阵列射流冲击热沉搅拌摩擦焊接新方法

基于动态低应力无变形技术的原理,设计开发了阵列射流冲击热沉搅拌摩擦焊接新方法.结果表明,采用该方法可以有效减小搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力,焊后试件基本无变形.采用射流冲击热沉的动态低应力无变形搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分布规律与常规搅拌摩擦焊类似,但应力峰值明显降低,约为常规FSW接头应力峰值的45%,可以实现FSW薄壁结构的低应力无变形焊接.该项技术可以提高一些铝合金材料FSW接头性能,具有较好的技术经济价值.     

薄壁铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接应力变形与控制

搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接残余应力变形表现出与传统熔焊不同的规律,文中研究了薄壁铝合金搅拌摩擦焊残余应力分布规律和焊接变形控制方法,结果表明,纵向残余应力峰值并非出现于焊缝中心,热影响区和热机影响区是残余应力相对较大的区域.基于动态低应力无变形焊接方法,设计开发了一套热沉系统,进行了动态低应力无变形FSW试验.研究表明,动态低应力无变形焊接技术可以有效减小搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力和变形,接头残余应力分布规律与常规搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分布类似,但应力峰值降低50%以上.     

高强铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊残余应力及变形的热力耦合模拟

针对航空领域中常用的7B04高强铝合金,基于剪切摩擦生热理论,建立了适用于薄板搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)过程的自适应热源模型,利用有限元软件MSC.Marc建立了FSW过程的热力耦合有限元模型,并通过子程序二次开发,将建立的热源模型载入到有限元模型中,对7B04铝合金薄板的FSW过程进行瞬态热力耦合模拟。预测并分析了FSW过程中铝合金板材内部的温度分布与演化、焊接接头附近区域的残余应力分布及板材的最终变形情况,通过开展FSW工艺试验从温度场和残余应力两方面对模型的可靠性和模拟结果的准确性进行了验证。此外,利用经过验证的有限元模型对搅拌头机械载荷在残余应力和变形中的影响作用进行了深入分析。     

搅拌摩擦焊技术的最新进展

介绍了近年来搅拌摩擦焊技术的最新进展，涉及搅拌摩擦焊适用材料、接头微观组织、焊接工具、成形机理及搅拌摩擦焊的应用领域，并展望了FSW良好的发展前景。     

超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊温度场及残余应力场分析

超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊是一项在搅拌摩擦焊的搅拌头上添加轴向高频振动的新技术. 以6 mm厚7075铝合金材料为研究对象,建立了超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊与普通搅拌摩擦焊接的热源模型,通过ANSYS软件研究了轴向振动对焊接过程温度场以及焊后残余应力的影响规律. 结果表明,轴向振动的添加能够增大热输入量,提高焊接峰值温度且降低焊缝残余应力;在相同转速及焊接速度下,当振动频率一定时,焊接峰值温度和焊后残余应力随着振动幅值的增加而增大;当振动幅值一定时,随着振动频率的增大,焊接峰值温度及焊后残余应力也相应增加.     

搅拌摩擦焊和熔化极气体保护焊6082铝合金疲劳性能分析

对10 mm厚6082-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和熔化极气体保护焊(MIG焊)焊接,利用疲劳性能试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等手段对6082铝合金FSW和MIG焊接头的疲劳力学性能、微观组织、裂纹扩展特征、疲劳断口进行了分析. 结果表明,在疲劳寿命为2×106周次时,6082铝合金母材及其FSW和MIG焊接头的名义应力分别为126.3,110.2,84.2 MPa;在高应力水平下(Δσ=160 MPa),FSW接头疲劳寿命明显大于MIG焊接头、与母材的疲劳寿命相当. MIG焊疲劳断口均位于焊趾处,焊缝内的气孔缺陷为其主要裂纹源;FSW疲劳断口大多发生在轴肩边缘. 接头的微观断口具有准解理特征,断口中存在疲劳条纹和韧窝.     

薄板7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊三维有限元数值模拟

薄板7075高强度铝合金在经过搅拌摩擦焊接后,存在不同程度的焊后残余变形,对精度要求较高的航空结构件的制造和装配带来了困难.本文通过建立4mm薄板7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊热源模型,利用ANSYS对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的温度场和应力应变场进行热机耦合数值分析,解释了薄板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的温度场和表面残余应力的分布.采用古典摩擦理论建立合适的热源模型,将搅拌头的机械载荷和压板的压力考虑到模型当中.分析结果表明,此数值模拟对研究薄板高强度铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊具有一定的借鉴意义.     

火焰辅助加热搅拌摩擦焊数值模拟与试验研究

搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)技术在高熔点材料上的应用仍然受限于搅拌头的寿命。在FSW过程中,搅拌针承受着巨大的剪切力和摩擦磨损。预热工件可以软化被焊材料,是提高搅拌头寿命的方法之一。本文进行了Q235钢氧-丙烷火焰辅助加热FSW数值模拟与试验研究;建立了火焰与搅拌头双热源模型,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS模拟分析了FSW过程中的热量传递过程,获得了被焊材料的温度场分布;进行了Q235钢的火焰辅助加热FSW试验研究,分析了对接焊时FSW接头热影响区、热力影响区和焊核区的显微结构,以及焊缝的显微硬度。计算得到的热影响区形状和尺寸与试验测量的结果基本吻合。     

外加能场辅助搅拌摩擦焊研究现状

搅拌摩擦焊作为先进固相连接技术,广泛应用于航空航天等领域,轻质高强材料及异种材料连接对常规搅拌摩擦焊的发展提出了新的挑战.近年来,外加能场辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术的兴起有效地解决了异种材料连接中塑化程度不匹配和界面金属间化合物导致接头脆化的问题.同时,这一技术也为解决高熔点材料流变应力大、塑性变形能力差以及焊具磨损严重、焊接效率低等问题提供了新的思路.文中综述了外加能场辅助搅拌摩擦焊的研究现状,包括感应加热、激光加热、电流加热、电弧加热和超声辅助等,从过程产热、材料流动、组织性能调控和耦合作用机制等方面分析了热能和机械能对接头微观组织和性能的影响规律,同时对未来的研究方向进行展望.     

钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接最新研究进展

钛合金具有密度低、比强度高,耐蚀性好,加工性能优异等优点,主要应用于航空航天、交通运输和石油化工等领域。当钛合金作为结构材料应用在不同领域时,传统的熔融焊接方法会产生较大残余应力,组织粗化,变形大,裂纹和孔隙等缺陷;而采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术可以避免传统熔融焊接方法产生的缺陷,从而大幅度提高钛合金焊接接头质量。目前,钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊接技术已成为国内外研究热点。主要介绍搅拌摩擦焊接的原理、工艺特点,国内外关于钛合金FSW焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织(晶粒大小、织构)和力学性能等方面的最新研究进展,最后展望了钛合金FSW未来的研究方向。     

Modelling of electrically enhanced friction stir welding process using finite element method

Abstract

Conventional friction stir welding (FSW) of high strength and high melting point materials, such as steel and titanium, has the disadvantages of a serious tool wear problem and slow welding speed. A new friction stir welding process for such materials called 'electrically enhanced friction stir welding process (EHFSW)' has been suggested and analysed using finite element modelling. The basic idea of EHFSW is that electric current passes from the welding tool into the workpiece through the contact area in the welding region. Thus it results in more localised heating while welding is in progress and is not simply a preheating process. The temperature distribution in the workpiece during the pin plunge stage and the welding stage of the EHFSW process has been determined. The results show that EHFSW can reduce the plunge force significantly with the help of localised electrical heating during the pin plunge stage, which may imply lower tool wear when compared with conventional FSW. At the same time, in the welding stage, the simulation results indicate that the welding speed of the EHFSW process can be at least two times faster than that of the conventional FSW process. Thus, finite element analysis shows that EHFSW is a promising process and could reduce tool wear while improving the welding speed, especially for high melting/O point materials.     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程的试验测量及分析

通过设计一系列搅拌摩擦焊接试验,详细测量和分析焊接温度场分布、搅拌头机械载荷、残余应力和残余变形.试验发现,搅拌摩擦焊的温度测量结果的准确性取决于采样频率和热电偶的定位方法;搅拌头的机械载荷主要表现为下压力和扭矩,它们在准稳态焊接的条件下会保持稳定,但取值随焊接参数的变化而发生相应变化;焊接残余应力的主要成分是纵向应力,焊缝区域内呈现较高水平的拉应力,分布呈不对称的双峰特征;薄板的焊接变形具有马鞍形和反马鞍形两种形态,且变形程度受到薄板尺寸、旋转频率和焊接速度的影响.     

Influence of Multi-Thermal Cycle and Constraint Condition on Residual Stress in P92 Steel WeldmentEI北大核心CSCD

P92 steel is a typical 9%similar to 12% Cr ferrite heat-resistant steel with good high temperature creep resistance, relatively low linear expansion coefficient and excellent corrosion resistance, so it is one of important structural materials used in supercritical thermal power plants. Fusion welding technology has been widely used to assemble the parts in thermal power plant. When the supercritical unit is in service, its parts are constantly subjected to combination of tensile, bending, twisting and impact loads under high temperature and high pressure, and many problems such as creep, fatigue and brittle fracture often occur. It has been recognized that welding residual stress has a significant impact on creep, fatigue and brittle fracture, so it is necessary to study the residual stress of P92 steel welded joints. The evolution and formation mechanism of welding residual stress in P92 steel joints under multiple thermal cycles were investigated in this work. Based on SYSWELD software, a computational approach considering the couplings among thermal, microstructure and mechanics was developed to simulate welding residual stress in P92 steel joints. Using the developed computational tool, the evolution of residual stress in Satoh test specimens was studied, and welding residual stress distribution in double-pass welded joints was calculated. In the numerical models, the influences of volume change, yield strength variation and plasticity induced by phase transformation on welding residual stress were taken into account in details. Meanwhile, the hole-drilling method and XRD method were employed to measure the residual stress distribution in the double-pass welded joints. The simulated results match the experimental measurements well, and the comparison between measurements and predictions suggests that the computational approach developed by the current study can more accurately predict welding residual stress in multi-pass P92 steel joints. The simulated results show that the longitudinal residual stress distribution around the fusion zone has a clear tension-compression pattern. Compressive longitudinal residual stresses generated in the fusion zone and heat affected-zone (HAZ) in each pass, while tensile stresses produced near the HAZs. In addition, the numerical simulation also suggests that the transverse constraint has a large influence on the transverse residual stress, while it has an insignificant effect on the longitudinal residual stress.     

Residual stresses simulation for friction stir welded joint

Abstract

As a solid state joining technique, friction stir welding (FSW) can produce high strength, low distortion joints efficiently. Compared to fusion welding, residual stresses in FSW joints are expected to be low due to a relatively low heat input. However, apart from the heat input, the force from the tool also plays an important role in the development of welding stresses. In the present paper, a semicoupled thermomechanical finite element model containing both thermal load and mechanical load was established to simulate the development of welding stresses during FSW process; an autoadapting heat source model was employed in the thermal analysis; the fixture was also included in the mechanical analysis model. The simulation results showed that due to the effect of the tool force, the longitudinal residual tensile stresses became smaller and were asymmetrically distributed at different sides of the weld centre; the peak of the tensile residual stresses at the retreating side was lower than that at the advancing side. Calculated and experimental results were compared.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an effective thermo-mechanical process to make ultrafine grains.An investigation was carried out on the friction stir welding (FSW) of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys with a thickness of 15 mm.For different process parameters,the optimum FSW conditions of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys were examined.The basic characterization of weld formation and the mechanical properties of the joints were discussed.The results show that the effect of welding parameters on welding quality was evident and welding quality was sensitive to welding speed.Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 37.5 mm/min and the rotation speed of the stir tool was 750 r/min.The maximum tensile strength (270 MPa) of FSW was 91% that of the base materials.The value of microhardness varied between advancing side and retreating side because of the speed field near the pin of the stir tool,which weakened the deformed stress field.The value of microhardness of the welding zone was lower than that of the base materials.The maximum value was located near the heat-affected zone (HAZ).Remarkable ductile character was observed from the fracture morphologies of welded joints.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程热力演变的三维数值模拟

对搅拌摩擦焊过程中搅拌头速度变化进行分析,建立了考虑搅拌摩擦焊过程中焊缝产热的热源模型.对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场和应力场进行了三维有限元模拟,表明焊缝两侧温度和应力分布的不对称现象不明显,主要由于焊接速度远小于搅拌头转速所致,但随着焊接速度加快,这种不对称现象逐渐加强.焊接过程中焊缝中心温度低于搅拌头边缘温度,焊接前方和两侧均为压应力,后方为拉应力;焊接结束后与搅拌头接触区的横向和纵向残余应力为较大拉应力,远离焊缝残余应力较小;沿厚度方向上,横向和纵向残余应力均逐渐降低.有限元计算结果与短波长X射线应力测试结果进行对比,结果表明,二者趋势基本吻合.     

Development of Ir based tool for friction stir welding of high temperature materials

Abstract

A friction stir welding (FSW) tool with high strength and high wear resistance at elevated temperature is needed to perform FSW of high temperature materials. The purpose of this study is to develop a welding tool suited for FSW of high temperature materials. It has been clarified that Ir is little oxidised at elevated temperatures and that the addition of Re within the solubility limit to Ir increases the recrystallisation temperature, the high temperature strength and the high temperature hardness of the Ir alloy. SUS304 stainless steel was successfully friction stir welded by an Ir–10?at‐%Re welding tool without significant wear.     

搅拌摩擦焊接的传热和力学计算模型

搅拌摩擦焊接（Ｆｒｉｃｔｉｏｎ Ｓｔｉｒ Ｗｅｌｄｉｎｇ）是最近发展起来的一种新的固态连接技术。它主要用于铝合金,可以得到小变形、低成本和高质量的焊接接头。本文提出一个基于三维热弹塑性有限元分析的传热和力学计算模型。利用该模型可以了解搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的温度分布和循环,并预测焊后的残余应力和变形。对６０６１－Ｔ６铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接进行了实例分析。传热分析表明,铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接时的最高温度不超过材料熔点的８０％,因而属固态连接,同时为预测焊接接头的组织性能提供依据。力学计算结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接的残余应力与变形要比传统的熔化焊接方法小得多。工件中最大的残余应力大约只有母材屈服极限的２５％～３０％。计算结果与试验数据相近,可作为进一步研究搅拌摩擦焊接过程和优化焊接参数的有效工具。     

X80管线钢多道激光-MIG复合焊残余应力分析

采用试验和数值模拟结合的方法对X80管线钢多道激光-MIG复合焊焊接过程的温度场和焊接残余应力场进行了研究,分析了激光功率对复合焊接头的显微组织、温度分布和残余应力分布的影响规律. 结果表明,激光功率增加,熔池最高温度明显上升,焊后冷却速度下降;粗晶热影响区组织中粒状贝氏体、针状铁素体增加,条状贝氏体减少. X80管线钢激光-MIG复合焊接头残余应力水平较高,纵向残余应力、横向残余应力和厚度方向残余应力的拉应力峰值均出现在焊缝区. 激光功率在2.0 ~ 3.5 kW范围时,等效残余应力、纵向残余应力、横向残余应力和厚度方向残余应力的峰值随着激光功率增加均出现下降趋势. 但激光功率从3.5 kW上升至4.0 kW时,各应力的峰值有所上升.