基于分析的煤气化和天然气转化制合成气

使用了热力学分析方法,对以煤和天然气为原料的单、多原料系统内部各单元及系统整体的效率进行了分析,研究了以煤和天然气为原料的单、多原料系统的优劣以及限制这类系统效率提升的关键因素,以期找出理论上最节能的工艺路线并为效率的改善指明方向。结果表明:煤气化单元是造成系统效率较低的主要原因,故煤气化单元的改进对提高系统整体的效率意义重大;考虑了"元素互补"和"能量互补"的以煤和天然气为原料的多原料系统,由于降低了气化单元的损失同时减少了天然气转化单元的燃料气用量,使得这类多原料系统的效率远优于其他方案,是真正节能的工艺技术路线。     

多段分级转化流化床煤气化技术研发与进展

分析了可用于煤制天然气的气化技术特点,介绍了中科院山西煤炭化学研究所自主开发的新型多段分级转化流化床煤气化技术的研究与开发现状,包括工作原理,气化炉结构,备煤、进料、气化、除尘、废热回收等单元系统,并介绍了多段分级转化流化床煤气化工艺中试平台和加压中试情况。最后对该气化技术在煤制天然气项目的应用前景进行了分析。     

煤制合成天然气装置能耗分析与节能途径探讨

煤制天然气系统的节能减排研究对大力推进我国煤制天然气示范项目发展具有重要意义。本文对典型煤制天然气项目的全系统用能状况进行评估和分析,确定了各单元的物料和能耗水平,结果表明煤气化和自备电厂能耗较为突出。指出了重要单元过程的技术创新,如新型BGL煤气化技术和等温/低温甲烷化技术等,全系统能量梯级利用与换热网络集成以及高效的能源管理系统,是提高煤制天然气项目整体用能效率的三种重要途径。本文可以为煤制天然气行业的节能减排方案的制定提供科学指导和依据。     

基于水蒸气气化的天然气动力多联产系统热力性能分析

我国能源结构呈现"富煤缺油少气"的特点,以煤气化技术为核心的天然气动力多联产系统在我国有广泛的应用前景。然而目前基于传统气化技术构建的煤基多联产系统在能源利用效率进一步提升方面存在限制。以水蒸气气化工艺为核心,集成了带有热化学回热单元的、高效的串并联综合型天然气动力多联产系统,并在Aspen Plus中搭建了系统模型,基于热效率、相对节能率和■效率等指标分析了该系统的能量利用特性。结果表明,与基于传统气化的天然气动力多联产系统相比,新系统的热效率和■效率分别提升了5.5%、5.8%。同时,对于不同的分流比存在最佳的化工岛未反应气循环倍率使系统热力性能最优,分流比为0.5、0.7、0.9、1.0时,对应的最佳循环倍率分别是4.8、4.4、4.3、4.0;串联型多联产较串并联综合型多联产系统能更合理地利用能量,串联型多联产系统在最佳循环倍率时的热效率、相对节能率和■效率分别达到68.06%、20.24%、69.43%;■分析表明,该系统■损失最大的部分主要分布在气化单元和联合循环单元,两项损失分别为17.0%、6.3%,占比分别达到总■损失的49.4%、18.3%。基于热化学回热型水蒸气气化技术的多联产系统,具有较高的能量利用效率和碳减排效果,可以为煤的高效低碳利用提供一种有效的节能方式。     

我国洁净煤气化技术现状与存在的问题及发展趋势（上）

介绍了我国现有（含在建）引进和自主开发的各种先进洁净煤气化技术的应用及发展情况,详细列举煤制甲醇、合成氨、尿素等传统煤化工领域和煤制烯烃、乙二醇等现代煤化工领域以及在煤制天然气、油和煤气化多联产等煤气化相关产业中的产能及在建情况。分析了当前我国洁净煤气化技术发展过程中存在的主要问题,并展望了我国洁净煤气化技术的主要发展趋势。     

两段式干煤粉加压气化技术在煤制天然气中的应用

介绍了国内天然气供求现状以及煤制天然气用途。对煤制天然气中煤气化、CO变换、合成气净化、甲烷化、压缩和干燥等关键工艺流程进行了阐述。详细介绍了两段式干煤粉加压气化技术和激冷、废锅流程设备特点,以及这些技术和设备在煤制天然气方面的应用。模拟计算了采用该技术的年产10亿m3煤制天然气项目的主要装置和相关工艺参数和结果,同时对项目技术经济效益进行了简要分析。最后总结出煤制天然气中气化技术的选择原则,并对煤制天然气的发展提出建议。     

煤制天然气气化技术选择

介绍了煤制天然气的主要工艺过程及煤气甲烷化技术现状。以褐煤为原料生产替代天然气,对GSP、Shell、BGL、Lurgi 4种煤气化技术进行了主要技术经济指标分析对比,认为对于煤制天然气来说,采用碎煤移动床气化优于气流床粉煤气化技术,综合指标以熔融排渣的BGL技术性能最好。     

煤等离子气化反应器的火用分析

等离子煤气化技术是煤气化的潜在技术,降低煤等离子气化反应器的能耗是该反应器系统优化的重要方面。文中给出了煤等离子气化的工艺过程及煤等离子气化反应器装置的结构形式,通过进行煤等离子气化反应器系统的热力学分析,得出该反应器系统的火用分析模型,分析火用损失产生的原因,提出降低火用损失的措施,改进后的反应器系统采用顺、逆流多级热传递及原料预热等热量利用方式。实验结果表明,改进后的反应器系统的火用损失由改进前的629.4 kJ/kg下降为472.3 kJ/kg,减少了24.9%,为系统优化提供依据。     

煤部分气化燃气／蒸汽轮机联合发电技术的新进展—VEW样板车间试验情况

0 导言近年来煤气化联合发电技术已有好几种方法,但基本类型只有二种,一种是完全气化类型,一种是部分气化类型,前者可以目前美国冷水工程德士古煤气化联合发电的试验流程为代表。完全气化流程所采用的气化方法,大多是以制备合成气为开发目的的,之所以转向联合发电方面开发,是因为从煤制合成气目前还未能取代从油和天然气制合成气的市场。本文所要介绍的部分气化联合发电流程是西德 VEW 电力公司专门为联合发电而开发的。二者的     

煤制天然气淮南煤气化技术的选择

主要介绍了淮南煤和煤灰的特性,通过煤气化技术比较,选择煤制天然气方案中适合淮南煤的气化技术。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.