脱脂工艺对光固化3D打印堇青石陶瓷性能的影响

光固化3D打印是制造高度复杂结构陶瓷的一种有效方法。打印的样件需要经历脱脂和烧结等热处理才能成为可用的陶瓷件, 脱脂工艺对打印件性能影响巨大。本工作通过研究脱脂工艺对DLP光固化3D打印制备的堇青石陶瓷性能的影响规律, 建立缺陷抑制策略。比较并分析了脱脂气氛和升温速率对陶瓷样件的表面裂纹和元素分布状态的影响, 还对比进一步烧结后样件显微组织、尺寸收缩率、相对密度和弯曲强度等性能。研究发现脱脂气氛对样件各性能影响最大, 使用氩气脱脂可显著降低表面裂纹, 提高相对密度与弯曲强度; 并确定最佳升温速率为1 ℃/min。最终获得表面完整无裂纹且相对密度为(94.6±0.3)%, 弯曲强度为(94.3±3.2) MPa的堇青石陶瓷样件。本研究为光固化3D打印堇青石陶瓷的无缺陷制造与应用提供了科学依据与技术参考。     

DMAA凝胶体系凝胶注模成型超细ZrO2陶瓷

为了降低传统丙烯酰胺(AM)/N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAM)凝胶体系的毒性,制备高固相量、低粘度的超细ZrO2(D50=0.19μm)浆料及高性能的生坯和陶瓷,研究了低毒的N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)/MBAM凝胶固化工艺及pH值和聚甲基丙烯酸铵(NH4PMAA)分散剂对浆料流变性的影响.最终采用低粘度、高固相量、低毒性的浆料制备了性能优异的生坯和陶瓷.浆料的固相量高达56vol%,生坯表面光洁、不起皮、不开裂,强度接近30MPa,其内部颗粒结合紧密,孔径呈单峰分布,ZrO2陶瓷的抗弯强度及断裂韧性分别为960MPa和17.3MPa m1/2,其结构均匀、致密性好、四方相ZrO2含量高.     

基于光固化增材制造技术的陶瓷成形方法

目的 利用光固化增材制造技术成形复杂形状陶瓷零件。方法 以光敏树脂和陶瓷粉体混合得到氧化铝和氧化硅陶瓷浆料,浆料固体含量体积分数均超过55%。采用基于数字光处理技术的光固化增材制造设备,设计了一种栅栏式刮刀,可实现打印过程中高固含量浆料的均匀涂层和搅拌。光源波长为405 nm,面光源像素尺寸为50 μm,最小分层厚度为10 μm。在5 mW/cm2光强下分层曝光,分析在不同粉体的浆料固化性能,得到陶瓷坯体,经过脱脂烧结,完成陶瓷成形。结果 氧化硅浆料的透光性明显强于氧化铝浆料,氧化铝浆料的临界曝光强度更容易引发固化反应,测试件最小壁厚为0.2 mm,最小可成形孔为0.1 mm,并对氧化铝齿轮、螺钉、镂空摆件及氧化硅陶瓷型芯等复杂结构的陶瓷零件进行了验证。结论 基于光固化成形的增材制造可以实现高精度的复杂陶瓷零件成形,对拓展陶瓷成形方法具有重要意义。     

光固化3D打印磷酸钙基生物陶瓷支架的研究进展

磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架是临床中实现骨缺损再生修复的常用骨移植物。光固化3D打印技术以其优异的打印精度和复杂结构成形特性能够精确地控制支架孔尺寸、孔形状、孔连通率,在制备生物陶瓷多孔支架领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。然而,利用光固化3D打印技术制备磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架仍面临亟需克服的挑战,如缺乏性能优异的磷酸钙基陶瓷打印浆料、打印及后处理工艺不成熟、制备的磷酸钙基陶瓷多孔支架的性能还有待提升。本文首先介绍了几种常用的光固化3D打印技术基本原理与特征,然后从3D打印成形工艺、力学性能、生物活性、支架结构及功能化等方面系统探讨了光固化3D打印技术在制备磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架领域的研究进展及存在的问题,最后展望了光固化3D打印磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架的发展趋势和突破点,为利用光固化3D打印技术制备成本低、综合性能优异的磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架提供参考。     

3D打印氧化铝陶瓷的气氛脱脂热处理工艺研究

脱脂热处理工艺对于3D打印陶瓷的成形质量具有重要的影响。目前光固化3D打印制备得到的氧化铝生坯经过在空气中的脱脂热处理工艺后烧结最终得到的氧化铝陶瓷存在的微观裂纹等缺陷, 将导致其力学性能较差。本工作研究了基于数字光处理(Digital light processing, DLP)技术的氧化铝陶瓷打印热处理工艺, 将3D打印制备得到的氧化铝陶瓷生坯分别在空气与氩气中脱脂后比较其宏观形貌, 发现在空气下脱脂的氧化铝生坯存在微观裂纹。再将脱脂后的生坯在空气下烧结得到氧化铝陶瓷, 并对其微观形貌和宏观性能进行表征, 发现在氩气下脱脂的氧化铝陶瓷平均晶粒尺寸要比直接在空气中脱脂得到的氧化铝陶瓷平均晶粒尺寸大, 而且晶粒结构致密, 无明显气孔和杂相, 而且具有更高的抗压强度。这说明在氩气中脱脂后烧结得到的氧化铝陶瓷性能更好。在氩气中脱脂的氧化铝致密度最高可达到96.72%, 抗压强度可达到761.7 MPa, 相比于只在空气中脱脂的氧化铝陶瓷性能得到显著提升。     

非氧化物陶瓷光固化增材制造研究进展及展望

目前光固化3D打印技术因打印成型精度高而被广泛应用于陶瓷增材制造, 其中非氧化物陶瓷如碳化硅、氮化硅等因打印材料粉体折射率和吸光度比较高, 光固化陶瓷浆料存在分散稳定性差、入射光难穿透并产生光固化反应的固化层厚度低等问题, 导致其固含量很难提高甚至于无法打印成型。高固含量的非氧化物陶瓷打印成型成为光固化3D打印的主要难点, 吸引了广大学者对其光固化机理、粉体调控等机制进行研究。本文系统地总结了几种非氧化物陶瓷光固化浆料的制备、光固化成型、有机物去除及烧结致密化的研究工作, 并就如何对光敏树脂组成进行调节、对陶瓷粉体进行改性的几种方法进行分析与讨论, 针对性地提出创新方案来改善非氧化物陶瓷的浆料性能、光固化打印优化和致密化缺陷修复及性能提升, 最终推动大尺寸、复杂结构的非氧化物陶瓷部件光固化增材制造高精度制备技术的进步。     

光固化3D打印陶瓷浆料及流变性研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

基于光固化技术原理的陶瓷3D打印因可制备尺寸精度高、表面光洁度好、显微结构均匀和力学性能优异的复杂结构陶瓷零件而备受关注,是实现高性能陶瓷零件增材制造的重要技术手段之一。该技术的核心是制备同时具有高固含量和良好打印适性要求的陶瓷浆料,其组成对固化效果和打印进程有着至关重要的影响。本文综述了立体光固化(stereolithography,SL)和数字光处理(digital light processing,DLP)两种主流光固化3D打印方法用于光固化陶瓷打印的技术方案和工作原理,比较了两者的优缺点。围绕近年来在陶瓷浆料领域的研究工作,讨论了单体/低聚物和稀释剂、分散剂、陶瓷颗粒物理性质以及固含量等对黏度、剪切稀化/增稠行为、黏弹性、屈服应力等流变行为的影响,并提出了光固化3D打印陶瓷浆料的主要发展趋势和面临的挑战,为构建高固含量光固化3D打印陶瓷浆料提供了一般性指导原则。     

立体光刻增材制造中固含量对Al2O3陶瓷性能的影响

对于陶瓷立体光刻增材制造技术, 光敏树脂浆料的固含量发挥着重要的作用。本工作首先制备了不同固含量的Al₂O₃陶瓷浆料, 并采用立体光刻增材制造技术, 制备了Al₂O₃陶瓷, 并研究了Al₂O₃浆料的固含量与陶瓷性能的关联关系。其次, 探索了固含量对Al₂O₃浆料的流变行为、固化性能, 以及对Al₂O₃陶瓷的微观结构、力学性能的影响规律。结果表明, 随着固含量增加, 浆料的粘度和剪切应力均增大。在光固化增材制造过程中, 高固含量导致浆料的粘度高于其自流平的临界值, 且Al₂O₃浆料的固化性能与固含量高度相关。此外, 固含量明显影响光固化增材制造的Al₂O₃陶瓷的缺陷。这些制造缺陷对于Al₂O₃陶瓷的力学性能有重要影响。最后, 本工作总结了光敏Al₂O₃浆料的流变行为、固化性能与Al₂O₃陶瓷的微观结构和力学性能之间的关联关系。浆料的高粘度造成陶瓷的微观结构不均匀, 最终导致其力学强度较差。本研究结果可为陶瓷的光固化增材制造提供一定的参考。     

烧结温度对3D打印硅基陶瓷型芯表面形貌及粗糙度的影响

单晶高温合金空心叶片是航空发动机的重要部件, 其内腔结构是采用陶瓷型芯制备的。随着航空发动机推重比提高, 型芯结构越来越复杂, 传统制备工艺受限, 光固化3D打印陶瓷型芯技术为复杂结构型芯的制备提供了一种可行方案。为了改善光固化3D打印陶瓷型芯因台阶效应导致的表面粗糙度较大的问题, 本研究利用固含量体积分数63%的硅基型芯浆料进行光固化3D打印型芯, 并在1100~1300 ℃对型芯素坯进行烧结, 对烧成的硅基陶瓷型芯的微观结构、元素分布、相组成、型芯打印面和打印堆积方向的表面形貌和粗糙度进行分析。研究发现型芯打印面平整, 无明显表面缺陷, 1100、1200和1300 ℃烧结型芯的打印面粗糙度分别为1.83、1.24和1.44 μm; 片层堆积方向的表面有片层结构特征, 片层间出现微裂纹, 1200 ℃以上烧结的型芯表面粗糙度达到空心叶片使用要求(R_a≤2.0 μm)。结果表明不同烧结温度会改变型芯烧结过程中的液相含量、莫来石生成量、莫来石生成形态和颗粒间玻璃相的分布, 从而对光固化3D打印硅基陶瓷型芯的表面粗糙度产生明显影响。光固化3D打印陶瓷型芯技术结合烧结工艺能制备出满足先进空心叶片用硅基陶瓷型芯表面要求的粗糙度。     

粉体粒径对数字光处理3D打印金刚石复合材料性能的影响

基于数字光处理(Digital light processing,DLP) 3D打印技术的成型原理,系统探索了含不同粒径金刚石粉体的金刚石树脂浆料的流变性能、固化特性以及所制备的金刚石-树脂复合材料的力学性能。研究结果表明:增大粉体粒径可以降低颗粒的比表面积与表面能量,有效减小金刚石树脂浆料的粘度,在打印成型过程中有利于提高浆料的流动性;结合Beer-Lambert模型方程可知,在相同的曝光能量下,粉体粒径越大,对应金刚石浆料的固化深度越大,在打印过程中可以提供更高的层间结合强度,但是扩展固化宽度增大,导致成型精度降低。金刚石-树脂复合材料的力学性能测试结果表明增大粉体的粒径对复合材料的邵氏硬度没有显著的影响,但是有利于提高复合材料的抗弯强度和弹性模量。本研究通过光固化3D打印技术制备了含不同粒径金刚石粉体的金刚石-树脂复合材料,可为未来光固化树脂结合剂金刚石工具的成型制备提供实验基础。     

Prediction of bending strength of long corrugated boxes

Long corrugated boxes were supported at both ends and bent by a concentrated force applied at the middle. Boxes with different lengths, cross‐sectional shapes, flute directions and board strengths were tested, using a standard compression tester with a fixed platen in accordance with ASTM D‐642. An equation was developed to relate compression strength to the various properties of the box. The correlation coefficient R² for the fit to actual data was about 0.4. Boxes having the flutes run around the box had a 20% higher compression strength than with horizontal flutes. The most significant factor was found to be the board edge crush strength. The results suggest that failure of boxes in bending is due to localized crushing at the point of application of the load, rather than whole‐box collapse. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of adding nano-SiO2 and nano-Al2O3 on properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer cured at ambient temperature

This article presents the effect of adding nano-SiO₂ and nano-Al₂O₃ on the properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes. Nano-particles were added to fly ash at the dosages of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight. The sodium hydroxide concentration of 10 molars, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide weight ratio of 2.0, the alkaline liquid/binder ratio of 0.60 and curing at ambient temperature of 23 °C were used in all mixtures. The results showed that the use of nano-SiO₂ as additive to fly ash results in the decrease of the setting time, while the addition of nano-Al₂O₃ results in only a slight reduction in setting time. Adding 1–2% nano-particles could improve compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus of pastes due to the formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) or calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (CASH) and sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (NASH) or geopolymer gel in geopolymer matrix. In addition, the additions of both nano-SiO₂ and nano-Al₂O₃ enhances the shear bond strength between concrete substrate and geopolymer.     

新型4层瓦楞纸板的性能分析

研究了一种新型的4层瓦楞纸板结构,并将4层瓦楞纸板和3层、5层瓦楞纸板的平压强度、边压强度、戳穿强度和耐破度性能进行比较,最后得到新型4层瓦楞纸板的主要优点是:厚度比5层瓦楞纸板要薄,节省了夹芯纸的用量,降低瓦楞纸板的成本,而且强度高,在一定情况下可以代替5层瓦楞纸板达到抗压、防震、缓冲的目的。     

The role of 0–2 mm fine recycled concrete aggregate on the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of recycled concrete aggregate concrete

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of 0–2 mm fine aggregate on the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) concrete with normal and high strengths. Normal coarse and fine aggregates were substituted with the same grading of RCAs in two normal and high strength concrete mixtures. In addition, to keep the same slump value for all mixes, additional water or superplasticizer were used in the RCA concretes. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths were measured at 3, 7 and 28 days. Test results show that coarse and fine RCAs, which were achieved from a parent concrete with 30 MPa compressive strength, have about 11.5 and 3.5 times higher water absorption than normal coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. The density of RCAs was about 20% less than normal aggregates, and, hence, the density of RCA concrete was about 8–13.5% less than normal aggregate concrete. The use of RCA instead of normal aggregates reduced the compressive and splitting tensile strengths in both normal and high strength concrete. The reduction in the splitting tensile strength was more pronounced than for the compressive strength. However, both strengths could be improved by incorporating silica fume and/or normal fine aggregates of 0–2 mm size in the RCA concrete mixture. The positive effect of the contribution of normal sand of 0–2 mm in RCA concrete is more pronounced in the compressive strength of a normal strength concrete and in the splitting tensile strength of high strength concrete. In addition, some equation predictions of the splitting tensile strength from compressive strength are recommended for both normal and RCA concretes.     

A practical model for efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials:Ⅰ.Model building and fatigue strength prediction

The high cost and low efficiency of fatigue tests are bottleneck problem for the anti-fatigue design of metallic materials.For this problem,a theoretical fatigue model is proposed in this study,the possible applications have also been discussed.Specific results would be introduced in two serial papers,in which the first paper focuses on the model building and the applications on fatigue strength prediction;the second paper put emphasis on the influencing factors of the model parameters and the applications on fatigue strength improvement.In this first paper,a theoretical model is proposed considering both the strength and plastic restrictions of fatigue strength.As the model builds up a brief relationship among yield strength(Y),tensile strength(T)and fatigue strength(F),it is named as the Y-T-F model.Through the verification with fatigue strength data covering various kinds of metallic materials and loading condi-tions,this Y-T-F model exhibits both generality and accuracy.With the Y-T-F model,the efficient fatigue strength prediction could be conducted by brief linear fitting and calculation,just through yield strength,tensile strength and several known fatigue strength data.Moreover,through its deduced Y-F model,the analytical formula of fatigue strength continuously changing with materials strengthening can be obtained,as well as the maximum value of fatigue strength and corresponding critical yield strength.In summary,the Y-T-F model would be useful for reducing the fatigue tests,thus providing new possibilities on the efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials.     

Yield strength in submicrovolumes of single crystals

The specificity of the transition from elastic to elastoplastic deformation in defect-free single crystals during the localization of the deformation in a submicron region has been studied by nanoindentation. A sharp transition from elastic to elastoplastic deformation has been observed in tested single crystals at depths of about 20–50 nm. To define the yield strength using the nanoindentation data, the stressed-strained state in the contact region has been analyzed. It has been shown that the yield strength in submicrovolumes of single crystals is tens-hundreds times higher than that at the macroscopic level and approaches the value of the theoretical shear strength. A mechanism of the transition from elastic to elastoplastic deformation has been discussed in the framework of the phenomenological model of the nucleation of dislocations. The transition has been induced by the homogeneous nucleation of dislocations in a contact.     

Concrete with ceramic waste aggregate

Use of hazardous industrial wastes in concrete-making will lead to greener environment. In ceramic industry about 30% production goes as waste, which is not recycled at present. In this study an attempt has been made to find the suitability of the ceramic industrial wastes as a possible substitute for conventional crushed stone coarse aggregate. Experiments were carried out to determine the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths and the modulus of elasticity of concrete with ceramic waste coarse aggregate and to compare them with those of conventional concrete made with crushed stone coarse aggregate. The properties of the aggregates were also compared. Test results indicate that the workability of ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete is good and the strength characteristics are comparable to those of the conventional concrete.     

碳/铝复合材料界面结合强度对拉伸性能的影响

本文主要研究C/Al复合材料先驱丝的界面结合强度的表征方法以及界面结合状态对复合材料拉伸性能的影响.用自行研制的小型剪切试验机测定复合材料先驱丝的纵向剪切强度,通过计算得到复合材料界面处的剪切强度以此作为界面结合强度的定量表征方法.实验证明,不同界面结合强度的复合丝在宏观上表现出有不同纵向剪切强度值,复合材料的界面结合强度可以用界面剪切强度值定量描述.复合材料拉伸强度随界面强度提高而减少,在满足复合材料横向强度要求前提下,降低复合材料界面结合有利于提高拉伸强度.     

High-Cycle Fatigue of Materials and Parts of Gas-Turbine Engines

We present a historical survey of the development of the scientific direction called “Structural Strength” at the Central Institute of Airplane Engine Manufacturing (CIAEM) for the last 30 years in connection with the 100th birthday of Academician S. V. Serensen, founder of this direction in the USSR, and the 75th anniversary of foundation of the CIAEM. We present the principal results obtained by the scientific staff of the Sector of Fatigue Strength of Materials of Gas-Turbine Engines at the CIAEM.__________Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 3, pp. 5 – 21, May – June, 2005.     

膨胀螺栓与混凝土拉拔力的测试和分析

叙述了膨胀螺栓与混凝土拉拔力的设计准则和试验方法,并对影响拉拔性能的因素进行了分析和评价。