胰肾联合移植的实验研究

目的　为探讨胰肾联合移植 (SPKT)的最佳术式和提高手术操作技巧 ,利用试验动物进行胰肾联合移植。方法　在 12只试验用狗上分别进行胰、部分十二指肠、肾、输尿管多器官联合切取后行脾动、静脉分别与肾功、静脉行端端吻合 ,使胰、肾联成整体。将移植物的腹腔动脉与受体右髂总动脉行端端吻合 ,移植物的门静脉与受体右髂总静脉行端侧吻合 ,供体十二指肠远端与受体膀胱右顶部行端侧吻合 ,供体输尿管与受体膀胱左侧壁吻合 ,供胰、十二指肠固定于受体右髂窝 ,供肾固定于左髂窝。结果　 6只供体顺利完成多器官联合切取术及胰肾联体血管吻合术 ;6只受体顺利完成胰肾联合移植术 ,术后 1只死于持续性低血压 ,5只术后平均存活 (1 5±0 8)d ,存活中期胰肾功能基本正常。结论　该术式手术时间短 ,受体创伤小 ,胰腺外分泌引流入膀胱 ,可通过检测淀粉酶发现早期排斥反应 ,SPKT是治疗糖尿病并发终末期肾病的一种切实可行的有效方法     

彩色多普勒血流与肾穿刺活检在移植肾排斥反应中的临床应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒血流(CDFI)与肾穿刺活检在移植肾排斥反应中的临床意义.方法 对73例肾移植术后患者行CDFI检查,对移植肾的二维超声、血流阻力指数(RI)、动脉搏动指数(PI)与穿刺活检病理结果 进行分析.结果 73例肾移植患者超声引导下经皮肾穿刺活检显示:稳定期37例,急性排斥反应15例,慢性排斥反应11例,肾小管坏死7例,环孢素中毒3例.二维超声检测急、慢性排斥反应的移植肾体积及皮质厚度均明显高于稳定期(P＜0.01).肾动脉CDFI示急性排斥反应、慢性排斥反应、肾小管坏死、环孢素中毒的RI、PI均较稳定期增高(P＜0.01).结论 CDFI对移植肾术后功能的评估起到重要的作用,移植肾穿刺活检病理结果 是最准确的金标准,能够及时准确地对排斥反应进行诊断和疗效判断.     

大鼠同基因单纯胰腺移植动物模型

目的研究建立大鼠同基因单纯胰腺移植(PTA)的方法及观测移植物内分泌功能。方法64只SD大鼠为供受体，血管吻合采用供胰腺腹主动脉绊(含腹腔动脉及脾动脉)及门静脉绊(含脾静脉)与受体腹主动脉及左肾静脉分别行端侧和端端吻合(袖套式)；胰腺断端与小肠行Roux-y吻合。监测受体体重、饮食量、饮水量和空腹血糖。结果在32只单纯胰腺移植中，前10只为预实验，其余22只除5例于1周内死亡外，均成活1个月以上，平均手术时间供体为32±12min，受体为63±15min；移植物均无热缺血时间，冷缺血时间为58±18min只移植后死亡，8只死于胰漏(75%)，2只死于继发性胰腺炎(17%)，1只死于血管栓塞(9%)，1只死于出血(9%)，成功的胰腺移植后第1天血糖即下降；饮水、食量、尿量均减少，一周以后开始稳定。结论PTA是治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病患者(IDDM)的有效方法；如何防治术后继发性胰腺炎及胰漏是手术成功的关键。     

细胞间黏附分子-1及热休克蛋白70与猪同种异体胰腺移植排斥反应的关系

目的 探讨细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）及热休克蛋白70（HSP70）与猪同种异体胰腺移植排斥反应发生的关系。方法 建立小型猪胰腺移植动物模型，通过移植胰腺穿刺活检组织学检查将标本分为Ⅰ（无排斥反应）、Ⅱ（轻度排斥反应）、Ⅲ（中度排斥反应）及Ⅳ（重度急性排斥反应）组。进一步行ICAM-1及HSP70免疫组织化学检查和图像分析。结果 当移植胰腺发生排斥反应时，ICAM-1及HSP70的表达均升高，并随着排斥反应的加重而呈进行性升高。结论 ICAM-1及HSP70均参与了胰腺排斥反应的发生过程，通过胰腺穿刺活检行ICAM-1及HSP70免疫组织化学检查可早期诊断排斥反应并判断排斥反应的严重程度。     

保留十二指肠胰头次全切除术治疗胰头良性肿瘤

保留十二指肠胰头次全切除术操作难度较高,解剖结构复杂,周围组织器官易受损,临床医生开展较少[1].该术式保留了胃、十二指肠及肝外胆管的正常解剖结构,对生理影响程度较小、手术打击小、创伤较轻、术后远期并发症少[2].我院2004-2010年收治了7例胰头良性肿瘤,并行保留十二指肠胰头次全切除术,现报道如下.一、资料与方法1.一般资料:本组7例患者,男3例,女4例.年龄17～56岁.其中胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤4例,胰腺实性假乳头状瘤3例.2.手术方法:手术完整切除肿瘤及大部分胰头组织,保留十二指肠内侧壁处部分壳状残留胰腺组织,切断胰腺应紧贴肠系膜上血管轴线,保护肝总动脉、胃十二指肠和胰十二指肠动脉及其前后动脉弓之完整;胆总管切开置入胆道探子进入十二指肠,以其为导引切除胰头,避免损伤胆总管及胰十二指肠动静脉,维持胆道完整性并保存十二指肠血液供应,胰肠吻合前行胆道T管减压,关闭近端胰头残端,将胰体远侧断端与空肠Roux-en-Y端侧吻合,术中胰肠吻合采取套入式双层吻合,胰肠吻合口内外放置引流,术后持续胃肠减压并加用生长抑素.术后患者恢复良好.     

胰岛素瘤的超选择性DSA诊断（附3例临床报告）

目的 评价超选择性数字减影血管造影（DSA）对胰岛素瘤术前定位的诊断价值。方法 对3例临床疑为胰岛素瘤的患者，手术切除前应用介入的经皮超选择性DSA方法进行肿瘤定位。将导管分别选择至腹腔干、肠系膜上、肝总、胃十二指肠及脾动脉，造影连续观察相应区域胰腺及周围组织显影情况，对可疑血管（胰十二指肠上、下动脉，胰大动脉，胰背动脉等）进一步行超选择插管造影，最终明确肿瘤部位及血供情况。结果 3例均经手术及病理证实为单发良性胰岛素瘤，肿瘤直径1．0～1．3cm。3例患者共行3次DSA检查，发现肿瘤个数、大小、生长部位、血供情况同手术所见基本一致，未见假阳性和假阴性，定位诊断准确率100％。造影用时25～40min，术中、术后无一例出现并发症。结论 经皮超选择性DSA方法安全准确，是胰岛素瘤术前定位诊断的一种好方法。     

胰岛素瘤的超选择性DSA诊断(附3例临床报告)

目的 评价超选择性数字减影血管造影(DSA)对胰岛素瘤术前定位的诊断价值.方法 对3例临床疑为胰岛素瘤的患者,手术切除前应用介入的经皮超选择性DSA方法进行肿瘤定位.将导管分别选择至腹腔干、肠系膜上、肝总、胃十二指肠及脾动脉,造影连续观察相应区域胰腺及周围组织显影情况,对可疑血管(胰十二指肠上、下动脉,胰大动脉,胰背动脉等)进一步行超选择插管造影,最终明确肿瘤部位及血供情况.结果 3例均经手术及病理证实为单发良性胰岛素瘤,肿瘤直径1.0～1.3 cm.3例患者共行3次DSA检查,发现肿瘤个数、大小、生长部位、血供情况同手术所见基本一致,未见假阳性和假阴性,定位诊断准确率100%.造影用时25～40 min,术中、术后无一例出现并发症.结论 经皮超选择性DSA方法安全准确,是胰岛素瘤术前定位诊断的一种好方法.     

在猪肝-肠联合移植中瓜氨酸是移植肠急性排斥反应的血清学指标

目的:研究在猪肝-小肠联合移植实验中,移植肠的急性排斥反应对血清瓜氨酸浓度的影响.方法:共进行肝-小肠联合移植15次,术后给予免疫抑制剂治疗,存活时间超过7天的受者猪在研究范围之内.术后按计划对肝-小肠联合移植实验后,测定受者猪的血清瓜氨酸浓度.在取血的同时采集移植肠黏膜作移植肠的急性排斥反应的病理评分,并作瓜氨酸浓度-急性排斥反应病理评分的线性回归分析.结果:15头猪中有11头存活时间超过7天.在受者猪肾功能正常的情况下,随着排斥反应逐级增强,血清瓜氨酸水平逐渐减低,而且具有显著性差异(P＜0.05).瓜氨酸浓度-急性排斥反应病理评分的线性回归分析结果为:瓜氨酸浓度=36.02-8.26×病理评分,相关系数为r=0.91.结论:在猪肝-小肠联合移植中瓜氨酸是一种移植肠急性排斥反应的血清学指标.     

亲属活体肾移植的临床分析

目的 总结亲属活体肾移植后移植肾组织活检资料,并结合临床进行回顾性分析。方法 亲属活体肾移植65例,其中有血缘的亲属供肾移植63例,夫妻间供肾移植2例。供、受者间HLA配型,1条单倍型相同者55例,2条单倍型相同者7例,5个抗原错配者2例,完全错配者1例。均采取开放手术取肾。供肾热缺血时间1~7m in,冷缺血时间1.5~2 h。术后应用环孢素A、硫唑嘌呤及泼尼松预防排斥反应。结果65例中,有15例接受16次移植肾活检,结果4例次为急性排斥反应(Banff分级均为Ⅰ级),3例次经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗逆转,1例合并慢性移植肾肾病,治疗无效,恢复透析;3例次为移植肾退行性病变(其中2例合并急性环孢素A肾毒性损伤),2例减少环孢素A用量,并加用西罗莫司,效果良好,1例将环孢素A转换为西罗莫司,效果不佳,恢复透析;4例次为急性肾小管坏死,采用他克莫司和霉酚酸酯联合用药,并辅以透析治疗,肾功能恢复正常。结论 虽然亲属活体肾移植术后急性排斥反应和移植肾功能恢复延迟的发生率低,但仍应重视术后移植肾组织活检,将被动活检转为主动的计划性活检,以提高亚临床排斥反应的检出率。     

白细胞介素12在大鼠颈部心脏移植排斥反应中的表达及意义

目的探讨白细胞介素12(IL-12)在心脏移植排斥反应中的表达及其与排斥反应的关系。方法采用大鼠颈部心脏移植模型,随机分为2组:同基因移植组,供、受体均为SD大鼠;异基因移植组,供、受体分别为W istar、SD大鼠。以β-Actin作内参照,分别于术后第1,3,5,7天取移植心脏,用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法观察IL-12的表达情况。结果随着术后天数的增加,异基因移植组IL-12表达逐渐升高,第7天达高峰(与对照组相比,P<0.01)。结论IL-12的表达与心脏移植急性排斥反应的发生发展密切相关,可作为心脏移植急性排斥反应的监测指标,对急性排斥反应的早期诊断和移植物的预后估计具有重要的临床意义。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.