扬子地区江口冰期地层的划分对比与南华系层型剖面

我国南方扬子板块是国际上新元古代冰期地层最具代表性的地区之一,冰期记录出露广泛,研究程度较高,为国内外学者所关注。当前,国际上普遍认为新元古代主要有两次全球性大冰期,一般以澳大利亚的Sturtian和Marinoan冰期为代表,扬子地区的南沱冰期和江口冰期与之相对应。但是,围绕扬子地区冰期地层的划分对比一直存在较大争议。关于上冰期的对比,虽然曾出现过不同的意见,但随着南沱组年龄数据的获得看法已趋于一致。目前主要分歧来自对下冰期和间冰期的认识。我国目前通常使用的名称,如“长安冰期”、“富禄间冰期”和“古城冰期”等与国际上的认识有差异,对新建的“南华系”地层划分和对比产生了不同的理解。根据扬子地区地质工作的多年积累和研究的成果,以“江口群”取代原“江口组”,使之成为扬子地区代表下冰期沉积的统一地层单元,江口群涵盖了下冰期的长安组、富禄组及与之相关的地层单元;扬子地区的下冰期相应地称为“江口冰期”,与国际上的Sturtian冰期可以很好地对应,含义更完整。我国南方对应于Sturtian和Marinoan冰期的是江口冰期和南沱冰期。湘黔桂地区的新元古代冰期地层保存最完整连续,其中贵州黎平县的肇兴剖面可考虑作为新元古代冰期地层的候选层型剖面。     

震旦系底界及内部年代地层单位划分

根据岩石和层序地层以及生物多样性事件的综合研究,建议以宜昌莲沱王丰岗剖面为界线层型将目前暂定的震旦系底界上移至陡山沱组二段近底部,以南沱冰期后首次海侵所形成的含巨型结构复杂的疑源类的黑色硅质泥岩的出现为标志.澳大利亚Marinoan冰期后"盖帽白云岩”之上的Brachirra组沉积与此层相当.厘定后震旦系上下统的界线以宜昌灯影峡剖面为层型,界线划在灯影组石板滩段近底部,以出现可供广泛对比的文德生物群以及痕迹化石和后生动物为标志,其时代似应与澳大利亚伊迪卡拉(Edicaran)生物群对比.重新厘定后的下震旦统内部两个阶(田家院子阶和庙河阶)和上震旦统内部两个阶(四溪阶和龙灯峡阶)之间的界线分别以秭归庙河剖面和宜昌灯影峡剖面为界线层型,界线分别定在陡山沱组四段和白马沱段近底部,前者以含庙河生物群黑色硅质泥岩的出现为标志,澳大利亚Bunyeroo组上部产大量leiosphaerids的黑色硅质泥岩沉积大致与此段地层相当.龙灯峡阶底界以产管状骨骼化石cloudiniids为特点,其确切层位尚需进一步研究.     

南华系莲沱组与南沱组的古气候与氧化还原环境演化新证据

新元古代是冰川作用发育的重要时期,其中有2个重要的全球性冰期,即Sturtian和Marinoan冰期,对全球古环境、古气候、古海洋演化具有重要意义。中国宜昌地区分布的莲沱组和南沱组分别代表了在扬子板块发育的与Sturtian冰期前和Marinoan冰期相对应的沉积地层。随着地球化学分析方法的进步,新的地球化学手段,包括新的地球化学指标和Fe同位素等,可以为进一步探讨莲沱组与南沱组的沉积环境提供新的思路和证据。本研究对宜昌九龙湾剖面南沱组冰碛岩进行系统采样,并和莲沱组以砂岩为主的碎屑沉积岩进行对比分析,利用化学蚀变指数(CIA)、氧化还原敏感元素Mo、V、U和Fe同位素对比探讨二者古气候与氧化还原环境的演化。CIA的变化(53～78)表明,莲沱组沉积主体处于温暖的古气候下(CIA平均值约为78),直到Sturtian冰期前,莲沱组顶部出现气候转冷特征(CIA平均值为53);随着Marinoan冰期到来,南沱组沉积持续处于寒冷的古气候环境(CIA平均值为58)。莲沱组与南沱组样品均具有较低的Mo/Al、V/Al和U/Al值,表明二者沉积均处于氧化环境,但莲沱组主体比南沱组和莲沱组顶部样品...     

贵州新元古代冰期（Varnger）后环境演变与藻类的复苏

新元古代冰期引起生物大量绝灭，大绝灭后环境如何重建、生物怎样复苏是演化古生物学研究的重要课题。对贵州铜仁坝黄、瓮安北斗山剖面和台江五河剖面南沱水碛岩之上连贯沉积的陡山沱组底部的“碳酸盐岩帽”中藻类化石进行系统研究，并结合古海洋环境地球化学研究结果，认为冰期后生态环境恢复很快，藻类快速复苏，但藻类分异度低。“碳酸盐岩帽”沉积结束，藻类进入衰退期，到了陡山沱中晚期，藻类又进入顶盛期。而藻类的复苏、衰退与古海洋环境的δ^13C,δCe,δEu异常有着密切关系。     

新元古代全球冰川事件对早期生物演化的影响

新元古代曾发生过强烈的全球性冰川作用 ,紧随冰川作用之后 ,发生了两次生物大辐射事件。这一时期是地球上早期生命演化的重要时期 ,特别是宏观后生动物的出现标志着生物演化史进入了一个新纪元。全球性冰川作用与早期生命演化这二者之间是否存在着密切的联系呢 ?过去地质学家对于新元古代的冰川沉积物多偏重于地层学、沉积学等方面的研究 ,古生物学家又很少关心前寒武纪的冰期地层 ,“新元古代冰川作用”和“早期生命演化”二者很少放在一起讨论。文章重点讨论了冰川作用对早期生物演化的影响。论述了新元古代晚期全球性冰川作用存在的证据及其特点 ,分析了新元古代冰期前后地球上生物的重大演化特点 ,重点讨论了新元古代全球性冰川作用对地球早期生命演化特别是在真核细胞生物向多细胞动物进化的影响方式和作用机理 ,从而说明新元古代全球性冰川作用对地球早期生命演化起着重要的作用     

峡东青林口地区新元古代地层序列及沉积演变

峡东地区的新元古界由于保存良好的“雪球地球”沉积记录及其崩解后的“盖帽碳酸盐岩”和“庙河生物群”等关键地质记录,因而成为国际新元古界研究的热点地区之一.此次报道的青林口剖面是目前在峡东地区发现的出露最为完整的新元古代地层序列,对于揭示这一关键地质时期的重大生物演变和地球环境发展历程具有重要研究价值.重点介绍该剖面的地层序列并简要分析其沉积演变特点.该剖面出露新元古代地层自下而上依次包括莲沱组、南沱组、陡山沱组和灯影组.其中,莲沱组以紫红色砂岩夹页岩为主,由两个沉积旋回组成;南沱组角度不整合在莲沱组之上,以灰绿色杂砾岩为特征,划分为3个岩性段;陡山沱组以“盖帽白云岩”的出现为底界,以黑色硅质页岩的结束为顶界,划分为4个明显的岩性段;灯影组整体具有“两白夹一黑”的特征,自下而上划分为蛤蟆井段、石板滩段和白马沱段.青林口剖面地层出露完整,各组段岩性特征明显,清晰地反映了该区域的沉积环境演变历程.沉积记录显示,本区新元古代中期开始接受沉积,最先沉积陆相莲沱组,经历成冰纪晚期南沱组代表的“雪球”事件后转为海相沉积,埃迪卡拉纪沉积的陡山沱组和灯影组均为浅海开阔碳酸盐相或局限页岩相,成为后生动物起源和宏观藻类分异发展的创新基地.      

华北克拉通东部新元古代宏体化石生物地层序列

华北克拉通东部是中国晚前寒武纪地层出露最为完整、连续的地区,特别是华北克拉通东缘连续出露了新元古代自老至新的全部地层,是对比和衔接中国南、北方晚前寒武纪地层的关键地区。在该地区所发现和建立的宏体化石群——“龙凤山生物群”、“辽南生物群”和“淮南生物群”可能是新元古代“南华大冰期”前后较为独特的生物群落,其中相当部分可能归属于多细胞后生动物和多细胞藻类,是地球早期生命景观的重要代表。因此,对这些新元古代早期生物群的研究将可能揭示比陡山沱期更早的多细胞后生动植物的演化面貌,在演化生物学上意义重大。近年来,在地调项目的资助下,开展了华北克拉通东部地区的新元古代年代地层及生物地层的研究。本文综合现有资料,详细记述了华北克拉通东部（燕山地区和辽南、徐淮地区）含宏体化石的新元古代地层及其宏体化石特征、组合面貌和生物地层序列。同时,依据宏体化石记录,探讨了中国新元古代地层的对比问题。     

扬子区新元古代前震旦纪地层对比

近年来,随着离子探针等同位素定年技术的广泛应用,华南扬子区新元古代地层确切的时间框架愈发清晰。来自四堡群、板溪群及相应地层的同位素年龄数据表明,扬子区晋宁—四堡造山运动发生的时间约为8.3~8.2亿年前,持续时间可能不到10 Myr。板溪群与莲沱组地层不是上下关系,二者基本上是同时异相,莲沱组比板溪群沉积起始时间稍晚。南华系(成冰系)的底界应放在新元古代比较公认的最早的全球性冰期沉积地层的底部,在华南即长安组或江口组的底部(~720 Ma)。受华南新元古代裂谷盆地演化的控制,扬子区从东南盆地相区往西北浅水台地相区,南华系地层厚度变小、发育越来越不完整。南华系最上部南沱组及相应地层的沉积在扬子区分布最为广泛。     

黔东北伊迪卡拉（震旦）纪陡山沱期的古地理环境

南沱冰期后的伊迪卡拉纪陡山沱期,全球海平面逐渐上升,宏体生物群（包括蓝田生物群、瓮会生物和庙河生物群等）广泛出现在扬子地区,使扬子地区陡山沱期的古地理研究成为目前研究的热点之一。在黔东北江口一铜仁地区的陡山沱组中产有丰富的宏体生物（“瓮会生物群”）和圆柱状叠层石,同时通过对遵义一铜仁陡山沱组多剖面岩性及岩性组合特征的分析和研究,认为在江口德旺地区可能存在有隆起的大陆边缘,其东侧为大陆边缘前缓斜坡相,西侧为半封闭台地相。     

华南扬子陆块成冰纪冰川作用的启动时限及其全球对比

江口冰期和南沱冰期是华南地区引人注目的 2次成冰纪冰川事件,但其确切启动时间及其全球对比关系仍未有定论。为此,对桂北地区成冰系(南华系)长安组底部和南沱组底部冰成杂砾岩开展了碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究。长安组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄集中分布于958—717 Ma,显著峰值为720、753、805及848 Ma,最年轻一组206Pb/238U年龄的加权平均值为719.6±6.1 Ma,可解释为长安组最大沉积年龄;南沱组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄集中分布于987—649 Ma,显著峰值为650、720、753、779、803、823及848 Ma,最年轻一组206Pb/238U年龄的加权平均值为649.3±6.2 Ma,可解释为南沱组最大沉积年龄。结合已发表的相关年龄数据可知,江口冰期很可能启动于ca.715 Ma,与塔里木、阿拉伯—努比亚、劳伦等陆块的Sturtian冰川作用高度同步;南沱冰期的启动应晚于650 Ma,与西伯利亚、澳大利亚、劳伦等陆块的Marinoan冰川作用基本同步。另外,碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱与CL图像显示,长安组和南沱组的物质来源主要为下伏新元古界岩浆—沉积记录,揭示出冰川对下伏地层的强烈刨蚀作用和华南新元古代幕式构造岩浆热事件。扬子陆块成冰纪冰川刨蚀作用可能与Rodinia超大陆"裂离"有关的强烈伸展活动存在联系,并可能持续至Marinoan冰期结束。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)