阿霉素脂质体肝动脉栓塞治疗大鼠肝癌的药效学研究

目的:观察阿霉素脂质体(Lip-ADM)碘油乳剂肝动脉栓塞治疗大鼠W256肝癌模型的疗效,并与阿霉素水溶液(ADM)及阿霉素加空白脂质体(Lip ADM)相比较。方法:建立大鼠移植性W256肝癌模型并随机分为四组,经肝动脉分别灌注生理盐水,ADM碘油乳剂,游离ADM 空白脂质体及Lip-ADM碘油乳剂,用高效液相色谱测定阿霉素在各器官中的含量。结果:与ADM及ADM 空白脂质体组相比:Lip-ADM组对肿瘤生长的抑制明显增加(P<0.05),治疗后的大鼠生存期亦明显延长(P<0.05),阿霉素在体内的分布以肝、脾组织为主。结论:阿霉素脂质体经肝动脉栓塞化疗可明显降低阿霉素毒副作用,提高治疗效果。     

阿霉素脂质体犬肝动脉栓塞后的体内分布与药代动力学研究

用阿霉素脂质体与碘油混合后对大经导管肝动脉栓塞，用反相高效液相色谱法研究了阿霉素在犬体内的分布及药代动力学。结果显示，阿霉素脂质体－碘油栓塞组大血浆阿霉素浓度显著低于阿霉素灌注组（P＜0.01）和阿霉素－碘油栓塞组（P＜0．05），而其血浆阿霉素消除半衰期和肝组织中阿霉素浓度与后两组相比则显著增加（p＜0．01及p＜0．05）。说明阿霉素脂质体与碘油混合肝动脉栓塞后可显著提高阿霉素对肝脏的靶向性，延长阿霉素消除半衰期．     

多柔比星纳米微粒-碘油乳剂肝动脉栓塞治疗大鼠肝癌的药效学研究

将多柔比星（ＡＤＭ）纳米微粒（小粒径脂质体与毫微粒）与碘油制成乳剂经肝动脉栓塞治疗大鼠Ｗ２５６ 肝癌模型。结果表明,与同剂量游离ＡＤＭ 及生理盐水对照组相比,ＡＤＭ 纳米微粒－碘油乳剂治疗组对肿瘤生长抑制明显提高（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,肿瘤坏死彻底,而大鼠的生存延长期则显著延长（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。高效液相色谱测定结果表明纳米微粒－碘油乳剂治疗组ＡＤＭ 在体内的分布以肝、脾组织为主,说明用ＡＤＭ 纳米微粒－碘油乳剂肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌能降低毒性,提高治疗效果。     

阿霉素脂质体犬肝动脉栓塞后的体内分布与药代动力学研究

用阿霉素脂质体与碘油混合后对犬经导管肝动脉栓塞，用反相高效液相色谱法研究了阿霉素在犬体内的分布及药代动力学。结果显示，阿霉素脂质体－碘油栓塞组犬血浆阿霉素浓度显著低于阿霉素灌注组（ｐ〈０．０１）和阿霉素－碘油栓塞组（ｐ〈０．０１），而其血浆阿霉素消除半衰期和肝组织中阿霉素浓度与后两组相比则显著增加（ｐ〈０．０１及ｐ〈０．０５）。说明阿霉素脂质体与碘油混合肝动脉栓塞后可显著提高阿霉素对肝脏的靶向性，     

多柔比星纳米微粒—碘油乳剂肝动脉栓塞治疗大鼠肝癌的药？…

将多柔比星纳米微粒与碘油制成乳剂经肝动脉栓塞治疗大鼠Ｗ２５６肝癌模型。结果表明，与同剂量游离ＡＤＭ及生理盐水对照组相比，ＡＤＭ纳米微粒－碘油乳剂治疗对肿瘤生长抑制明显提高，肿瘤坏死彻底，而大鼠的生存延长期则显著延长。高效液相色谱测定结果表明纳米微粒－碘油乳剂治疗组ＡＤＭ在体内的分布以肝，脾组织为主。说明用ＡＤＭ纳米微粒－碘油乳剂肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌能降低毒性，提高治疗效果。     

脂质体阿霉素逆转肿瘤多药耐药的活性和机制研究

目的 探讨脂质体阿霉素( PLD)逆转肿瘤多药耐药(MDR)的活性及其逆转机制.方法 以噻唑蓝(MTT)方法检测PLD对多药耐药肿瘤细胞MCF-7/ADR及KBv200的耐药逆转活性.结果 PLD在体内具有较强的逆转活性,逆转活性大于公认的强逆转剂维拉帕米的活性;在5.0μmol/L浓度下使多药耐药细胞KBv200对长春新碱的敏感性增加了45倍.PLD浓度依赖性增加(0、2.5、5.0、10 μmol/L)KBv200细胞内的罗丹明蓄积.PLD的心脏毒性、骨髓抑制以及脱发等不良反应显著降低.结论 脂质体阿霉素具有较强的逆转MDR的活性,主要通过持续向肿瘤组织聚集,肿瘤局部药物浓度升高,抗肿瘤的活性增强.     

抑制P13K／PKB信号通路提高胃癌细胞化疗敏感性的研究

目的探讨磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase，PI3K）抑制剂LY294002提高胃癌耐药细胞SGC7901／VCR和亲代细胞SGC7901对化疗药物敏感性的作用及其机制。方法MTT法分别检测胃癌细胞SGC7901和SGC7901／VCR对化疗药长春新碱（VCR）的敏感性；RT—PCR法和免疫细胞化学法检测LY294002处理前后多药耐药蛋白1（muhidrug resistance protein-1，MDR1）和x染色体连锁的凋亡抑制蛋白（X—linked inhibitor of apoptosis，XIAP）基因和蛋白水平；Western blot法检测LY294002处理前后细胞PKB总蛋白水平和磷酸化水平；并用流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡率。结果2&#215;10^5-mol&#183;L^-1 LY294002能明显增加SGC7901和SGC7901／VCR细胞对VCR的敏感性（P〈0．01），其IC50分别由（0．20&#177;0．03）和（8．09&#177;0．60）mg&#183;L^-1降至（0．05&#177;0．006）和（1．70&#177;0．20）mg&#183;L^-1；降低细胞MDRl和XIAP的基因和蛋白水平；降低磷酸化PKB水平，而对其总蛋白水平无影响；LY294002联合VCR用药后细胞凋亡率明显高于单独VCR处理（P〈0．01）。结论LY294002通过降低耐药基因MDR1和抗凋亡基因XIAP的表达，提高耐药和非耐药胃癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性，此过程与抑制PI3K／PKB通路密切相关。     

老年人肝癌介入治疗预后因素分析

经肝动脉碘油化疗栓塞术是目前治疗中、晚期肝癌的重要方法，收到较好效果，成为治疗中、晚期原发性肝癌的首选方法，它能够有效地杀灭肿瘤细胞，控制肿瘤生长，延长生命。资料老年人原发性肝癌46例，男39例、女7例，年龄60－74岁，平均67±3．8岁，所有患者均按1977年全国肝癌诊断标准诊断。方法按照Sdidinger法经股动脉插管，腹腔或肝总动脉造影，观察肿瘤类型及血液供给情况，然后选择插管进行化疗和栓塞。采用四联，5-Fu0．75－100mg、丝裂霉素20mg、阿霉素或表阿霉素30-50mg，加入40％国产碘化油10ml内，充分抽血吸成混合悬乳剂，最后…     

平阳霉素碘油乳剂介入治疗原发性大肝癌

目的评价平阳霉素（PYM）＋丝裂霉素超乳化碘油乳剂（PMLE）介入栓塞对原发性大肝癌的临床疗效。方法对34例原发性大盱癌肝动脉注入PMLE，以前期56例原发性大肝癌以丝裂霉素超乳化碘油乳剂（MLE）作对照，比较两组栓塞后肿瘤体积变化。结果栓塞后1～3个月两组肿瘤体积均明显缩小，PMLE组显著予MLE组（P〈0．05）。结论平阳霉素介入治疗原发性大肝癌有显著疗效。     

新型阿霉素抗耐药性隐形脂质体的体外细胞毒和体内毒性研究

目的多药耐药(multidrug resistance,MDR)是目前临床肿瘤治疗的主要障碍。本文研制了新型阿霉素抗耐药性隐形脂质体(DARSLs)，并对其体外细胞毒和体内毒性进行评价。方法采用硫酸铵梯度法将阿霉素(DOX)和维拉帕米(VER)药物同时包载到隐形脂质体内，制备成DARSLs；采用耐药性鼠前列腺肿瘤细胞株MLLB2和人子宫肉瘤细胞株MES-SA/DX5进行体外细胞毒性评价；采用SD大鼠对阿霉素抗耐药性隐形脂质体进行体内毒性评价。结果在药脂比(DOX/VER/Lipid，w/w/w)为1∶0.11∶10时，阿霉素包封率大于90%，维拉帕米包封率约为70%。平均粒径为(118.1±22.3) nm。体外细胞毒性实验证实该脂质体能够在体外有效地逆转肿瘤细胞耐药性，并导致耐药肿瘤细胞生长抑制。体内系统毒性及心脏毒性实验结果显示，该脂质体能够明显改善游离阿霉素单独使用或与维拉帕米联合使用时产生的全身毒性，尤其是心脏毒性。结论DARSLs具有相对较低的毒性，且能有效抑制耐药肿瘤的生长。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.