > 稳定化 > 淋洗,湿法解毒工艺对A土、B土中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率分别高达83.26%、92.94%;对铬污染土壤总铬去除效果最佳的是异位淋洗工艺,异位淋洗工艺对A土、B土总铬消减分别达54.87%、80.16%。异位淋洗工艺实现了对水溶态Cr（Ⅵ）、酸溶态Cr（Ⅵ）的泥水分离,是总铬消减的主要原因;稳定化工艺和湿法解毒工艺降低了土壤pH,促进了水溶态Cr、酸溶态Cr及可还原态Cr向可氧化态Cr的转化,因此土中总Cr并未发生显著消减。高浓度铬渣污染土壤经三种异位修复工艺处理后,A土Cr（Ⅵ）仍然残留736.6 mg·kg^-1,B土Cr（Ⅵ）仍然残留245.47 mg·kg^-1,酸溶态Cr的残留是导致三种工艺修复Cr（Ⅵ）效果受限的主要原因。     

用表面活性剂含量判定洗涤终点的探讨

利用直接两相滴定方法对洗衣剂洗涤衣物各个过程的溶液进行阴离子表面活性剂含量的测定,确定了漂洗终点时,溶液中阴离子表面活性剂含量的范围在2 mg/kg以下。同时,考察了直接两相滴定方法测定相当于实际洗涤、漂洗各溶液阴离子表面活性剂含量的十二烷基苯磺酸(LAS)溶液的重复性和精密度,得出它们相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为:0.62%(500 mg/kg),4.10%(15 mg/kg),4.88%(5 mg/kg)和11.28%(2 mg/kg)。     

连续式泡沫分离法去除废水中Cr~(3+)的研究

采用连续式泡沫分离法分离废水中的Cr3+离子。考察了废水的pH、表面活性剂的加入量、空气流量和反应时间对Cr3+的脱除率的影响,确定最佳的操作工艺条件为混合废水pH=6.0、空气流量350 mL/min、表面活性剂质量浓度为170 mg/L、反应时间为30 min,此时Cr3+的脱除率可达95.31%,浮选塔排出的残液中Cr3+的质量浓度0.5 mg/L,完全符合排放标准。     

不同修复方法对铬污染土壤中六价铬修复效果研究

以湖南省某铬污染场地中的污染土壤为讨论对象,对其在实验室中进行模拟修复,探讨化学固定修复工艺、菌液单次淋洗+化学固定修复工艺、菌液循环淋洗+化学固定修复工艺对土壤中Cr(Ⅳ)的修复效果。结果表明,化学固定工艺总药剂用量需要达到19%以上;经菌液单次淋洗后,再使用化学药剂,总药剂用量需要4.5%;而使用菌液淋洗循环淋洗5天,再使用化学药剂,总药剂用量仅需2.2%。菌液可有效淋洗出土壤中的Cr(VI),降低了土壤中Cr(VI)的含量,也大大降低了化学药剂的使用量。     

表面活性剂应用于污染土壤修复的研究进展

在污染土壤的淋洗/萃取技术中,淋洗剂的选择是决定该技术应用的主要制约因素.大量研究已表明,表面活性剂作为淋洗剂能够有效地去除土壤中的污染物.本文综述了表面活性剂在污染土壤修复中的研究进展.有机污染土壤修复中表面活性剂的作用主要体现在减小了液-固之间的表面张力,当质量浓度增加到临界胶束质量浓度以上时,提高了有机物在水中的溶解度和流动性,从而有机污染得以去除；土壤重金属污染修复中表面活性剂的作用主要体现在离子交换,络合以及吸附作用.     

铬污染紫色黏土的资源化再利用研究

选择四川省具有代表性的铬污染紫色黏土作为研究对象,选用FeSO4对污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)进行解毒,使土壤中浸出Cr(Ⅵ)浓度(1745.13±27.93)mg/kg,总铬(1768.83±57.24)mg/kg分别降到(17.65±2.28)mg/kg和(69.79±8.61)mg/kg,同时测定不同药剂投加量下,被还原土壤中浸出Cr(Ⅵ)以及浸出总铬的变化趋势以及铬在土壤的各形态的相互转变情况;发现FeSO4主要将铬形态由水溶+碳酸盐结合态转变到铁锰结合态;之后对还原解毒后的土壤进行马弗炉高温煅烧实验后污染土壤的浸出Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬浓度分别降至1.11±0.59mg/kg、1.69±0.34mg/kg,该浓度远远低于国家要求生产的砖块和砌块的浸出浓度标准限值,为铬污染土壤的资源化再利用提供了理论基础。     

改性生物炭协同硫酸亚铁修复铬污染土壤

以玉米秸秆为原料，在限氧和高温条件下制备成生物炭，并加入KOH溶液对玉米秸秆生物炭进行碱改性处理，利用FTIR、SEM和TGA等测试技术对材料进行表征，考察材料的理化性质，并通过稳定化实验，研究改性生物炭协同硫酸亚铁对铬污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明，改性后生物炭表面的含氧官能团得到强化，出现明显的孔隙管道结构，呈现蜂窝形状，且具有较强的热稳定性。由稳定化实验结果可知，改性生物炭协同硫酸亚铁对铬污染土壤有良好的稳定化效果。最佳的稳定化修复条件为5%投加比例的KBC和7 d的养护时间。土壤中总Cr和Cr(VI)浸出浓度、Cr(VI)含量分别为0.144 mg/L和0.135 mg/L,22.53 mg/kg,均满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)中总Cr和Cr(VI)的浸出限值1.5 mg/L和0.5 mg/L以及《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 36600—2018)中第一类用地筛选值30 mg/kg的限值要求。     

酸浸-生物法处理铬渣

采用酸浸-生物法处理铬渣以进行有效的还原解毒. 首先分析了铬渣的物相和组成,然后鼓入CO2进行酸浸,再结合硫酸盐还原菌浸取和还原. 结果表明,经过生物反应36 h后,残渣中水溶性六价铬含量降到了2 mg/kg,达到了铬盐工业污染物排放标准GB4280-84的要求.     

Effects and optimization of initial pH and sewage sludge compost content on leaching of lead and zinc in contaminated soil

We investigated the effects of initial pH (2≤pH₀≤6) and sewage sludge compost content (5≤[SSC]≤25 g/kg) on leaching characteristics of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in contaminated field soil. pH₀ and [SSC] significantly affected the leaching of Pb and Zn in soils contaminated with them. The pH in the solution increased as reaction time and [SSC] increased. The leached amounts of Pb and Zn were highest at pH₀=2 and increased with reaction time. As [SSC] increased, the leached amount of Pb decreased (50.4 mg/kg at control condition ([SSC]=0 g/kg); 22.9 mg/kg at [SSC]=25 g/kg at pH₀=2) and the leached amount of Zn increased (20.1 mg/kg at [SSC]=0 g/kg; 31.7 mg/kg at [SSC]=25 g/kg at pH₀=2). The change increased as pH₀ decreased. Within the design boundaries, minimum leaching of Pb (14.7 mg/kg) occurred at pH₀=5.1 and [SSC]=25 g/kg, and minimum leaching of Zn (5.0 mg/kg) occurred at pH₀=5.1 and [SSC]=5 g/kg.     

用弗雷德盐去除土壤淋洗液中的镉

用模拟酸雨(pH=4)对高镉土壤(全镉为10.590 mg/kg)进行浸取。实验结果表明,模拟酸雨对土壤中镉的浸出率仅为其总镉的1%左右,但浸出液中镉的含量(0.108 mg/L)仍远高出GB 3838—2002地表水Ⅴ类水质的要求,也高于GB 18918—2002城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(<0.01 mg/L),必须予以处理。弗雷德盐是以聚合铝为主要原料人工合成的层状双羟合物,它能以同晶取代、吸附或共沉淀形式去除水体中的重金属镉离子。研究表明,土壤浸出液中大量的Al3+、Fe3+会影响弗雷德盐对淋洗液中镉的去除,但处理后的镉含量仍可达到GB 18918—2002城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准。     

石煤发电飞灰碱浸提钒工艺

对我国某地石煤发电飞灰进行碱浸提钒实验研究,飞灰中的钒主要以V(V)形态弥散于硅、铝氧化物中. 结合钒的赋存形式,考察了反应时间、液固比、碱浓度及温度对钒浸出率的影响. 结果表明,钒浸出率与四因素均呈正比关系. 在搅拌转速500 r/min、180℃、浸出时间3 h、液固比5 mL/g及NaOH浓度200 g/L的最佳工艺条件下,钒浸出率可达85%以上. 浸出液中Al2O3, K, Fe含量分别小于500, 420与9 mg/L. 浸出液返回浸出体系,可充分利用浸出液中富余的碱进一步富集溶液中的钒.     

Greenhouse tomato–cucumber yield and soil N leaching as affected by reducing N rate and adding manure: a case study in the Yellow River Irrigation Region China

The effect of reducing N rate fertilization and manure addition on greenhouse vegetable yields and soil N leaching was studied in a greenhouse tomato?Ccucumber rotation system in the Yellow River Irrigation Region of Ningxia Plain, North China. The treatments were: 1-no fertilizers, 2-conventional fertilization, 3-reduced fertilizer application, and 4-reduced fertilizer application + regulation of soil C/N ratio applied by the high C/N ratio of dairy manure. The results indicated that reduced fertilizer application in tomato and cucumber season had no significant influence on vegetable yield comparing with control. The amounts of leachate had no significant differences under all fertilizer treatments at the same investigated period. In comparison with conventional fertilization, both total N and NO₃?CN leaching decreased in the low fertilizer treatments. The cumulative total N and NO₃?CN leached from fertilizers N were less than 9?% during the tomato?Ccucumber rotation system. NO₃?CN was the predominant form of leaching N, represented about 70?% of total N in the leachate. Soluble organic N represented 14.7?C33.3?% of total N leached. Vegetable yields did not increase significantly as applied N rates increased. However, soil N leaching increased largely with N rates. Reducing fertilizer N rate while adding dairy manure regulated soil C/N ratio could be appropriate fertilization practices for reducing soil N leaching and achieving high vegetable yields in the greenhouse systems.     

工业废弃物焚烧灰渣玻璃固化浸出离子浓度的研究

以工业废弃物焚烧产生的灰渣为主要原料,利用ICP和IC等测试手段,研究了不同配合料配比对玻璃在酸碱溶液中的重金属离子和阴离子浸出浓度的影响。实验结果表明:在p H=3和10的酸/碱性溶液中,原料的离子浸出浓度从1.45 mg/L和0.94 mg/L分别可下降到玻璃[D(1)-4]时的0.15 mg/L和0.024 mg/L;含氧化钙高的玻璃其铬离子浸出浓度[D(1)-4时的0.15mg/L]要低于含氧化铁高的玻璃[D(1)-6时的0.19 mg/L],而氯离子浸出浓度则相反(前者为0.075 mg/L,后者为0.042 mg/L)。玻璃的热膨胀系数、抗折强度和维氏硬度分别为78×10-6/℃、96 MPa和504 MPa。     

从红土镍矿镍铁渣中分离浸取镍铬工艺

将镍铁渣破碎、球磨后磁选富集Ni于精矿中,富集Cr于尾矿中. 磁选后Ni从0.26%富集至2.57%(w),Cr从4.55%富集至4.61%(w). 考察了H2SO4常压酸浸精矿时Ni的浸出规律. 结果表明,在酸浸温度110℃、酸浓度220 g/L、酸浸时间2 h、液固质量比5的优化酸浸条件下,Ni浸出率为91.5%. 在80~120℃内,Ni浸出反应活化能为19.6 kJ/mol. Ni浸出反应主要受扩散控制. 用Na2CO3碱熔焙烧尾矿,在温度1000℃、Na2CO3/渣质量比0.65、时间1 h、镍铁渣尾矿粒度<74 mm的优化条件下,Cr浸出率为94.1%.     

The effect of autumn applied 15N-labelled fertilizer on nitrate leaching in a cultivated soil during winter

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied in autumn to arable farm land raises concerns over affects on ground water quality. The contribution of autumn ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer (50 kg N ha^-1) to nitrate leaching losses from a cultivated soil (silt loam on sandy loam; Udic Ustochrept) was measured using undisturbed monolith lysimeters (500 mm diameter, 700 mm long) during consecutive winters in Canterbury, New Zealand. The addition of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer at 50 kg N ha^-1 did not significantly increase nitrate leaching losses. Soil-derived-N contributed 78 and 88% (1996 and 1997, respectively) of the nitrate leached beneath fertilized lysimeters. Warmer weather and wetter soil conditions at cultivation and fertilizer application during 1997, compared with 1996, resulted in an increased release of soil-derived-N in 1997. Nitrate leaching and average nitrate concentrations were therefore 41% and 56% higher, respectively, during the winter of 1997 than the winter of 1996. However, fertilizer leaching losses were relatively consistent between years (7.8 and 8.6%). Although not statistically significant, total N leaching losses and average nitrate concentration were 24 to 30% higher below fertilized lysimeters as compared with unfertilized lysimeters, indicating a priming effect of fertilizer on soil N release. During both late winter periods, leachate nitrate concentrations from fertilized and unfertilized lysimeters exceeded World Health Organisation (WHO) limits for drinking water. Higher release of soil-derived-N in 1997 also meant WHO limits were exceeded for 6 weeks longer than in 1996. In conclusion, the application of ¹⁵N fertilizer in autumn directly contributed only a small proportion of the total amount of N leached in this cultivated soil. However, the apparent priming effect of autumn applied-N fertilizer has importance on the overall environmental impact of this production system, as the amount of N leached, and extent to which health limits were exceeded, was largely determined by the factors which controlled the release of soil-derived-N.     

用毒重石制备氯化钡工艺研究

研究了利用毒重石为原料，添加ＭＯ除杂剂，盐酸浸出制取氯化钡的工艺。当ＭＯ用量为１０ｋｇ／ｔ，盐酸用量为４１４ｋｇ／ｔ，液固比为４时，钡的浸出率达９８．４１％。浸液直接浓缩结晶，制备的氯化钡产品质量达到了ＧＢ１６１７—８９─级品标准。     

Fate of urea applied to winter spinach in New Zealand

Field trials were conducted during three years (1996–1998) to follow the fate of N fertiliser applied to spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) grown over winter (May–September) in New Zealand. Urea labeled with ¹⁵N was applied to the spinach at different rates (0, 200 or 400 kg N/ha), times (as two or three split applications) and placement methods (broadcast or banded). The results showed that the typical fertiliser practice of applying 350 kg N/ha near planting time followed by 50 kg N/ha 4 weeks later, resulted in leaching losses of 119–292 kg N/ha depending on the rainfall. Plants recovered only a small proportion of the fertiliser N (3–18% of the ¹⁵N). Better utilization of the fertiliser and lower leaching losses occurred when the fertiliser was applied strategically in split applications with only a small amount (10%) applied near sowing and the majority applied to match crop demand. For example, in 1998 applying 200 kg N/ha (20 kg N/ha initially+100 kg N/ha after 4 weeks and 80 kg N/ha after 8 weeks) resulted in twice the spinach yield (25 t/ha compared with 13 t/ha) and less than half the leaching loss (108 kg N/ha leached compared with 246 kg N/ha) compared with the typical fertiliser practice.