反相高效液相色谱法同时测定茶碱和3种抗癫痫药血药浓度

目的建立可同时测定茶碱和苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、卡马西平血药浓度的反相高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为Promosil C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(60∶40),检测波长205 nm,流速0.7 mL/min,柱温25℃。结果该色谱条件下,茶碱、苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、卡马西平分离良好,血药浓度线性范围茶碱为0.30～180.00μg/mL(r=0.999 7),苯巴比妥为0.42～169.60μg/mL(r=0.999 9),苯妥英钠为0.40～170.00μg/mL(r=0.999 2),卡马西平为0.20～140.00μg/mL(r=0999 8),平均回收率分别是97.3%,98.0%,103.1%,99.3%,日内及日间精密度RSD均小于6%。结论该方法操作简便、快速、准确,4种药物互不干扰,可用于临床血药浓度监测。     

HPLC法同时测定5种抗癫痫药的血清药物浓度

目的建立同时测定拉莫三嗪、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平和氯硝西泮血清浓度的HPLC法。方法血清样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白后直接进样分析,色谱柱为Waters C18(5μm,4.6×250mm)柱,流动相为甲醇-水(55∶45),检测波长235nm。结果在一定浓度范围内(拉莫三嗪:1.3~50.0μg/m L;苯巴比妥:2.5~100.0μg/m L;苯妥英:2.2~70.0μg/m L;卡马西平:1.8~35.0μg/m L;氯硝西泮:2.5~80.0μg/m L),各药物的峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系。低、中、高浓度的质控样品回收率均高于95%,相对标准差(RSD)均小于10%。结论本方法操作简便,结果稳定可靠,适用于临床进行血药浓度监测。     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮、地西泮及其代谢物奥沙西泮浓度

目的 建立同时测定人血浆中卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮、地西泮及其代谢物奥沙西泮浓度的方法。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法（UPLC-MS/MS）,以磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）为内标,血浆经甲醇直接沉淀后进样分析。色谱柱为WatersACQUITYUPLCHSSPFP柱（2.1mm×100mm,1.8μm）,流动相为0.1%甲酸的5mmol·L1乙酸铵水溶液-0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液（0~5min,35∶65→10∶90）,流速为0.2mL·min1。电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测扫描分析,卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮、地西泮和奥沙西泮的离子对分别为m/z237.0→194.06、m/z255.98→144.95、m/z316.01→270.0、m/z285.04→193.07和m/z287.02→241;内标磺胺甲噁唑的离子对为m/z253.96→91.97。结果 卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮、地西泮和奥沙西泮血药浓度分别在2.4~600ng·mL1（r=0.9997）,2.52~630ng·mL1（r=0.9920）,2.08~520ng·mL1（r=0.9979）,2.28~570ng·mL1（r=0.9982）,8.0~800ng·mL1（r=0.9992）线性关系良好;最低检出限分别为0.24,0.63,0.52,0.57,3.2ng·mL1。日内、日间精密度均〈15%;提取回收率均〉70%,且RSD〈15%。结论 该方法灵敏、快速、专属性强,可用于临床血药浓度测定及药动学研究。     

HPLC法同时测定人血浆中7种苯二氮(艹卓)类药物的浓度

目的:建立HPLG法同时测定人血浆中地西泮、硝西泮、氯硝西泮、咪达唑仑、三唑仑、艾司唑仑和阿普唑仑的浓度.方法:血浆样品用乙醚萃取,55℃水浴中N2吹干,残留物用乙醇溶解后进样.色谱柱为Shim-pack CLC-CN柱(150 mm×6.0mm,5μm),流动相为正己烷-无水乙醇-甲醇(87.8:10.2:2,V/V/V),流速1.10 mL·min-1,柱温40℃,检测波长240 nm.结果:硝西泮、氯硝西泮在0.02～20.0 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 3),地西泮、咪达唑仑、三唑仑、艾司唑仑和阿普唑仑在0.05～20.0 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 7).方法回收率近100%,日内和日间RSD均≤7%(n=5).结论:本方法适用于人血浆中7种苯二氮(艹卓)类药物同时检测.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定苯妥英钠和卡马西平的血药浓度

目的:建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定人血浆中苯妥英钠(DPH)、卡马西平(CBZ)的药物浓度。方法:以symmetryshieldRP18柱(5.0μm,3.9×150mm)为色谱柱。流动相为甲醇∶水为50:50,流速1.0mL.min-1。Waters2487双波长紫外检测器,检测波长210nm。苯乙酮为内标物。结果:线性范围为苯妥英钠(2.2～33.0)μg.mL-1r=0.9994;卡马西平(2.0～30.0)μg.mL-1,r=0.9998;平均回收率分别为97.5%、98.2%,高、中、低浓度样品的日间和日内测定相对标准偏差RSD<2%。结论:本法适用于苯妥英钠、卡马西平的血药浓度测定。     

ICP-MS法同时测定地耳草药材中21种无机元素的含量

目的:建立同时测定地耳草药材中21种无机元素含量的方法。方法:采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法。功率为1 300 W,冷却气流量为1.5 L/min,载气流速为0.8 L/min,辅助气流量为0.2 L/min,积分时间为10 s,延迟时间为1 s,重复1次,测量方式为标准曲线法。采用SPSS 16.0统计软件对数据进行主成分分析和相关性分析。结果:铁、镁、钙、铝、钾、钠、锌、钴、镍、钡、锰、磷、硒、钛、锶、铜、砷、镉、铬、铅、汞检测质量浓度线性范围分别为50~250μg/mL(r=0.997 2)、25~100μg/mL(r=0.998 9)、25~100μg/mL(r=0.997 7)、2.5~15μg/mL(r=0.999 6)、25~150μg/mL(r=0.999 1)、2.5~15μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 8)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 6)、0.5~2μg/mL(r=0.999 5)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、0.5~2μg/mL(r=0.998 3)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.5~10μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、0.05~0.2μg/mL(r=0.999 2)、0.05~0.2μg/mL(r=0.999 7);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<5.0%;加样回收率为93.9%~106.9%(RSD为0.22%~2.94%,n均为6)。钾、镁、磷、钙、铝为药材样品中主要的无机元素成分;21种元素中部分元素间有一定的相关性。结论:该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于地耳草药材中21种无机元素含量的同时测定。     

单步萃取-HPLC法同时测定人血清中3种抗癫痫药浓度

目的:建立以单步萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定人血清中卡马西平、苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥浓度的方法。方法:血清样品采用二氯甲烷单步萃取后进样测定,色谱柱为Ultimate XB-C18,流动相为甲醇-水(70∶30),流速为1 mL·min-1,检测波长为240nm,柱温为25℃,内标为2-氨基-2-氯-5-硝基二苯酮。结果:卡马西平、苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥血药浓度分别在1.33～33.25 mg·L-1(r=0.999 6)、1.96～49.0 mg·L-1(r=0.999 5)、2.88～72.0 mg·L-1(r=0.998 8)范围内线性关系良好,最低检测限分别为0.06、0.13、0.14 mg·L-1,方法回收率分别为94.0%～109.1%、93.6%～98.7%、97.0%～105.2%,日内、日间RSD均<10%。结论:本法操作简便、快速、准确、经济实用,可满足临床快速监测的需要。     

HPLC法同时测定人血浆中7种苯二氮类药物的浓度

目的建立HPLG法同时测定人血浆中地西泮、硝西泮、氯硝西泮、咪达唑仑、三唑仑、艾司唑仑和阿普唑仑的浓度.方法血浆样品用乙醚萃取,55℃水浴中N2吹干,残留物用乙醇溶解后进样.色谱柱为Shim-pack CLC-CN柱(150 mm×6.0mm,5μm),流动相为正己烷-无水乙醇-甲醇(87.810.22,V/V/V),流速1.10 mL·min-1,柱温40℃,检测波长240 nm.结果硝西泮、氯硝西泮在0.02～20.0 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 3),地西泮、咪达唑仑、三唑仑、艾司唑仑和阿普唑仑在0.05～20.0 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 7).方法回收率近100%,日内和日间RSD均≤7%(n=5).结论本方法适用于人血浆中7种苯二氮(艹卓)类药物同时检测.     

用RP-HPLC法同时测定拉莫三嗪和奥卡西平的血药浓度

目的：用RP-HPLC法同时测定人血浆中抗癫药拉莫三嗪和奥卡西平的浓度。方法：以艾司唑仑为内标,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax XDB-C18柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-0.1%三氟乙酸（38∶62）;流速为1.0 mL/min;检测波长为240 nm。结果：拉莫三嗪和奥卡西平的血药浓度分别在1.00-50.00μg/mL（Y=0.214 6c-0.010 9,r=0.999 4）和0.50-50.00μg/mL（Y=0.396 6c＋0.006 1,r=0.999 1）范围内线性良好;平均回收率分别为97.64%和97.67%（n=5）。拉莫三嗪2.5、10.0和40.0μg/mL的日内RSD分别为4.6%、3.7%和2.8%（n=5）,日间RSD分别为5.9%、6.4%和4.8%（n=5）;奥卡西平1.0、10.0和40.0μg/mL的日内RSD分别为3.6%、3.4%和4.0%（n=5）,日间RSD分别为5.5%、3.7%和4.3%（n=5）。结论：本方法操作简单,回收率高,精密度好,适用于临床上常规监测拉莫三嗪和奥卡西平的血药浓度。     

蝉花、蛹虫草和冬虫夏草药材中脂肪酸含量的比较研究

目的:建立同时测定蝉花、蛹虫草和冬虫夏草药材中脂肪酸含量的方法,并比较上述药材中脂肪酸含量的差异。方法:采用气相色谱-质谱法。色谱条件:色谱柱为TG-5MS毛细管柱,载气为氮气,流速为1.2 mL/min,进样口温度为290℃,不分流进样,开阀时间为1 min,进样量为1μL;质谱条件:离子源为电喷雾电离源,离子源温度/传输线温度为280℃,色谱柱初始温度为80℃(程序升温),电离电压为70 eV,溶剂延迟时间为5 min,扫描质量范围为m/z 30~400。结果:十四烷酸、十五烷酸、软脂酸、棕榈油酸、十七碳酸、十七碳烯酸、十八烷酸、油酸甲酯、亚油酸、花生酸、花生一烯酸、花生二烯酸、二十碳三烯酸、二十一碳酸、山萮酸、二十三碳酸、木焦油酸检测质量浓度线性范围分别为1.400~44.520μg/mL(r=0.999 8)、2.091~93.721μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、3.146~85.856μg/mL(r=0.998 2)、1.664~61.444μg/mL(r=0.998 7)、1.773~64.983μg/mL(r=0.999 5)、1.781~68.421μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、1.706~55.606μg/mL(r=0.999 8)、1.439~47.989μg/mL(r=0.999 6)、1.738~66.908μg/mL(r=0.999 6)、2.086~94.206μg/mL(r=0.999 5)、1.356~44.966μg/mL(r=0.999 4)、1.444~56.814μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、1.375~52.335μg/mL(r=0.999 8)、1.512~60.312μg/mL(r=0.999 5)、1.450~59.760μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、1.427~58.757μg/mL(r=0.999 1)、1.269~58.109μg/mL(r=0.999 3);定量限≤1 764.71 ng/mL,检测限≤529.42 ng/mL;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率为84.87%~108.93%(RSD为0.19%~2.23%,n=6)。蝉花、蛹虫草和冬虫夏草药材中分别含有17、16、16种脂肪酸,上述药材中不饱和脂肪酸含量均高于饱和脂肪酸含量;其中人工栽培蝉花药材样品中各种脂肪酸含量大多高于其他药材样品。结论:该方法操作简单,精密度、稳定性、重复性较好,可用于蝉花、蛹虫草和冬虫夏草药材中脂肪酸含量的同时测定;从脂肪酸含量角度讲,上述3种药材中人工栽培蝉花药材品质较优。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.