化学活化烟气灰的活性评价及火山灰效应研究

以常州武进烟气灰为主要研究对象,采用有机激发剂三乙醇胺和复合型激发剂FAA对其进行活性激发,分析化学活化烟气灰的火山灰效应,结果表明,激发剂可明显提高烟气灰的活性,其中三乙醇胺不但具有明显的早强作用,对体系后期强度的发展也有一定贡献.采用Ca(OH)2剩余量测定、X射线衍射分析等方法评定烟气灰的活性,结果表明,激发剂的引入可显著降低活性评定体系中的Ca(OH)2剩余量,其中在三乙醇胺激发下,Ca(0H)2剩余量较少;在激发剂的作用下,活性评定体系中的Ca(OH)2峰值明显下降,烟气灰对Ca(0H)2的消耗明显增加,其中在三乙醇胺作用下体系中的Ca(OH)2峰值较低,表明三乙醇胺对烟气灰的激发效果较FAA好.     

煤矸石增钙活化及其活性评价机理探讨

参照石灰吸收法,通过测定Ca(OH)2含量,分别研究了在无激发剂、不同浓度NaOH激发剂的情况下增钙煤矸石的火山灰性能.采用X射线衍射和汞压入法等测试方法对各种增钙煤矸石活性评价过程进行了结构层次上的分析.结果表明:各复合体系水化过程的结构特性与体系中Ca(OH)2含量的变化规律基本一致.     

普通硅酸盐-硫铝酸盐复合胶凝体系水化性能和机理研究

对普通硅酸盐(P·O)-硫铝酸盐(R·SAC)复合胶凝体系的凝结时间、胶砂强度进行了分析,利用等温量热仪、综合热分析仪(TG-DSC)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等从水化速率及水化产物微观形貌等方面分析了复合胶凝体系的水化机理。结果表明:当R·SAC掺量约为10%时,复合胶凝体系的凝结时间相比P·O明显缩短,早期强度提高幅度较大,同时也能获得较大幅度的后期强度增长,力学性能较纯组分水泥性能优越。复合胶凝体系的早期水化速率和放热量高于单组分水泥。随着R·SAC的掺入,复合胶凝体系的水化产物中钙矾石(AFt)增多,Ca(OH)₂晶体减少,且AFt的生成量越多,越有利于早期强度的发展,当R·SAC掺量超过30%时,Ca(OH)₂消失。     

碱激发锰渣胶凝材料的探索研究

以锰渣为主要研究对象,采用X射线衍射分析、差热分析等测定方法对原材料进行了物性分析,锰渣的主要矿物组成有SiO_2和CaO,属于碱性废渣,当温度低于550℃时其热稳定性较好.通过对复合碱激发剂的探索可知,当水玻璃模数为1.6时,25%水玻璃、2.5%NaOH和1%K_2CO_3复合激发锰渣后,其碱胶凝材料的凝结时间满足浆体的一般工作要求.在该复合激发剂作用下,以10%硅酸盐水泥熟料等量替代锰渣后,制成的碱激发锰渣胶凝材料的力学强度发展符合胶凝材料的一般规律;其水化过程分析表明,随水化龄期的延长,SiO_2被剥蚀解体量增多,生成较多的C-S-H凝胶及少量沸石类结构复杂的物质,强度逐渐提高.     

热激发煤矸石-水泥体系煤矸石与水泥的相互作用研究

通过对热激发煤矸石-水泥体系的水化热特征、Ca(OH)2含量、化学结合水含量以及热激发煤矸石的反应程度的研究,揭示了热激发煤矸石-水泥体系中热激发煤矸石和水泥的相互作用规律.研究结果表明,热激发煤矸石对于水泥水化的促进作用主要表现在早期,中间阶段对于水泥的水化会产生一定的抑制作用;水泥对于煤矸石的火山灰反应的促进作用则贯穿于始终.     

矿物外加剂对丁苯聚合物/水泥复合胶凝材料凝结硬化过程的影响及机制

为了比较沸石、纳米二氧化硅和稻壳灰这3种矿物外加剂对丁苯聚合物/水泥复合胶凝材料凝结硬化过程作用的差异,分别采用这3种矿物外加剂为调凝材料,并从凝结时间、早期强度、水化进程以及水化产物等角度比较3种矿物外加剂对丁苯聚合物/水泥复合胶凝材料的影响。结果表明,3种矿物外加剂都能促进复合胶凝材料的凝结硬化,大幅缩短凝结时间,提高早期强度。但3种矿物外加剂的调凝效果互不相同,调凝机理也有差异:沸石对AFt的生成有较大的促进作用,它不仅能促进C3A的水化,自身也能与Ca(OH)_2反应生成AFt和CSH凝胶;而纳米二氧化硅和稻壳灰对C3S水化的促进作用较强,自身也会与Ca(OH)_2反应生成CSH凝胶。     

活化煤矸石对水泥水化的影响

研究了活化煤矸石-氢氧化钙体系的水化热、水化产物成分以及活化煤矸石水泥体系的水化过程、水化产物的微结构,结果表明,在石膏的激发下,活化煤矸石能够发生二次水化,与Ca（OH）2反应形成钙矾石、水化硅酸钙、水化铝酸钙等有利于提高水泥石强度的水化产物;活化煤矸石水泥硬化浆体中Ca（OH）2的含量在水化3d时最多,而后随龄期逐渐减少;阐明了活化煤矸石能够降低水化产物中氢氧化钙的含量、抑制氢氧化钙晶体的生长和聚集,并改善水泥石结构．     

碱激发和复合激发下建筑垃圾砖粉活性研究

为提高建筑垃圾废砖再生利用率,采用砂浆力学测试手段研究了建筑垃圾砖粉活性和碱激发、复合激发对建筑垃圾砖粉活性的影响,并借助扫描电镜和热分析方法对建筑垃圾砖粉、建筑垃圾复合粉体材料的颗粒形貌、水化产物组成等进行了研究。结果表明:建筑垃圾砖粉活性较小,当掺量大于20%时,砂浆强度随其掺量的增加直线下降;不同碱激发剂对建筑垃圾砖粉有不同的激发效果,Ca(OH)2激发效果最好,NaOH次之,Na2SiO3·9H2O激发效果最差;复合形成的建筑垃圾复合粉体材料具有较好的活性,当其掺量不超过40%时,砂浆28d抗压强度高达50 MPa。微观分析结果表明:建筑垃圾复合粉体材料比砖粉具有更好的颗粒级配,在其水化过程中降低了稳定性较差的Ca(OH)2含量,提高了水泥石密实度,是一种经济、环保的新材料。     

机械研磨锰渣的物理与机械力化学现象研究

以锰渣为主要研究对象,对其机械研磨过程中的物理与机械力化学现象进行了研究.通过密度测定、比表面积测定和颗粒群特征分析对活化锰渣的物理性能进行了表征,采用X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电镜分析(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)等现代测试方法对锰渣机械力活化过程的结构特征进行了分析,结果表明,锰渣经过高能机械研磨后其密度增大,比表面积增大,粒径趋于向粒径小的方向分布;随着机械研磨时间的延长,大颗粒减少,小颗粒增多,晶体结构发生了变化,SiO2由晶形向无定形的转变量增加.制备了锰渣一水泥复合体系,并测定了其力学强度,结果表明,随着锰渣细度的增大,体系强度不断增大.     

内掺Ca(OH)_2对碱矿渣混凝土强度发展的影响

通过水化热、孔隙率及吸水率测试、XRD等分析手段,研究了内掺Ca(OH)_2对碱矿渣混凝土性能发展规律的影响。测试结果表明,加入Ca(OH)_2后,碱矿渣水泥水化速率提高,可进一步加快其早期强度发展;碱矿渣混凝土试件28d的毛细孔率及吸水率均有所下降,说明混凝土孔结构得到了优化;XRD分析表明,碱矿渣混凝土中富钙水化产物增多并生成了水化铝酸四钙。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。