川西高原东坡地形对流暴雨的研究

利用地面常规雨量站和探空资料以及NCEP 1°(纬度)×1 °(经度)再分析资料,对2004～2010年川西高原东坡地形过渡带的12次暴雨过程进行了分析,研究了高原东坡地形对流暴雨发生发展过程中的天气背景和环境场特征,并对高原东坡地形在对流暴雨形成中的作用进行了初步诊断,在此基础上利用WRF中尺度数值模式和地形上游探空12次暴雨过程的平均垂直廓线在模式真实地形下开展理想数值试验,验证了观测诊断分析的推断.结果发现:高原低值系统移入盆地是地形对流暴雨发生发展的天气背景条件.随着高原低值系统移入盆地上空,盆地低层气流从西南(偏南)气流逐渐发展成东南(偏东)气流,它的出现是地形对流暴雨形成的重要原因.地形对流暴雨发生发展过程中,盆地大气柱含有充足的水汽,存在明显的对流有效位能(CAPE).CAPE存在着明显的日变化,它在14:00(北京时间,下同)至20:00的峰值位相有利于地形对流暴雨的形成和发展.低层东南(偏东)气流的地形费劳德数略小于1,气流遇到高原东坡地形后爬坡和阻滞绕流同时存在,它在地形缓冲带的爬升和向南绕流形成的气旋性切变皆有利于对流暴雨的启动和发展.最后归纳总结了川西高原东坡地形过渡带对流暴雨形成的物理概念模型.     

低层偏东气流对贵州梵净山东侧强降水的作用

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、雷达探测资料与NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等,对低层偏东气流影响下贵州铜仁梵净山东侧4次强降水天气过程进行了分析,重点探讨了在低层偏东气流与地形共同作用下的强降水形成机制,并归纳低层偏东气流影响下的梵净山东侧强降水概念模型。结果表明:(1)高空槽、低层切变线、地面中尺度辐合线是影响梵净山东侧强降水的主要天气系统;(2)低层浅薄偏东气流对梵净山东侧强降水起着关键作用,当低空气流u分量随高度减小时,地形迎风坡气流辐合上升,而气流v分量随高度增加时,地形迎风坡会产生与山脉垂直的水平涡管,在地形抬升作用下涡管向上凸起形成两个涡管环流圈,涡度垂直分量使山脚附近上升气流加强而有利于山脚产生强降水;(3)梵净山东侧强降水区的形成存在三种机制,即迎风坡山脚多次触发对流形成雨量叠加效应、地面中尺度辐合线自身触发组织对流、回波沿地面中尺度辐合线东移形成“列车效应”,三种机制产生的降水带与地面中尺度辐合线走向一致。     

高原涡诱生西南涡特大暴雨成因的个例研究

利用多途径探测与再分析资料,通过诊断分析、数值模拟和敏感性试验,对2008年7月20～21日一次高原涡东移诱生西南涡并引发川中特大暴雨的天气过程进行了初步分析,探讨了西南涡特大暴雨发生的中尺度环境场特征,特殊地形和非绝热物理过程在高原涡东移诱生西南涡特大暴雨中的作用。结果表明,高原涡形成后沿高原东北侧下滑,在四川盆地诱生出西南涡,川中特大暴雨在西南涡形成过程中由强中尺度对流系统(MCSs)的活动造成。高原涡东移诱生的低层偏东气流在川西高原东侧地形的动力强迫抬升作用下,释放对流有效位能激发出MCSs产生强降水,降水凝结潜热加热反馈驱动西南涡快速发展。地形的动力作用仅能形成浅薄的西南涡,降水凝结潜热的加入才能使西南涡充分发展。高原涡的发展主要受地面热通量影响,它的发展与否在很大程度上决定西南涡能否形成。盆地周边高大山脉对西南涡的位置分别有不同程度的影响,而盆地周边高大山脉上叠加的中小尺度地形对西南涡和暴雨带的整体位置影响不大,在一定程度上影响暴雨的落区。     

三峡谷地三类突发性中尺度暴雨概念模型研究

利用2003—2013年湖北省三峡谷地加密自动站资料、常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR逐6 h再分析资料,对三峡谷地突发性中尺度暴雨过程进行分型,并从环流背景及天气系统、环境场、地形影响等方面分别进行分析阐述,确立有预报意义的概念模型。结果如下:2003—2013年间,三峡谷地突发性中尺度暴雨过程分为西南低涡前冷暖切变结合型、东北冷槽尾部南北气流汇合型和副高内部边界层辐合型三类。其中,西南低涡前冷暖切变结合型,以天气尺度强迫为主,低层冷暖切变结合区对中尺度暴雨预报指示意义强,地面上以北风气流为主,峡谷入口处南侧迎风坡抬升作用强,峡谷附近温度场呈Ω型,中尺度对流系统(MCS)形成后多沿峡谷向东移动;东北冷槽尾部南北气流汇合型,天气尺度系统明显,低层冷切变尾部辐合区对中尺度暴雨预报指示意义强,地面上南、北两支气流并存,在峡谷入口处交汇进入峡谷,MCS形成后多由北向南移动;副高内部边界层辐合型,以边界层辐合和地形强迫抬升为主,边界层弱切变对预报指示意义强,地面上以偏南气流为主,进入峡谷后受地形阻挡作用,形成逆时针旋转的中尺度辐合中心,配合峡谷入口北侧迎风坡地形抬升作用,动力强迫达到最强,MCS形成后多由南向北移。在上述分析基础上,建立了三峡谷地三类中尺度暴雨概念模型。     

夏季青藏高原对它附近流场影响的数值试验

本文利用简单的两层模式和椭园体地形,以纬向气流及常定热源为初始场,进行了青藏高原对它附近环流系统的热力和动力影响的各种数值试验,得到以下一些初步的定性结论: 1.夏季高原上500mb切变线的形成发展主要决定于它的动力影响,但它的热力影响也起到了加强作用。西南低涡的生成在一定条件下完全决定于高原的动力影响,而高原的热力影响是不利于它生成的。孟加拉湾低压的存在也可能与高原的动力作用有关。 2.在青藏高原上空的西风风速较弱时,高原的加热作用对100mb青藏高压的形成与维持影响很大,此时高原南边的热源即使比高原的强很多倍,对这个高压形成的影响也不大。高原的动力作用对100mb青藏高压的生成维持是不利的。     

南宁市一次强雷暴天气过程分析

通过对2004年24、25日的高空天气图、区域地面图和25日降雨当天几个时次的雷达回波图以及降雨前后的物理量场和单站要素等图表的分析发现,在当天白天的8h之内,西北气流、西南气流和副高边缘的东南气流三支气流在南宁市附近相会是促发强雷暴天气过程的动力条件,南宁站高能高湿的不稳定大气层结为中尺度对流强烈发展提供了有利条件.另外,南宁市的地形,对南宁市的降雨量有重要影响.     

长江中游复杂地形和盛夏局地大暴雨

本文利用武汉WSR-81S数字化天气雷达资料和其它中尺度气象资料分析了1987年8月18日相继发生在长江中游复杂地形区域的两场短历时局地特大暴雨的中尺度演变过程。在没有明显的次天气尺度上升运动直接启动和组织的情况下,两场局地大暴雨暴发的时间和地点都取决于边界层中尺度风场强辐合的出现。复杂地形对边界层气流的热力和机械的综合作用,在一定的大尺度气流背景下,形成有规律的中尺度近地面风场系统。它表现得相对定常并有一定的日变化,当来自临近地区的中尺度对流系统移近时,对流降水中产生的中尺度气流(例如飑锋)参加到由地形影响形成的中尺度边界层流场系统中,便在某些特定地点构成强的辐合。在这类辐合区中心的偏北一侧发展起强大而移动缓慢的复合单体或超级单体,带来局地大暴雨。山谷风环流、平原-山脉环流对盛夏局地暴雨的影响应受到重视。     

豫西南一次局地大暴雨中尺度对流系统的结构特征分析

利用FY静止卫星资料、多普勒雷达监测及四维变分(4DVAR)反演产品、区域自动站和常规观测资料、NCEP分析资料,对2011年8月16日淮河上游副热带高压(简称副高)边缘MCS的结构、演变规律及形成原因进行研究。结果表明:卫星监测的中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale convective system,简称MCS)形成于副高边缘切变线附近,扩散南下冷空气触发高对流不稳定能量释放是系统形成发展的主要机制。对流系统的发展演变可分为四个时期:对流系统初生期、β中尺度对流系统(简称MβCS)合并发展期、圆形α中尺度对流系统(简称MαCS)旺盛期和减弱衰亡期,前三个阶段是产生强降水的主要时期。卫星监测的MCS初生期在雷达上表现为单体和多单体风暴,后三个时期则多表现为β和α中尺度对流系统,成熟期在雷达上表现为带状对系统。对流系统在低层辐合线附近发展,辐合区合并造成对流系统合并,进而造成MCS爆发性发展和降水强度的增加,边界层气旋式旋转气流使冷云罩具有圆形特征。对流系统的垂直辐合辐散层及正负涡度层均呈交替分布特征,高层辐散和垂直上升运动相对弱。低层辐合区的宽度与系统的水平尺度有关。地面冷暖气流交汇及地形辐合线具有重要的对流触发作用,地面气流汇合和豫西中尺度地形对降水落区和中心强度均有影响。     

2010年8月8日舟曲特大泥石流暴雨天气过程成因分析

利用地面加密雨量站、常规探空资料、卫星云图黑体辐射亮温(TBB)资料以及每6 h一次的1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,使用天气学诊断方法,初步剖析了2010年8月7—8日引发舟曲特大泥石流暴雨天气过程的降水特征、天气背景、对流暴雨中尺度系统演变特征及其成因。结果表明:引发舟曲特大泥石流暴雨的是一具有长生命史的移动性中尺度对流系统;暴雨前期的水汽积累与热带低压"电母"外围的偏东偏南气流将西太平洋的水汽远距离地输送到舟曲及其以北地区密切相关;热带低压外围向西北方向传播的东风波扰动和大陆高压北侧东移南压的西风带短波槽共同作用导致前期控制我国长江以北大部地区的副热带高压带断裂,为舟曲暴雨发生提供了必要的动力条件;高原地形对北方冷空气阻挡绕流迫使其与西进北上的暖湿气流交汇在甘南地区形成辐合、东风气流下高原东坡动力强迫抬升以及高原东坡热力作用在舟曲强降水形成过程中也可能起到重要作用。     

高原东部一次大暴雨过程成因分析

利用常规高空、地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及FY-2C卫星云图资料,对2005年7月1日晚到2日发生在甘肃东南部的区域性暴雨、大暴雨和陕西关中东部的局地性暴雨、大暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明:这次暴雨、大暴雨过程发生在深厚的上升气流中,有明显的水汽辐合和输送,地面冷空气的堆积触发了低空急流左前方中尺度天气系统的爆发,关中东部喇叭口地形对气流的狭管效应和地形爬升作用增大华山附近的雨强。深厚的上升气流和有利的散度场分布有利于正涡度增长和中小尺度天气系统的形成和发展,为强降水形成提供了有利的动力条件。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

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AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.