磁头磁盘系统动特性参数及系统稳定性分析

对硬盘系统的动特性进行了数值仿真，其中磁头结构为IBM3370，润滑模型中引入了二阶泊松流因子，保证建模精度。利用摄动法建立了气体润滑的静态方程，并给出了数值解。讨论了最小膜厚度、磁盘转速和磁头倾角对空气膜刚度系数、阻尼系数以及对系统稳定性的影响。结果表明，通过最小膜厚度、磁盘转速和磁头倾角的优化可以改善硬盘的设计。其中磁头倾角的优化可以同时满足硬盘高刚度和高稳定性的要求。     

磁盘速度与容纳系数对硬盘气膜静态特性的影响

随着硬盘(Hard disk drives,HDDs)中浮动块与磁盘间飞行高度的降低,气体分子与磁头/磁盘间的交互作用逐渐增强,磁盘速度及容纳系数(Accommodation coefficients, ACs)对气膜承载特性的影响越来越重要。采用一种无网格法—最小二乘有限差分(Least square finite difference, LSFD)法,对简化的分子气膜润滑(Molecular gas film lubrication, MGL)方程进行求解,研究了磁盘速度、磁头和磁盘表面ACs对HDDs超低飞高气膜静态特性的影响。数值结果表明：对称性分子交互作用时,磁头和磁盘表面ACs对气膜静态特性的影响明显;非对称性分子交互作用时,磁盘表面ACs对气膜静态特性的影响较大,而磁头/浮动块表面ACs的影响较小;不同ACs条件下,随着磁盘速度或最小飞行高度的增加,压力幅值点位置的变化较均匀。     

基于不同差分格式的硬盘气膜润滑方程数值求解

为提高计算效率与计算精度,采用不同差分格式求解硬盘的磁头/磁盘界面气膜润滑方程,分析不同差分格式对磁头/磁盘界面气膜润滑压力分布模拟结果的影响。给出中央格式、上风格式、混合格式、QUICK格式、指数格式、乘方格式6种差分格式相应的离散方程格式,选取气膜润滑方程的线性流率（LFR）模型进行压力模拟,并与精确解进行比较。结果表明：6种差分格式都能够模拟出磁头滑块的压力分布情况,且当网格密度足够大时,得到的数值解与精确解基本一致;指数格式在不同网格密度下,均具有很高的稳定性,较之其他格式计算效率高,模拟效果更好;当网格密度足够大时,中央格式计算效率高,优于指数格式。     

图案化介质磁盘-磁头气体润滑动态特性分析

在小扰动条件下,提出应用偏导数法在复数域内求解可压缩气体润滑的动态Reynolds方程,以计算任意磁盘表面形状的磁盘-磁头气膜润滑的动态刚度和阻尼系数。以圆柱形和立方形比特图案化介质(BPM)磁盘为研究对象,研究了磁单元尺寸参数对气膜动态系数的影响,并比较了两种BPM对应的动态性能。数值结果表明,与光滑磁盘相比,图案化介质磁盘对应的气膜润滑动态刚度系数和阻尼系数大大减小,且随磁单元高度增大,动态系数逐渐减小。相比圆柱形BPM,立方形BPM对应的气膜具有较大动态刚度和阻尼系数,计算结果可为图案化介质磁盘的设计提供重要的理论依据。     

基于速度滑移的气膜流态建模与CFX仿真分析

为了研究空气静压导轨微小间隙中的气膜流态,以提高数控机床的加工精度,通过将速度滑移计算方法及边界条件引入Navier-Stokes方程,推导出适合可压缩气体在微尺度条件下的雷诺方程;利用流体仿真软件CFX对微尺度下湍流状态的气膜流态进行仿真分析;通过改变节流孔直径和气膜厚度分析气膜内压强分布的变化。结果表明,当节流孔直径和气膜厚度在一定范围内变化时,压强由最大值趋于环境压强过程中呈现波动变化趋势;当节流孔直径过大时,气膜内压强不稳定,容易产生气膜波动现象,对机床的加工精度造成影响;当气膜厚度过大时,气膜内压强会出现突变,对气膜支撑力的稳定性影响很大。     

高密磁记录系统的动力学分析

讨论多聚酯流体润滑的IBM3370磁头/磁盘系统,以期提高磁记录密度。润滑模型中考虑超薄流体润滑的剪薄效应,并用有限差分法对润滑方程进行求解,应用摄动理论建立IBM3370磁头/磁盘系统的动力学模型,分别对气体润滑和液体润滑的2自由度磁头的动力响应进行仿真。仿真结果表明,液膜润滑的磁头飞浮高度在20nm时,磁头仍能保持较好的稳定性。     

表面粗糙度对磁头磁盘系统静特性的影响

在Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程中引入了压力流因子和剪流因子，考虑粗糙度对超薄气体膜润滑的影响。雷诺方程中综合考虑了气体的可压缩性、稀薄效应以及表面粗糙度等因素，讨论了飞浮高度在２５～５０　ｎｍ之间的高密磁盘系统在磁头磁盘都粗糙、磁头粗糙和磁盘粗糙三种情况下的承载能力及系统压强中心的变化。结果表明，粗糙度对高密磁盘系统承载能力的影响很大，粗糙度相同时，磁头粗糙的系统承载能力最好；不同粗糙度模式时，压强中心变化不大。     

磁头滑块压强分布的一种数值求解方法

以任意克努森数Kn的超薄气体润滑方程为基础,采用有限体积法对方程进行离散,用Matlab编写气膜压强分布求解程序.以典型的双轨磁头滑块和改进的三体磁头滑块为例,计算了磁头滑块的压力分布,结果表明:采用该算法所得到的压力分布结果合理,在保证收敛精度的基础上,收敛速度快;合理设计磁头形状可以得到性能更优的磁头,能有效地降低磁头预载力.     

十字均压槽对平面静压气浮轴承动态性能的影响研究

为解决平面静压气浮轴承受外界周期性扰动而振动的问题,将线性摄动法技术和流量连续性边界应用到频域内振动分析模型中,开展了气膜内压强对振动的响应分析。建立了气膜压强稳态、振动实部和振动虚部之间的耦合关系,提出了压强扰动项虚部和实部分离方法,在频域内轴承刚度和阻尼系数变化上对十字均压槽的作用进行了评价,进行了不同气膜厚度条件下轴承刚度和阻尼系数的数值模拟。研究结果表明:十字均压槽对频域内动态刚度和阻尼系数的影响受气膜厚度(h)影响,当6μm h 7. 5μm时,十字均压槽既增大了轴承刚度,又提高了轴承稳定性;当9. 7μm h 16μm时,尽管十字均压槽提高了轴承的刚度,但降低了轴承稳定性。     

表面结构对纳米级气膜稀薄流域分布的影响

磁头与磁盘的特征高度目前已经下降到纳米量级,在此微小间隙下,气体表现出明显的稀薄效应特征。建立适用于纳米间隙下的控制方程,并根据方程特点采用特殊处理方法成功对控制方程进行数值求解,采用数值分析和实验方法分析表面结构变化对稀薄流域和磁头飞行姿态的影响。研究结果表明：在纳米级气膜润滑间隙下,采用逆 Knud-sen 数来划分稀薄流域比仅从特征膜厚高度方面考虑更合理;负压型磁头的主要工作区间在滑流区和过渡区,且过渡流域所占比例要明显高于滑流区域。稀薄效应最大的区域不是在气膜厚度最薄的磁头尾部,而是在压力突然下降且气膜较薄的阶梯过渡区域;磁头 U 型气垫、尾端两侧浅台阶和中间台阶结构变化会影响气流流向,从而影响压力分布,使得稀薄流域也跟随发生变化。     

Characterization of coupled-domain multi-layer microplates in pull-in phenomenon, vibrations and dynamics

This paper presents a model to analyze pull-in phenomenon, vibrational behavior and dynamics of multi-layer microplates using coupled finite element and finite difference methods (FDM). First-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used to model dynamical system using finite element method, while FDM is applied to solve nonlinear Reynolds equation of squeeze film damping. Using this model, pull-in analysis of single- and multi-layer microplates are studied. Vibrational behavior of single- and multi-layer microplates are analyzed to compute resonance frequencies and mode shapes of the system. Also, an algorithm is presented to study dynamics of microplates under the actuation of nonlinear electrostatic force and squeeze film damping. Results for simplified single-layer microplates are validated and in good agreement with the published literature. This investigation can be implemented in the design of multi-layer microplates.     

气膜端面密封角向摆动自振稳定性

提出造成气膜端面密封角向摆动自振的内在机理，既有半频摆动自振又有角向气锤自振。在其稳定性分析中给出了不同端面结构、浮环支撑弹簧和二次密封阻尼等的影响。分析按照小扰动线性化的分布参数法，联立气膜微扰雷诺方程和浮环微扰运动方程，对密封系统的角向摆动自振稳定性界限进行了数值迭代。     

The Analysis of the Lubrication Condition and Friction Losses of a Single Acting Cross Head Guide Shoe of a Low Speed Cross Head Diesel Engine: Part I—An Alogrithm For The Prediction of Oil Film Thickness

The lubrication condition pertaining to the cross head guide shoe of a low speed cross head diesel engine is evaluated in this paper under the principles of hydrodynamic lubrication. The Reynolds differential equation which describes the pressure and oil film thickness distribution of the cross head guide shoe system operating under unsteady load will be solved using a finite difference method. The influence of the width to length ratio of the rectangular cross head guide shoe plate will be considered in terms of variation of the pressure distribution within the bearing and its load carrying capacity.     

A Fully Coupled Finite Element Formulation for Elastically Supported Foil Journal Bearings

Foil gas journal bearings consist of a compliant metal shell structure that supports a rigid journal by means of a gas film. The prediction of steady operating characteristics such as minimum film thickness, load capacity, and drag require the coupled solution of the shell structure and the gas flow. A general fully coupled finite element approach is presented. A single four noded finite element that incorporates the elastically supported shell structure of the foil and the gas film modeled by a compressible Reynolds equation is developed. The resulting system of nonlinear finite elements is solved by the Newton Raphson method.     

螺旋槽气体轴承动态特性及失稳分析

针对高速动静压气体轴承气膜的复杂非线性动力学行为,以球面螺旋槽动静压气体轴承为研究对象,建立润滑分析数学模型;采用有限差分法与导数积分法进行求解,得到动态扰动压力分布及动态特性系数,并研究切向供气条件下螺旋槽参数、径向偏心率、供气压力、转速对气膜刚度阻尼系数的影响规律;建立线性稳定性计算模型,预测气膜涡动失稳转速,分析运行参数对失稳转速的影响。结果表明:气膜阻尼是一种抑制涡动的因素,气膜的稳定性取决于气膜刚度与阻尼的协同作用;气膜刚度阻尼随着槽宽比、槽深比、螺旋角的增大,整体上呈先增大后减小的趋势;刚度随转速的升高而增大,阻尼则随转速的升高而减小;径向偏心率和供气压力越大,气膜刚度和阻尼越大;在一定范围内,提高供气压力、增大径向偏心率能够提高系统失稳转速;合理地选取轴承结构参数和运行参数,能够优化轴承动态特性,保证气体轴承较高的运行稳定性。     

求解磁头/磁盘超薄气膜润滑性能的有效有限差分算法

首先给出超薄气膜润滑的基本方程.通过对方程的分析指出,在纳米尺度下工作的磁头/磁盘具有轴承数很大和剪切流项含有压力的两个特点.提出对剪切流项进行主元迭代求解可压缩气体雷诺方程的新计算方法.在推导出该方法所用的差分公式和误差分析公式基础上,利用这些公式对双轨和多轨两种磁头在5 nm和10 nm下工作压力分布进行计算.计算过程表明该方法对超薄条件下的气膜润滑计算是有效的,该方法能够有效解决大轴承数条件下容易出现失稳的现象,避免计算中数值振荡的发生,成功地将普通有限差分算法用于求解大轴承数的气体润滑数值计算中.计算结果的误差分析表明:该算法对大轴承数气体润滑问题的收敛十分有效,并具有编程简单、计算速度快等优点.     

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene hip joint replacements under squeeze-film motion

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication was analysed under squeeze-film or normal approach motion for artificial hip joint replacements consisting of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup and a metallic or ceramic femoral head. A simple ball-in-socket configuration was adopted to represent the hip prosthesis for the lubrication analysis. Both the Reynolds equation and the elasticity equations were solved simultaneously for the lubricant film thickness and hydrodynamic pressure distribution as a function of the squeeze-film time was solved using the Newton-Raphson method. The elastic deformation of the UHMWPE cup was calculated by both the finite element method and a simple equation based upon the constrained column model. Good agreement of the predicted film thickness and pressure distribution was found between these two methods. A simple analytical method based upon the Grubin-Ertel-type approximation developed by Higginson in 1978 [1] was also applied to the present squeeze-film lubrication problem. The predicted squeeze-film thickness from this simple method was found to be remarkably close to that from the full numerical solution. The main design parameters were the femoral head radius, the radial clearance between the femoral head and the acetabular cup, and the thickness and elastic modulus for the UHMWPE cup; the effects of these parameters on the squeeze-film thickness generated in current hip prostheses were investigated.     

Dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of aerodynamic tilting-pad journal bearings

The dynamic gas–film forces of aerodynamic bearing often can be characterized by eight linear stiffness and damping coefficients. How to theoretically predict these coefficients is a very difficult issue for tilting-pad gas bearing design because of its structural complexity. The current study presents a novel and universal theoretical analysis method for calculating the dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of aerodynamic tilting-pad bearing. The gas–film pressure within the bearing is expressed in the form of dimensionless compressible gas-lubricated Reynolds equation, which is solved by means of the finite element method. With the assumption that the journal and the pads are disturbed with the same frequency, the dynamic coefficients of tilting-pad gas bearing are computed by using the partial derivative method and the equivalent coefficient method. Finally, the investigations are conducted about the effects of bearing number, perturbation frequency of the journal and the pads, eccentricity ratios, preload and length-to-diameter ratio of the bearing on the dynamic coefficients of aerodynamic tilting-pad journal bearing. The numerical results indicate that the dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of tilting-pad gas bearing are closely related with these factors. The proposed analytical method provides a valuable means of predicting dynamic performances of tilting-pad gas bearing. The solution can be used for the purpose of prediction of dynamic behavior of the rotor systems supported by aerodynamic tilting-pad bearings.     

Analysis of elastohydrodynamic lubrication in McKee-Farrar metal-on-metal hip joint replacement

An elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis was carried out in this study for a typical McKee-Farrar metal-on-metal hip prosthesis under a simple steady state rotation. The finite element method was used initially to investigate the effect of the cement and bone on the predicted contact pressure distribution between the two articulating surfaces under dry conditions, and subsequently to determine the elastic deformation of both the femoral and the acetabular components required for the lubrication analysis. Both Reynolds equation and the elasticity equation were coupled and solved numerically using the finite difference method. Important features in reducing contact stresses and promoting fluid-film lubrication associated with the McKee-Farrar metal-on-metal hip implant were identified as the large femoral head and the thin acetabular cup. For the typical McKee-Farrar metal-on-metal hip prosthesis considered under typical walking conditions, an increase in the femoral head radius from 14 to 17.4 mm (for a fixed radial clearance of 79 microm) was shown to result in a 25 per cent decrease in the maximum dry contact pressure and a 60 per cent increase in the predicted minimum film thickness. Furthermore, the predicted maximum contact pressure considering both the cement and the bone was found to be decreased by about 80 per cent, while the minimum film thickness was predicted to be increased by 50 per cent. Despite a significant increase in the predicted minimum lubricating film thickness due to the large femoral head and the thin acetabular cup, a mixed lubrication regime was predicted for the McKee-Farrar metal-on-metal hip implant under estimated in vivo steady state walking conditions, depending on the surface roughness of the bearing surfaces. This clearly demonstrated the important influences of the material, design and manufacturing parameters on the tribological performance of these hard-on-hard hip prostheses. Furthermore, in the present contact mechanics analysis, the significant increase in the elasticity due to the relatively thin acetabular cup was not found to cause equatorial contact and gripping of the ball.     

硬盘磁头超薄气膜润滑研究进展

介绍硬盘磁头发展状况以及超薄气膜润滑理论的研究现状，提出超薄气膜润滑研究中存在的问题，如10nm以下一毪行间隙的润滑理论模型、超薄气膜润滑有效的数值计算方法，以及建立飞行高度试验台和开发磁头气体轴承设计分析软件模块等问题，并介绍一种新型有效的计算磁失磁盘超薄气膜的数值计算方法。