低龄婴儿双供肾移植给成人22例报道

目的总结单中心低龄婴儿双供肾移植给成人的临床效果。方法回顾性纳入2013年7月至2017年10月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院实施的所有儿童双供肾移植给成人受者共22例临床资料和随访数据。22例供者年龄(2.9±1.7)个月,体重(4.9±1.4)kg,其中15例小于3月龄。受者多为低体重女性成人,体重(46.3±5.6)kg。总结早期移植失败及随访期间移植肾失功或受者死亡原因。根据是否发生单侧移植肾血栓,移植肾功能恢复者又进一步分为双肾存活组和单肾存活组,比较移植肾中-长期功能。结果4例受者在术后早期出现移植失败,包括双肾血栓2例、移植肾破裂切除1例和受者多器官功能衰竭死亡1例。18例受者移植肾功能恢复出院,随访期间因移植肾新生肿瘤切除双肾1例、因复杂全身原因死亡1例、因间质性肺炎死亡1例,余15例受者双肾均存活者10例(中位随访59个月),单肾存活者5例(中位随访48个月)。移植1年时双肾存活组估算肾小球滤过率为(95±27)ml/(min·1.73 m2),显著高于单肾存活组(61±24)ml/(min·1.73 m2)(P<0.05),但3年时分别为(95±21)ml/(min·1.73 m2)和(69±31)ml/(min·1.73 m2),差异缩小,差异无显著统计学意义(P=0.12)。结论低龄婴儿双供肾移植虽然可以扩大供肾来源,但发生早期移植失败和单肾栓塞的风险较高。在单肾存活的情况下,受者仍具有相对满意的中-长期移植效果。     

婴幼儿供肾成人双肾移植42例

目的回顾性分析单中心婴幼儿供肾成人双肾移植临床疗效,探讨供、受者选择及不同手术方式的效果差异。方法回顾性总结2012年12月至2019年5月中南大学湘雅二医院实施的婴幼儿供肾成人双肾移植42例,根据供肾是否满足三"5"标准(供者年龄>5个月、供者体重>5 kg、供肾长径>5 cm)分为两组,两组受者再根据采用不同的手术方式分为术式A亚组(经典En-bloc术式)、术式B亚组(分离式双肾移植)、术式C亚组(改良术式)。分析其临床资料及预后。结果经中位随访时间56个月(11~92个月)。供肾满足三"5"标准组受者均未发生栓塞事件;末次随访估算肾小球滤过率:术式A为123.4 ml/min(92.2~156.6 ml/min)、术式B为97.2 ml/min(81.3~116.6 ml/min)、术式C为133.9 ml/min(133.9~133.9 ml/min);供肾不满足三"5"标准的受者中,术式A和术式C受者均未发生栓塞事件(0%),术式B中3例受者发生移植物栓塞(2例单肾栓塞、1例双肾栓塞)(3/5,60%),显著高于术式A、C组(P<0.05);末次随访尿蛋白(+):术式A 1例(1/2,50%)、术式B 3例(3/5,60%),术式C 0例,术式C受者尿蛋白阳性率显著低于术式A、B(P<0.05);末次随访估算肾小球滤过率:术式A为82.4 ml/min(80.9~83.9 ml/min)、术式B为71.8 ml/min(46.1~114.2 ml/min)、术式C为122 ml/min(83.3~142.4 ml/min)。满足三"5"标准供者组和不满足三"5"标准供者组的受者1年移植肾存活率分别为100%和89.5%;3年移植肾存活率分别为100%和84.2%。结论婴幼儿供肾可以加以利用,满足三"5"标准的供肾对术式的要求不高,预后较好;不满足三"5"标准的极低龄、极低体重供者的供肾,采用利用主动脉远端建立流出道的改良术式似可降低栓塞的发生率、改善近期预后,并减轻移植物高灌注损伤、改善远期预后。     

婴儿双供肾成人肾移植的改良简化术式四例

目的总结婴儿双供肾成人肾移植的改良简化术式的手术方式及临床效果。方法总结山西省第二人民医院肾移植透析中心2017年1月至2019年9月采用改良简化术式进行的4例婴儿双供肾成人肾移植资料。4例均为心死亡供者,男性3例,女性1例,年龄(54±22.69)d,体重为(5.6±0.79)kg。受者中男性1例,女性3例,年龄(41.5±5.97)岁,体重(45±3.56)kg。俢肾过程中将双侧供肾缝合固定,使双肾位置相对固定,行供肾腹主动脉瓣-受者髂外动脉、供肾下腔静脉瓣-受者髂外静脉端侧吻合,以降低手术难度、避免血流动力学紊乱。结果4例手术过程均顺利,供肾修整平均历时20 min,移植手术平均历时68.75 min。未出现血管及泌尿系统并发症,随访12个月移植肾功能恢复良好,受者及移植肾远期存活满意。结论改良简化婴儿双供肾成人整块肾移植优化了手术方式,操作简便且降低血管并发症,提高手术成功率,值得在临床实践中推广应用。     

婴幼儿单供肾成人受者移植39例报道

目的总结婴幼儿单供肾成人受者肾移植的临床近期效果。方法 2014～2016年间接受3岁以下婴幼儿单供肾移植的成人受者39例,依据供者年龄分为0～1岁婴儿供肾组(9例)和1～3岁幼儿供肾组(30例),统计术后1年内肾存活情况、肾功能状况、移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率及并发症情况。结果两组术后未见原发性无功能(PNF)和外科并发症导致的移植肾失功病例,婴儿供肾组死亡2例,死因均为间质性肺部感染;幼儿供者组死亡2例,死因分别为肺部感染与不明原因猝死,死亡删失的移植肾存活率两组均为100%。两组受者术后1年的血肌酐水平分别为(74.14±18.52)μmol/L和(91.46±26.91)μmol/L,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。DGF发生率,婴儿供肾组44.4%(4/9),幼儿供肾组26.7%(8/30),差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后蛋白尿发生率分别为33.3%和36.7%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论婴幼儿单供肾移植给低体重成人受者,移植肾近期存活效果良好,可扩展器官来源。但是术后早期蛋白尿发生率较高,可能与供肾高滤过损伤有关。     

70岁以上老年供肾活体肾移植18例疗效分析

目的探讨70岁以上老年供肾活体肾移植的临床疗效。方法以2017年9月至2019年6月中国科技大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院)肾移植科18例供者年龄超过70岁的活体肾移植供、受者为研究对象, 收集围手术期临床资料和随访数据, 根据单侧供肾肾小球滤过率(GFR)是否低于40 ml/(min·1.73 m2)分为低供肾GFR组(8例)和正常供肾GFR组(10例), 分别对两组血肌酐和移植肾存活率等参数进行统计学分析。同时回顾性分析术后并发症等随访结果。结果 18例供、受者均手术顺利, 未发生严重围手术期并发症和二次手术;受者术后未发生移植物功能延迟, 围手术期出现急性排斥反应1例(5.6%), 术后第3天平均血肌酐(155.7±63.5)μmol/L, 出院时血肌酐(97.6±28.7)μmol/L;随访时间37.5个月(27～48个月), 18例供者术后恢复顺利, 随访期间健康状况良好, 未发生蛋白尿、供肾手术相关住院或死亡, 出院血肌酐(86.8±18.3)μmol/L, 末次随访血肌酐(84.4±15.0)μmol/L, 两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.610);18例受者随访期间受者、...     

低龄心脏停跳供者单个肾脏成人移植11例

目的 总结符合脑死亡诊断标准的低龄患儿心脏停跳后供肾应用于成人移植的处理经验.方法 心跳停止后单个供肾患儿6例,月龄49～106(75.35±22.8)个月,体质量16.6～37.8(23.9±8.4)kg.受者11例,平均年龄(28.2±7.9)岁,体质量(46.9±4.2)kg.单个供肾植入受者右侧髂窝.手术方法同成人尸肾移植.术中开始单/多克隆抗体加甲泼尼龙诱导治疗,术后常规环孢素或他克莫司、霉酚酸酯、泼尼松三联免疫抑制剂治疗.结果 受者肾功能均恢复正常,其中出现移植肾功能延迟恢复3例.术后移植肾增大明显,灌注后和移植后1周移植肾长径分别为(70.6±5.5)和(86.1±6.9)mm(P＜0.001),之后移植肾持续缓慢增大,至术后12个月移植肾长径为(104.5±8.8)mm.平均随访时间(21.8±9.5)个月,1年人/肾存活率均为100%.结论 低龄心跳停止供者单个供肾植入低体重的成人受者,可以成功维持受者正常肾功能,1年人/肾存活率与成人尸肾移植无显著差异.     

儿童供肾双肾移植临床效果研究

目的探讨儿童逝世后器官捐献供肾双肾整块肾移植的临床效果。方法回顾性分析9例儿童供肾双肾移植供、受者临床资料。计算受者的1年人、肾存活率,观察术后1年受者肾功能恢复情况,移植肾长度变化及术后不良事件发生情况。结果 9例受者术后1年的人、肾存活率分别为8/9、72%。随访1年,血清肌酐(Scr)水平由术前(747±170)μmol/L下降至(83±27)μmol/L,血尿素氮由术前(24.5±4.9)mmol/L下降至(6.8±2.0)mmol/L,移植肾长度由术前(61.1±9.8)mm增长至(100.3±1.7)mm。术后发生移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)2例,行血液透析过渡后恢复移植肾功能;发生急性排斥反应2例,予甲泼尼龙冲击治疗后逆转;1例于术后2周发生肺部真菌感染,停用免疫抑制剂,予抗真菌治疗,但效果不佳,于术后3个月死亡;1例术后7 d发生移植肾动脉血栓形成,术后10 d行移植肾切除术,恢复血液透析;1例术后1个月发生1个移植肾动脉栓塞,剩余移植肾功能正常,术后6个月生长明显。此外,发生移植肾输尿管狭窄2例、蛋白尿2例、腹主动脉狭窄1例、尿瘘1例,经相应处理后均治愈或好转。结论儿童逝世后器官捐献供肾双肾整块肾移植围手术期并发症较多,但随着经验逐步积累,儿童双供肾肾移植的移植效果在逐步改善。     

38例小儿双供肾成人肾移植临床疗效分析

目的总结小儿双供肾移植临床应用数据和经验,探讨改善其移植术后疗效的措施。方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2019年11月华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院38例小儿双供肾移植资料,小儿供者年龄(63.6±5.7)d,体重(4.1±0.2)kg,受者年龄(28.1±1.4)岁,体重(48.7±4.9)kg。收集供、受者基本情况与术前检查结果,采集受者术前和术后7、30 d及3、6、12个月的血肌酐水平,记录肾移植术后血栓、尿漏、移植肾功能延迟性恢复、蛋白尿、移植肾周血肿等并发症的发生情况与治疗预后。结果术后1年移植物存活率为76.3%(29/38),移植受者存活率100%(38/38),移植物长期存活的29例受者中,手术2周后均无须透析辅助治疗,术后1年血肌酐水平均降至正常。血栓是最主要的术后并发症。肾动、静脉血栓形成导致肾功能丧失发生率18.4%(7/38),余并发症还包括尿漏20.7%(6/29)、移植肾周血肿6.9%(2/29)、原发性移植肾无功能2.6%(1/38)等。结论小儿供肾作为扩大供肾来源的有效方式,临床应用是可行的。     

儿童DCD供肾成人单肾移植与标准DCD供肾移植临床疗效比较研究

目的比较儿童DCD供肾成人单肾移植与标准DCD供肾移植(成人供肾成人单肾移植)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2011年11月至2014年4月完成的97例DCD供肾移植供受者的临床资料。根据供者年龄将其分为儿童DCD供肾成人单肾移植组(SPKT组,3岁年龄18岁,20例)和标准DCD供肾移植组(SCDKT组,年龄≥18岁,73例),比较两组供受者一般情况、受者术后不同时间点血肌酐水平、各种并发症的发生率及移植肾和人的1年存活率。结果 SPKT组供者年龄、体重、移植肾长度显著小于SCDKT组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);SPKT组受者术后1年内蛋白尿发生率显著高于SCDKT组(P0.01);两组受者移植肾和人的1年存活率比较无统计学差异(P0.05);供受者其它指标比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论与标准DCD供肾移植相比,尽管蛋白尿发生率较高,但儿童DCD供肾成人单肾移植近期临床效果良好,远期效果有待进一步研究。     

高龄供者血清Klotho水平预测受者术后移植肾功能状态的临床研究

目的探讨高龄供者血清Klotho水平预测受者移植肾功能的可行性。方法选取16例高龄供者和相应27例肾移植受者的临床资料。观察肾移植受者的一般情况。检测高龄供者器官获取手术当日血清Klotho和血清肌酐(Scr)水平。检测肾移植受者术后1、3、12个月的Scr水平,计算估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR),分析供者血清Klotho水平与受者术后移植肾功能的相关性。结果肾移植术中的冷缺血时间为(649±245)min,受者移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率为26%,急性排斥反应发生率为7%。高龄供者血清Klotho水平为537(245～793)pg/m L,Scr水平为(164±62)μmol/L。受者术后1、3、12个月的Scr水平分别为(136±47)、(132±43)、(133±46)μmol/L,相应的e GFR分别为(52±20)、(52±19)、(53±21)m L/(min·1.73 m~2)。高龄供者血清Klotho水平与受者术后1个月移植肾功能呈负相关(P0.05)。血清Klotho水平预测术后1个月移植肾功能不全的灵敏度和特异度分别为0.909和0.769。结论高龄供者术前血清Klotho水平对受者术后1个月移植肾功能具有预测价值。     

Clinical analysis on 48 cases of kidney transplantation from brain and cardiac death donors

Objective To observe the short-term clinical outcomes of kidney transplantation from brain and cardiac death donors (DBCD) and assess its feasibility to expand organ donor pool. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 48 cases of kidney transplantation from DBCD.The transplant recipients had finished 12-month follow-up in the First People's Hospital of Foshan from September 2011 to February 2015, with their renal function, rejection reaction and complications at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after renal transplantation being collected. Survival rates of transplant recipients and transplant kidneys, incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) and its influence for recipients and graft survival were analyzed by statistics. Results In the 48 cases, the survival rates of recipients at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after transplantation were 100.0%, 100.0%, 97.9%, 95.8%, and the survival rates of transplanted kidneys were 95.8%, 95.8%, 93.8%, 91.7%, respectively. DGF occurred in 8 of 48 (17.0%), but the occurrence of DGF did not adversely influence patient's survival (P=0.524) or graft survival (P=0.362). Conclusions The short-term clinical outcomes of kidney transplantation from DBCD are ideal. As the legislation of donation after brain death (DBD) has not been ratified in China, the kidney transplantation from DBCD could be an important way to solve the shortage of organs, and increase the number of kidneys available for transplantation.     

再次肾移植受者和移植肾长期预后影响因素分析

目的探究再次肾移植受者和移植肾存活情况及长期预后影响因素。 方法回顾性分析1991年1月1日至2017年12月31日于浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心接受肾移植受者临床资料。共纳入再次肾移植受者37例,首次肾移植受者5 374例。根据再次肾移植受者移植肾存活时间长短,将其分为长期存活组(19例,>5年)和短期存活组(18例,≤5年)。采用成组t检验比较长期和短期存活组供受者年龄、首次与再次肾移植间隔时间、HLA错配数和再次移植供肾冷/热缺血时间。采用卡方检验比较长期和短期存活组受者性别、再次移植供肾类型、再次移植前后群体反应性抗体阳性比例、首次移植失功移植肾切除比例、再次移植前免疫诱导比例及再次移植后移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)和急性排斥反应发生比例。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析再次和首次肾移植受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率。采用Cox比例风险模型分析影响再次肾移植术后移植肾长期存活影响因素。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果截至2018年3月1日,37例再次肾移植受者中位随访时间为152个月(11～323个月),2例死亡,18例发生移植肾失功,17例移植肾功能稳定。5 374例首次肾移植受者中位随访时间为108.9个月(0.1～350.0个月),459例死亡,1 343例发生移植肾失功。再次移植组受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率分别为86%/81%、86%/62%和82%/36%,首次移植组受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率分别为99%/98%、93%/89%和88%/80%。再次移植组移植肾1、5和10年存活率均低于首次移植组(χ²＝60.816、25.110和43.900,P均<0.05);再次移植组受者1年存活率低于首次移植组,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝40.409,P<0.05)。长期和短期存活组受者再次移植后移植肾DGF和急性排斥反应发生比例差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝4.039和4.748,P均<0.05)。Cox回归分析结果示DGF和急性排斥反应是影响再次肾移植受者移植肾长期存活的独立危险因素,差异有统计学意义(RR＝4.317和4.571,P均<0.05)。 结论再次肾移植受者移植肾存活率低于首次肾移植受者,DGF和急性排斥反应是影响再次移植受者移植肾存活的独立危险因素。     

手助腹腔镜肾切取术在活体供肾移植中的应用体会(附30例报告)

目的:评价手助腹腔镜活体供肾切取术的安全性及临床效果。方法:分析2013年8月至2016年8月采用手助腹腔镜活体供肾切取术获取30例活体供肾的临床资料。供者男7例,女23例,均取左肾,供受体关系为:父—子5例,母—子13例,母—女2例,兄弟2例,兄—妹4例,妻—夫3例,叔—侄1例。供肾者32~63岁,平均(51.8±8.5)岁。血型相同29例,相容1例,群体反应性抗体、淋巴毒均为阴性。30例患者均行手助腹腔镜活体供肾切取,切取后常规移植给受者,记录手术时间、出血量、供体冷热缺血时间、供者住院时间、术中副损伤及供受者术后恢复情况。结果:供者均切取左肾,手术成功,无一例中转开腹,供肾切取时间105~160 min,平均(100.4±19.5)min;失血量50~110 ml,平均(52.5±24.5)ml;供肾热缺血时间2.0~3.8 min,平均(2.4±0.5)min;冷缺血时间60~90 min,平均(68.2±26.7)min。供者术后1~3 d即可进食并下床活动,平均(2.5±0.6)d;住院3~6 d,平均(4.0±1.6)d。供受体无任何手术并发症发生,受者手术均获成功。随访3个月~3年,供体肾功能均正常。2例受者分别于肾移植术后1年8个月、1年2个月因自行减药,发生排斥反应,导致移植肾肾功能丢失,恢复透析,其余受体肾功能均正常。结论:手助腹腔镜活体供肾切取术结合了腹腔镜活体供肾切取术与开放手术的优点,既减轻了手术对供者的创伤,又保证了供肾质量,是安全、可靠的手术方法。     

Influence of the recipient's size upon renal function following kidney transplantation. An experimental and clinical investigation

The influence of the size of the recipient upon posttransplantation renal function was investigated in an experimental study of inbred rats as well as in a retrospective analysis of juvenile recipients of adult donor kidneys. The experimental study revealed either augmentation of the compensatory response, in case of a juvenile donor kidney transplanted into an adult recipient, or attenuation of this response, in case of an adult donor kidney transplanted into a juvenile recipient. Various workers have reported an augmentation of renal function in humans in case of adult recipients of juvenile donor kidneys. In contrast, attenuation of renal function in case of adult donor kidneys transplanted into juvenile recipients, has not been reported. This attenuation was substantiated in our retrospective clinical study. We found that 3 weeks after transplantation, the absolute creatinine clearance (mL/min) was lower in a group of recipients under 12 years old than in a group of recipients older than 12 years. The experimental as well as the clinical investigation indicated that the size of the recipient plays an important part in the functional outcome after renal transplantation. It appeared that the transplanted kidney behaves like a single organ pertaining to the recipient.     

Transplantation of pediatric cadaveric kidneys into adult or pediatric recipients

In Japan, nationwide cadaveric organ sharing for kidney transplantation by the Japan Organ Transplant Network (JOTN) has operated since April 1995. This study retrospectively analyzed the long-term results of single pediatric donor kidneys transplanted into adult or pediatric recipients at a single center. From March 1983 to December 2002, 281 cadaveric renal allografts were transplanted at our center, including, 17 recipients of cadaveric kidneys from donors aged less than 16 years. We divided these 17 recipients into two groups: 10 adult recipients (group 1; G1) and seven pediatric recipients (group 2; G2). HLA-AB, -DR mismatches were 1.3 +/- 1.3, 0.7 +/- 0.5 in G1 and 2.6 +/- 1.3, 1.4 +/- 0.8 in G2, respectively (P < .05 for both). The end of the observation of this study was March 2003. Among G1, two recipients died with functioning grafts and one died after graft loss. Among G2, no recipients died. Patient survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 90% and 80% in G1 and 100% and 100% in G2, respectively. At the end of the observation in this study, five recipients among G1 and six recipients among G2 had functioning grafts. Graft survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 90% and 80% in G1 and 85.7% and 85.7% in G2, respectively. Our results demonstrate that transplantation of pediatric cadaveric kidneys into pediatric recipients was excellent compared to adult recipients in terms of survival. Priority to pediatric patients should be given especially in cases of pediatric donors.     

Spousal renal donor transplantation in Chinese subjects: a 10 year experience from a single centre.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of cadaveric kidneys for renal transplantation is a particularly problematic situation in the locality of Hong Kong. Kidneys from spousal donors are therefore increasingly being used for transplantation. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcome of spousal donor transplant recipients in comparison with that of genetically related living donor (LRD) allograft recipients. METHODS: From 1988, we have transplanted 22 spousal kidney recipients (group 1). All donors must demonstrate a genuine spousal relationship. Their outcome was compared with that of 24 LRD allograft recipients (group 2) transplanted in the same period with similar demographics, pre-transplant dialysis duration, immunosuppressive protocol and length of post-transplant follow-up. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) age was 36.5 +/- 8 and 32.5 +/- 6 years for groups 1 and 2, who were followed for 56.6 +/- 35 and 59.1 +/- 38 months, respectively. There was no difference in the incidence of delayed graft function, acute rejection and serum creatinine level at 5 years. Graft survival rates were 86.4 and 79.2% (P = 0.56), while patient survival rates were 100 and 91.7% (P = 0.171) at 5 years for groups 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Spousal kidney transplantation shares comparable results with LRD transplantation and should be encouraged in places where cadaveric organs remain scarce. Stringent measures must be implemented to prevent the possible emergence of kidney bartering and to protect the interests of living donors. The ethical and social issues regarding the spousal donor in Hong Kong and other countries are discussed.     

Dual-kidney transplantation with organs from expanded criteria donors: a long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND: Since 1995, dual-kidney transplantation using organs from marginal donors has been used at our center to expand the organ donor pool and decrease the waiting time for deceased donor kidney transplantation. This approach has allowed for a shorter waiting period without compromising outcome in the early posttransplant period. We now have 8-year follow-up in the first recipients. Older individuals were offered this option preferentially, because we reasoned that they would stand to benefit most from the shorter waiting period. METHODS: Patients aged 55 years or more who underwent either dual-kidney transplantation with expanded criteria donors or single-kidney transplantation with standard donors were included in this study. All expanded criteria donor organs were those that were refused by all other local transplant centers. The primary endpoints were recipient death and graft failure. RESULTS: Waiting time for dual-kidney transplantation was 440 +/- 38 days versus 664 +/- 51 days for single-kidney transplantation (P<0.01). The 8-year actuarial patient survivals for the single- and dual-kidney transplants were 74.1% and 82.1%, respectively. The 8-year actuarial graft survivals for the single- and dual-kidney transplants were 59.4% and 69.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Eight-year actuarial patient and graft survivals in older individuals who underwent dual-kidney transplantation are equivalent to those who underwent standard single-kidney transplantation. With the continuing organ shortage and increasing waiting times for cadaver kidney transplantation, dual-kidney transplantation using organs that would otherwise be discarded offers a good option for older individuals who may not withstand a long waiting period.