BIPV的经济性及环境效益分析——以云南师范大学120kW_p光伏幕墙为例

结合昆明市云南师范大学呈贡校区的120 kW_p光伏幕墙系统,通过对该系统单位发电成本、发电量的实际测量和计算,分析其具有的经济性和环境效益。分析结果表明:光伏幕墙系统虽可产生较好的环境效益,但其单位发电成本与居民用电价格相比仍偏高;BIPV系统的发展推广仍需要依赖于国家的政策支持和技术的不断进步,使BIPV系统的发电成本不断下降。     

聚光型太阳能光伏遮阳系统应用研究

随着国内能源供需矛盾的日益突出,以太阳能光伏发电为代表的新能源产业将扮演解决能源危机的重要角色。在国内外光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)产业大背景下,研究如何提高太阳能光伏光电转换效率,降低系统成本,将成为未来很长一段时期光伏发电领域的重要课题。叙述了聚光型太阳能光伏技术与聚光型太阳能光伏遮阳系统的概念,分析了聚光型太阳能光伏遮阳系统的聚光形式,探讨了系统设计过程中的几个关键节点。     

基于外墙的建筑光伏热电集成系统研究进展

建设以太阳能为核心能源的绿色建筑，对应用于外墙的建筑光伏热电集成（BIPV/T）系统的技术发展进行分析，主要分为BIPV/T-空气冷却型系统、BIPV/T-水冷却型系统和BIPV/T-热泵系统三类，重点介绍建筑外墙集成PV/T系统的设计及其对发电、围护结构的热工性能和建筑供暖和制冷的能耗的影响。应用于建筑时，该集成系统既能够输出太阳能绿色电力供应和太阳能绿色供热，又能显著提高太阳能利用效率，降低建筑的冷热负荷。     

不同安装方式建筑光伏系统的经济性及环境效益

以并网型建筑光伏发电系统为研究对象,采用单位供电成本、净现值、投资回收期等指标评价并网型BIPV和BAPV系统的经济性,分析系统的能量回收期和环境效益。结果表明,BIPV和BAPV两种安装方式对经济性的影响不大,两个系统均具有较好的经济效益。在上网电价为4$/kWh的情况下,系统投资可在12a内收回;能量回收期为7a;与燃煤发电相比,系统在寿命期内可减少污染物(主要是CO2)排放约14kg/Wp,具有良好的环境效益。     

BIPV模式在工业厂房屋顶的应用研究

中国大力推进分布式光伏发电的同时,存在许多工业厂房屋顶无法满足光伏发电系统安装条件的问题,这极大制约了光伏发电技术的推广。由于传统的光伏发电系统是直接附着在建筑物屋顶,即采用的是BAPV模式,这会导致因需增加建筑物的承载力而增加建设成本的情况出现,从而制约了分布式光伏发电的应用,而将光伏发电系统与建筑集成的光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)模式可有效解决此类问题。针对BIPV模式和BAPV模式对工业厂房钢结构的影响进行了研究,并根据实际案例对这两种模式下的光伏发电系统建设、维护成本进行了分析。研究结果表明：1)BIPV模式相较于BAPV模式可以减少工业厂房钢结构屋顶恒荷载,对于轻微超限的项目可以省去加固成本,对于超限明显的项目可以减少加固成本。2)在同等建设条件下,BIPV模式相较于BAPV模式可以减少屋顶建设成本;并且从中长期来看,相较于BAPV模式,BIPV模式平均1万m2的厂房可以减少126万建设维护成本。     

能源转型战略背景下中国太阳能热发电面临的机遇与挑战

介绍了国内外太阳能热发电产业的发展现状,论述了太阳能热发电主要技术路线的特点,进而分析了太阳能热发电项目的成本构成和成本下降趋势等问题,最后提出我国太阳能热发电产业面临的机遇与挑战,以期为太阳能热发电产业的发展预测和后续项目的开发提供参考。     

建筑屋顶太阳能光伏发电项目的分析研究

介绍了建筑屋顶太阳能发电系统的基本组成及分类,指出光伏建筑一体化（BIPV）是光伏技术的热点,具有许多优势。就江苏淮安屋顶光伏并网发电项目的方案、成本、经济和社会效益等方面进行分析。     

风能-太阳能互补独立发电系统设计优化与分析

提出了一种风能-太阳能互补发电系统的优化设计方法.在经济技术性能分析过程中引入了Pareto最优的概念来确定最优系统方案.实例计算表明:使用该优化设计方法可以获得系统经济技术性能与系统配置的关系和大量的Pareto最优解,从而可以得到最满意的系统方案.风能发电和太阳能发电具有互补性,风能-太阳能互补发电系统的经济技术性能优于单一的风能发电或太阳能发电系统.     

对太阳能热发电走向成功之路的思考

从理论方面对降低太阳能热发电投资成本的方式进行了分析,认为可通过扩大规模来降低投资成本,依靠扩大发电系统的规模和优化镜场设计来提高太阳能热发电系统的光电转换效率;碟式和点聚焦菲涅耳聚光系统的光热转换效率高,竞争力较强。当采用超大功率蒸汽轮机时,可使发电系统的规模扩大10倍、热电转换效率提高25%;按照光学效率和接收器热效率均达到92%计算,碟式聚光系统的光热转换效率可达到84.64%,而塔式聚光系统的光热转换效率为57.73%,前者比后者提高了46.62%,使碟式太阳能热发电系统的光电转换效率比塔式太阳能热发电系统的提高了83.3%,从而使碟式太阳能热发电系统的总投资成本比塔式太阳能热发电系统的下降了45.4%,共用跟踪系统使其总投资成本又下降了4.8%,再加上碟式太阳能热发电系统的中发电系统规模扩大10倍,最终,碟式太阳能热发电系统的总投资成本可比塔式太阳能热发电系统的降低75.2%。在不考虑材料和制造技术方面进步的情况下,太阳能热发电的上网电价可从目前的1元/kWh降至约0.25元/kWh,使太阳能热发电成为未来有竞争力的主要能源技术。     

太阳能热发电技术产业发展现状与展望

太阳能热发电是将太阳能转化为热能,通过热功转化过程发电的技术。太阳能热发电站具有发电功率相对平稳可控、运行方式灵活、可进行热电并供等优势,同时具有非常好的环境效益。太阳能热发电规模化发展后,近期能够作为调峰电源为风力发电、光伏发电等间歇性电源提供辅助服务。随着未来技术的优化提升,由大型太阳能热发电站组成的太阳能热发电厂有可能承担电力系统基础负荷。目前,全球太阳能热发电产业正在兴起,装机容量逐年增加,然而,我国在太阳能热发电关键技术研究上明显落后于先进国家,太阳能热发电产业发展速度明显滞后;另外,我国也没有发布明确的太阳能热发电产业激励政策,这直接导致了一批项目迟迟不能落地。     

Modeling the life cycle energy and environmental performance of amorphous silicon BIPV roofing in the US

Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) perform traditional architectural functions of walls and roofs while also generating electricity. The displacement of utility generated electricity and conventional building materials can conserve fossil fuels and have environmental benefits. A life cycle inventory model is presented that characterizes the energy and environmental performance of BIPV systems relative to the conventional grid and displaced building materials. The model is applied to an amorphous silicon PV roofing shingle in different regions across the US. The electricity production efficiency (electricity output/total primary energy input excluding insolation) for a reference BIPV system (2kW_p PV shingle system with a 6% conversion efficiency and 20 year life) ranged from 3.6 in Portland OR to 5.9 in Phoenix, AZ indicating a significant return on energy investment. The reference system had the greatest air pollution prevention benefits in cities with conventional electricity generation mixes dominated by coal and natural gas, not necessarily in cities where the insolation and displaced conventional electricity were greatest.     

Modeling, design and thermal performance of a BIPV/T system thermally coupled with a ventilated concrete slab in a low energy solar house: Part 1, BIPV/T system and house energy concept

This paper is the first of two papers that describe the modeling, design, and performance assessment based on monitored data of a building-integrated photovoltaic-thermal (BIPV/T) system thermally coupled with a ventilated concrete slab (VCS) in a prefabricated, two-storey detached, low energy solar house. This house, with a design goal of near net-zero annual energy consumption, was constructed in 2007 in Eastman, Québec, Canada - a cold climate area. Several novel solar technologies are integrated into the house and with passive solar design to reach this goal. An air-based open-loop BIPV/T system produces electricity and collects heat simultaneously. Building-integrated thermal mass is utilized both in passive and active forms. Distributed thermal mass in the direct gain area and relatively large south facing triple-glazed windows (about 9% of floor area) are employed to collect and store passive solar gains. An active thermal energy storage system (TES) stores part of the collected thermal energy from the BIPV/T system, thus reducing the energy consumption of the house ground source heat pump heating system. This paper focuses on the BIPV/T system and the integrated energy concept of the house. Monitored data indicate that the BIPV/T system has a typical efficiency of about 20% for thermal energy collection, and the annual space heating energy consumption of the house is about 5% of the national average. A thermal model of the BIPV/T system suitable for preliminary design and control of the airflow is developed and verified with monitored data.     

太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化（BIPV/T）研究新进展

针对当前太阳能建筑一体化应用中存在的问题,提出太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化（BIPV/T）综合利用研究的新概念、新方法和新功能,不仅能提高太阳能建筑一体化的综合利用效率、降低应用成本,且使得太阳能功能更多、全年利用率更高。该文介绍了中国科学技术大学近年来的相关研究,包括与建筑相结合的光伏/热水系统、碲化镉光伏通风窗系统、光伏/空气/热水复合被动墙体系统、光伏光热-热催化/洁净多功能复合墙体系统的原理、功能及效率,拓展了太阳能建筑一体化研究和应用的新途径,为实现太阳能建筑大规模应用以及创造健康舒适的室内环境提供新的方法。     

Pilot study on building-integrated PV: Technical assessment and economic analysis

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is an innovative green solution that incorporated energy generation into the building façade with modification on the building material or architectural structure. It is a clean and reliable solution that conserves the aesthetical value of the architecture and has the potential to enhance the building's energy efficiency. Malaysia's tropical location has a high solar energy potential to be exploited, and BIPV is a very innovative aspect of technology to employ the available energy. Heriot-Watt University Malaysia (HWUM) has a unique roof design that could be utilized as an application of the BIPV system to generate electricity, reducing the carbon footprint of the facility. Eight BIPV systems of different PV technologies and module types and with capacities of 411.8 to 1085.6 kW were proposed for the building. The environmental plugin software has been integrated with a building geometry modelling tool to visualize and estimate the energy potential from the roof surface in a 3D modelling software. Additionally, detailed system simulations are conducted using PVSyst software, where results and performance parameters are analysed. The roof surface is shown to provide great energy potential and studied scenarios generated between 548 and 1451 MWh yearly with PR range from 78% to 85%. C-Si scenarios offer the best economical profitability with payback period of 4.4 to 6.3 years. The recommended scenario has a size of 1085.5 kW and utilizes thin-film CdTe PV modules. The system generates 1415 MWh annually with a performance ratio of 84.9%, which saves 62.8% of the electricity bill and has an estimated cost of 901 000 USD. Installation of the proposed system should preserve the aesthetical value of the building's roof, satisfy BIPV rules, and most importantly, conserves energy, making the building greener.     

Practical application of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system using transparent amorphous silicon thin-film PV module

An analysis has been carried out on the first practical application in Korea of the design and installation of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules on the windows covering the front side of a building by using transparent thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells. This analysis was performed through long-term monitoring of performance for 2 years. Electrical energy generation per unit power output was estimated through the 2 year monitoring of an actual BIPV system, which were 48.4 kWh/kWp/month and 580.5 kWh/kWp/year, respectively, while the measured energy generation data in this study were almost half of that reported from the existing data which were derived by general amorphous thin-film solar cell application. The reason is that the azimuth of the tested BIPV system in this study was inclined to 50° in the southwest and moreover, the self-shade caused by the projected building mass resulted in the further reduction of energy generation efficiency. From simulating influencing factors such as azimuth and shading, the measured energy generation efficiency in the tested condition can be improved up to 47% by changing the building location in terms of azimuth and shading, thus allowing better solar radiation for the PV module. Thus, from the real application of the BIPV system, the installation of a PV module associated with azimuth and shading can be said to be the essentially influencing factors on PV performance, and both factors can be useful design parameters in order to optimize a PV system for an architectural BIPV application.     

光伏建筑一体化（BIPV）并网电站的应用与发展

与建筑相结合的光伏并网电站是未来太阳能发展的重要方向之一,现在介绍国内外光伏建筑的现状以及未来的发展趋势,并对光伏建筑一体化的设计原则,光伏与建筑相结合的具体形式进行了阐述。     

Performance and economic evaluation of the first grid-connected installation in Colombia,over 4 years of continuous operation

In January 2004, the Photovoltaic System Laboratory of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia installed the first grid-connected system in the country. A sophisticated monitoring system was implemented for measuring and analysing the performance and power quality of the building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system. The meteorological and solar radiation data at the site of installation were also analysed for correlation with system performance. On the basis of 4-year monitoring results, the performance of the BIPV system was analysed from a component perspective (photovoltaic array and power conditioning unit) and global perspective (system efficiency, electrical energy, power quality, etc.). Energy analysis and economic evaluation revealed that, to get a trade-off between energy and economic viability, the BIPV system installations must be heavily subsidized.     

Modeling, design and thermal performance of a BIPV/T system thermally coupled with a ventilated concrete slab in a low energy solar house: Part 2, ventilated concrete slab

This paper is the second of two papers that describe the modeling and design of a building-integrated photovoltaic-thermal (BIPV/T) system thermally coupled with a ventilated concrete slab (VCS) adopted in a prefabricated, two-storey detached, low energy solar house and their performance assessment based on monitored data. The VCS concept is based on an integrated thermal-structural design with active storage of solar thermal energy while serving as a structural component - the basement floor slab (∼33 m²). This paper describes the numerical modeling, design, and thermal performance assessment of the VCS. The thermal performance of the VCS during the commissioning of the unoccupied house is presented. Analysis of the monitored data shows that the VCS can store 9-12 kWh of heat from the total thermal energy collected by the BIPV/T system, on a typical clear sunny day with an outdoor temperature of about 0 °C. It can also accumulate thermal energy during a series of clear sunny days without overheating the slab surface or the living space. This research shows that coupling the VCS with the BIPV/T system is a viable method to enhance the utilization of collected solar thermal energy. A method is presented for creating a simplified three-dimensional, control volume finite difference, explicit thermal model of the VCS. The model is created and validated using monitored data. The modeling method is suitable for detailed parametric study of the thermal behavior of the VCS without excessive computational effort.