Sliding wear characteristics of solid lubricant coating on titanium alloy surface modified by laser texturing and ternary hard coatings

Titanium alloys are poor in wear resistance and it is not suitable under sliding conditions even with lubrication because of its severe adhesive wear tendency. The surface modifications through texturing and surface coating were used to enhance the surface properties of the titanium alloy substrate. Hard and wear resistant coatings such as TiAlN and AlCrN were applied over textured titanium alloy surfaces with chromium as interlayer. To improve the friction and wear resisting performance of hard coatings further, solid lubricant, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), was deposited on dimples made over hard coatings. Unidirectional sliding wear tests were performed with pin on disc contact geometry, to evaluate the tribological performance of coated substrates. The tests were performed under three different normal loads for a period of 40 min at sliding velocity of 2 m/s. The tribological behaviours of multi-layer coatings such as coating structure, friction coefficient and specific wear rate were investigated and analyzed. The lower friction coefficient of approximately 0.1 was found at the early sliding stage, which reduces the material transfer and increases the wear life. Although, the friction coefficient increased to high values after MoS₂ coating was partially removed, substrate was still protected against wear by underlying hard composite layer.     

激光熔覆NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层 结构及空间摩擦学性能

目的 提高钛及钛合金的空间摩擦学性能,拓展钛及钛合金在空间技术领域的应用范围。方法 用激光熔覆技术在纯钛基材表面制备了NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层。用X-射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和高分辨透射电镜分析涂层的物相组成、显微组织结构和晶体结构。用空间摩擦学实验系统对NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照三种模拟空间环境以及大气环境下的摩擦学性能进行系统的研究。采用扫描电镜和能量色散光谱仪对摩擦测试后NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层的磨痕形貌和对偶不锈钢钢球的磨痕形貌及元素面分布进行分析。深入探讨NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层在三种模拟空间环境及大气环境下的磨损机理。结果 在纯钛基材表面通过激光熔覆制备的NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层主要物相组成为NiTi、Ni3Ti、Cr2Ni3、Cr3Si、TiB2、Cr-Ni-Ti-Fe、Ag相,显微结构主要为等轴晶和枝状晶组织。复合涂层具有较高的显微硬度,涂层截面平均显微硬度约为830HV0.2,约是钛基材硬度的4.4倍。复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照模拟空间环境下的摩擦系数和磨损率均小于大气环境下的值。在三种模拟空间环境下,相对于纯钛基材,复合涂层的磨损率约小2个数量级。复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照模拟空间环境下的磨损机理为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,在大气环境下的磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损。结论 NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层可以显著提高纯钛基材在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照三种模拟空间环境以及大气环境下的摩擦学性能。     

Fabrication and Characterisation of Rutile-TiO_2 Coatings on Metallic Alloy Substrates

RUTILE-TJO2is a versatile material possessing manyinteresting physical,chemical,optical and dielectricproperties[l].It is also a good tribological material thatcan offer low friction and low wear rate[2,3].However,the application of rutile in the tribological field hasbeen limited to titanium alloys only so far,for example,by thermal oxidation of titanium alloys[4,5].Very fewinvestigations have been directed to the tribologicalapplications of rutile films on substrates other thantitanium al…     

Tribological properties of titanium aluminides coatings produced on pure Ti by laser surface alloying

Titanium aluminides coatings were in-situ synthesized on a pure Ti substrate with a preplaced Al powder layer by laser surface alloying. The friction and wear properties of the titanium aluminides coatings at different normal loads and sliding speeds were investigated. It was found that the hardness of the titanium aluminides coatings was in the following order: Ti₃Al coating > TiAl coating > TiAl₃ coating. Friction and wear tests revealed that, at a given sliding speed of 0.10 m/s, the wear volume of pure Ti and the titanium aluminum coatings all increased with increasing normal load. At a given normal load of 2 N, for pure Ti, its wear volume increased with increasing sliding speed; for the titanium aluminides coatings, the wear volume of Ti₃Al coating and TiAl coating first increased and then decreased, while the wear volume of TiAl₃ coating first decreased and then increased with increasing sliding speed. In addition, the friction coefficients of pure Ti and the titanium aluminides coating decreased drastically with increasing sliding speed. Under the same dry sliding test conditions, the wear resistance of the titanium aluminium coatings was in the following order: Ti₃Al coating > TiAl coating > TiAl₃ coating.     

Tribological behaviour of plasma sprayed diamond reinforced molybdenum coatings

Thermally sprayed molybdenum coatings have widespread applications in automotive, aerospace, paper and plastics processing industries owing to their high scuffing resistance and wear resistance under sliding contact conditions as well as their high-temperature strength. However, plasma-sprayed molybdenum coatings are reported to be soft and need reinforcing agents to improve their coating performance. The present work envisages the tribological performances of a 10 and 20 wt% diamond reinforced plasma sprayed molybdenum coating fabricated using a ball-milled powder. Some important mechanical properties like hardness and elastic modulus of the coating surface were evaluated. A maximum increase of ~20% and ~32% in hardness and elastic modulus was observed upon addition of diamond reinforcements up to 20 wt%. Tribological performance of these coatings was evaluated in sliding mode using ball-on-disc configuration under 1 ̶ 3 kg normal load range and a sliding speed range of 50 ̶ 150 mm/s. Microstructural features of the coating were identified and correlated to the tribo-performance of the coatings. A pure molybdenum coating was used for benchmarking purpose. The diamond reinforced coatings demonstrated an improved wear characteristic. An improvement in wear resistance by up to 2.7 times and 8 times were observed in the case of 10 and 20 wt% diamond reinforced coatings, respectively. Wear in these coatings is attributed to localized plastic deformation.     

TC4钛合金表面沉积CrAlSiN涂层的组织与性能

为了提高TC4钛合金表面硬度和耐磨性能,通过等离子渗氮技术和多弧离子镀技术相结合的方法对TC4钛合金进行表面改性处理。通过扫描电镜、维氏显微硬度计、三维轮廓仪、高速往复摩擦磨损试验仪和电化学工作站,对比研究了TC4钛合金、渗氮层和CrAlSiN涂层的显微组织、硬度、耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,经渗氮处理后,TC4合金表面渗氮层硬度提高了约2倍,在此基础上制备的CrAlSiN涂层的平均硬度高达3222 HV0.025,涂层表面存在少许大颗粒和凹坑;CrAlSiN涂层平均摩擦因数为0.22,磨损机理主要为粘着磨损,对磨副的材料粘着到涂层表面,而涂层几乎无磨损,耐磨性能显著提高。CrAlSiN涂层的自腐蚀电位为-0.542 V,比TC4钛合金基体的自腐蚀电位-0.747 V正移了0.205 V,表明在渗氮层基础上沉积CrAlSiN涂层显著提高了合金的耐电化学腐蚀性能。     

Effects of thickness and cycle parameters on fretting wear behavior of CVD diamond coatings on steel substrates

Diamond films have been grown on carbon steel substrates by hot filament chemical vapour deposition (CVD) methods. A Co-containing tungsten-carbide coating prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying was used as an intermediate layer on the steel substrates to minimize the early formation of graphite (and thus growth of low quality diamond films) and to enhance the diamond film adhesion. The effects of thickness and cycle parameters on adhesion, tribological behaviour and electrochemical treatment of the diamond film were investigated. The diamond films exhibit excellent adhesion under Rockwell indentation testing (1500 N load) and in high-speed, high-load, long-time reciprocating dry sliding ball-on-flat wear tests against a Si₃N₄ counterface in ambient air (500 rpm, 200 N, 300000 cycles). Time modulated CVD (wherein the CH₄ fraction in the process gas mixture is cycled in time) is shown to yield diamond films offering an exceptional combination of low friction, high hardness, high wear resistance, as well as promising corrosion resistance.     

Improvement of erosion resistance of titanium with different surface treatments

To improve the erosion resistance of titanium, several surface treatment methods were applied: (1) duplex treatment with carbon nitride film deposited on a plasma-nitrided layer, (2) diamond coating, and (3) laser alloying. Duplex treatment could improve the erosion resistance of titanium under a low impact velocity of erosion particles. However, under a high velocity of erosion particles, because of the shallow depth of the plasma-nitrided layer and low load-bearing capacity of carbon nitride layer on the plasma-nitrided specimen, the improvement of erosion resistance was not significant. Diamond coatings with a thickness of 15 μm made no significant improvement on the erosion resistance of the titanium substrate. The large-area spallation of diamond coating during erosion was observed, probably due to the high residual stresses, poor load-bearing capacity, and brittle nature of diamond coatings. Compared with untreated Ti substrate, the erosion resistance of the laser-alloyed (nitrided) specimen was improved significantly. The erosion mechanisms for laser-nitrided titanium were characterized by chipping, brittle fracture, and formation of large flakes in the laser-nitrided layers.     

Tribological properties of 2024 aluminum alloy plasma-based ion implanted with nitrogen then titanium

1　INTRODUCTIONOwingtolowdensityandhighspecificstrength ,aluminumanditsalloysareextensivelyusedinmanyfields ,especiallyinaviationandspaceindustry .Butlowhardnessandlowwearresistanceoftenlimittheirengineeringapplications .Surfacemodificationforalu minumanditsalloysbyionimplantationoffersthepossibilityofwideningtheirapplicationswherehighwearresistanceandlowdensityarerequired[15] .Sincenitrogenionisconvenienttoobtainandeasytocontrol,andAlNhasexcellentmechanicalproperties ,nitrogenionimplant…     

激光表面织构形状参数对钛合金摩擦学性能的影响

针对钛合金耐磨性差的问题,利用激光技术在TC4钛合金样品表面刻蚀出具有不同形状、间距和宽度(直径)的织构,基于CSM球盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究织构形状参数对钛合金在油润滑条件下摩擦学性能的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察钛合金表面织构的微观形貌及磨痕形貌,利用白光干涉仪测试表面织构和磨痕的三维轮廓并通过计算得到磨损率。结果表明,网格型织构的摩擦因数比沟槽型和点阵型织构更小并且更稳定。织构的间距和宽度(直径)等形状参数显著影响钛合金的磨损性能。原始表面抛光钛合金样品磨损率高于表面织构处理后样品,原始钛合金样品的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,而由于表面织构能起到收集磨屑,储存润滑油的作用,从而显著提升了钛合金的耐磨性。     

Effects of TaN nanoparticles on microstructure,mechanical properties and tribological performance of PEEK coating prepared by electrophoretic deposition

In order to solve the friction, wear and lubrication problems of titanium, a series of TaN/ployether- ether-ketone (PEEK) coatings were developed by electrophoretic deposition, and the effects of TaN nanoparticles on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological performance of coatings were explored. Results manifest that the introduction of TaN nanoparticles into PEEK coatings could improve the deposition efficiency, enhance the resistant deform capacity, increase the hardness, elastic modulus and adhesive bonding strength. Compared with the pure PEEK coating, the friction coefficient of P-TN-3 was greatly reduced by 31.25%. The wear resistance of P-TN-3 was also improved in huge boost, and its specific wear rate was decreased from 9.42×10^-5 to 1.62×10^-5 mm³·N^-1·m^-1. The homogeneous composite TaN/PEEK coatings prepared by electrophoretic deposition were well-adhered to the titanium alloy substrate, TaN nanoparticles could improve the strength of PEEK coating, and provide wear-resistance protection for titanium alloys.     

钛合金叶尖保护涂层的制备与表征

通过对TC4钛合金基体进行表面活化处理,并采用复合电镀技术,在钛合金基体上制备了结合力良好的Ni-c BN复合镀层。研制的复合镀层能够减少航空发动机钛合金叶片叶尖的摩擦磨损、杜绝"钛火"事故。进行了镀层的高温摩擦磨损试验以及与镍基封严涂层的磨削试验,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对涂层性能进行表征。结果表明:采用的钛合金基体表面活化处理技术,可保证复合镀层具有良好的结合力;同时,研制的Ni-c BN复合镀层对封严涂层具有良好的磨削能力和较低的摩擦系数,可以有效保护钛合金叶尖。     

初始表面粗糙度对沟槽织构摩擦性能的影响

目的探究初始表面粗糙度大小对激光沟槽织构化表面摩擦性能的影响规律。方法采用脉冲光纤激光器在不同粗糙度的45#钢试样表面制备具有不同深度、规则排列的沟槽织构,利用摩擦磨损试验机进行销-盘式往复摩擦试验,研究初始表面粗糙度对沟槽织构化表面摩擦系数的影响规律,以及不同初始表面粗糙度条件下,激光沟槽织构化表面的摩擦学行为。结果沟槽织构能够有效降低表面的摩擦系数,初始表面粗糙度、载荷和速度的大小对沟槽织构的润滑减摩性能有较大影响。在较低的载荷下,沟槽织构能有效提高表面的流体动压润滑效应;在较高的载荷下,沟槽织构能够有效改善表面的边界润滑性能。存在最优初始表面粗糙度,使得摩擦系数达到最小,初始表面粗糙度最优值的大小应根据载荷和速度大小来确定。结论根据摩擦副表面的载荷和速度工况条件,合理优化初始表面粗糙度能使沟槽织构获得较为理想的润滑减摩效果。     

Investigation of processing parameters for pulsed closed-field unbalanced magnetron co-sputtered TiC-C thin films

Titanium carbide is a well-established wear resistant coating due to its excellent tribological properties including high hardness and elastic modulus, good wear resistance, low coefficient of friction against steel, and high temperature stability. Recent advances in sputtering technology have resulted in improvements in the properties and performance of wear resistant coatings. Closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering and pulsed magnetron sputtering have greatly improved the structure and properties of titanium carbide films by increasing ion bombardment at the substrate. The goal of this research was to investigate how processing ties into the structure-property-performance relationship for these types of films. An electrostatic quadrupole plasma analyzer was used to measure the energy of ions at the substrate position. Energy ranges from 0.5 to 280 eV were observed under different pulsing conditions. Excessively high ion energy during deposition was found to erode the tribological performance of films.     

Hard and wear-resistant titanium nitride coatings for cemented carbide cutting tools by pulsed high energy density plasma

Hard and wear-resistant titanium nitride coatings were deposited by pulsed high energy density plasma technique on cemented carbide cutting tools at ambient temperature. The coating thickness was measured by an optical profiler and surface Auger microprobe. The elemental and phase compositions and distribution of the coatings were determined by Auger microprobe, x-photon electron spectroscope, and X-ray diffractometer. The microstructures of the coatings were observed by scanning electron microscope and the roughness of the sample surface was measured by an optical profiler. The mechanical properties of the coatings were determined by nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests. The tribological properties were evaluated by the cutting performances of the coated tools applied in turning hardened CrWMn steel under industrial conditions. The structural and mechanical properties of the coatings were found to depend strongly on deposition conditions. Under optimized deposition conditions, the adhesive strength of TiN film to the substrate was satisfactory with the highest critical load up to more than 90 mN. The TiN films possess very high values of nanohardness and Young’s modulus, which are near to 27 GPa and 450 GPa, respectively. The wear resistance and edge life of the cemented carbide tools were improved dramatically because of the deposition of titanium nitride coatings.     

TEM analysis and tribological properties of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) coatings on a magnesium engine AJ62 alloy

In order to reduce the fuel consumption and pollution, automotive companies are developing magnesium-intensive components. However, due to the low wear resistance of the magnesium (Mg) alloys, Mg cylinder bores are vulnerable to the sliding wear attack. In this paper, a Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) process was used to produce oxide coatings on a Mg alloy AJ62 (MgAl6Mn0.34Sr2), developed for Mg engine block, to battle against the wear attack. The surface morphology, coating thickness and tribological properties were tailored by adjusting the PEO process parameters. TEM analysis demonstrated that the PEO coatings had a nanocrystalline structure in the inner dense layer next to the substrate. The PEO coatings exhibited a much better wear resistance and a smaller friction coefficient than the uncoated AJ62 substrate. The tribological performance of the PEO-coated Mg alloy was even better than that of a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy currently used for engine applications under a high contact load.     

Effective solution for the tribological problems of Ti-6Al-4V: Combination of laser surface texturing and solid lubricant film

Titanium alloys are characterized by poor tribological properties, and the traditional use of titanium alloys has been restricted to nontribological applications. Surface texturing has been recognized as an effective means of surface engineering to improve tribological properties of sliding surfaces. In this study, the patterns of micro-dimple with different dimples density were fabricated on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V by using laser. The effect of dimples density on the friction behavior of the titanium alloy was investigated under dry friction and coated MoS₂. The results showed that the textured surface with higher dimples density had lower friction coefficients only at low load and speed under dry friction. When combining the solid lubricant with dimples, some textured samples showed excellent tribological performance for all applied loads. The optimum surface pattern was found, and the mechanisms for friction reduction and anti-wear were discussed.     

激光熔覆NiCr涂层的结构及摩擦学性能

利用激光熔覆技术在纯钛表面制备了NiCr涂层。用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了涂层的组成和组织结构。在UMT-2MT摩擦磨损试验机上对NiCr涂层在不同载荷和不同滑动速度下的摩擦磨损性能进行了测试。结果表明:NiCr涂层的主要组成物相为NiTi、Ni3Ti、Ni4Ti3、Cr2Ni3和Cr2Ti,涂层与基材冶金结合,涂层晶体结构主要为树枝状晶,涂层的平均显微硬度约为780HV0.2,涂层的摩擦因数随载荷和滑动速度的增加而减小;磨损率随载荷的增加而增加,随滑动速度的增加而减小。涂层的磨损率在10-6 mm3/Nm数量级,具有优异的耐磨性能。     

TiN-Coating Effects on Stainless Steel Tribological Behavior Under Dry and Lubricated Conditions

The tribological properties of magnetron sputtered titanium nitride coating on 316L steel, sliding against Si₃N₄ ceramic ball under dry friction and synthetic perspiration lubrication, were investigated. The morphology of the worn surface and the elemental composition of the wear debris were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. TiN coatings and 316L stainless steel had better tribological properties under synthetic perspiration lubrication than under dry friction. Among the three tested materials (316L, 1.6 and 2.4 μm TiN coatings), 2.4 μm TiN coating exhibits the best wear resistance. The difference in wear damage of the three materials is essentially due to the wear mechanisms. For the TiN coating, the damage is attributed to abrasive wear under synthetic perspiration lubrication and the complex interactive mechanisms, including abrasive and adhesive wear, along with plastic deformation, under dry friction.     

Oxidation,Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors of the Ni/cBN Abrasive Coating-Coated Titanium Alloys

In order to improve the oxidation and wear resistance of blades tip of titanium alloys as well as the sealing performance of the gas turbine engine,a Ni/cBN abrasive coating was prepared on titanium alloys through composite electroplating.Oxidation,mechanical and tribological properties of the abrasive coating were investigated.Furthermore,the effect of the oxidation on the mechanical and tribological properties was also evaluated.Oxidation results revealed that the abrasive coating underwent slight oxidation within 700 ℃.Meanwhile,some intermetallic compounds,Ni_3Ti,NiTi and NiTi_2,were formed at the coating/substrate interface during oxidation.Due to the pinning effect of cBN particles and the different thermal expansion coefficients of the coating and substrate,the coating/substrate interface was cracked after oxidation at 700℃.Tensile results showed that the presence of coating reduced the strength of the alloy significantly at room temperature,while only marginal variations of the strength of the coated and uncoated specimens at elevated temperatures.Besides,the wear tests indicated that the coating had the excellent cutting ability and wear resistance,which can effectively protect the blades tip of titanium alloys.As the temperature increased,the wear resistance decreased due to the decrease in the mechanical properties of the Ni/cBN coating.