基因工程和转基因食品的安全性问题

基因工程通过DNA重组技术，能够获得有特殊生物遗传性状和功能的遗传工程生物体（GMO）。基因工程技术应用于农业、食品工业，产生了转基因食品。但是这种人为改变生物体遗传特性的生物技术是否能安全地被利用，从而更好地造福人类呢？本文介绍了基因工程和转基因食品的发展和现状，总结了转基因食品带来的食品本身、生态环境和国家经济方面的安全性问题，并对转基因食品安全性的评价和管理工作进行了综述。     

Risk assessment of biological hazards in the European Union

International, community and national food safety law and any subsequent decision-making practices aim to be based on risk analysis--a process consisting of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. With the appointment of the European Food Safety Authority as an independent scientific point of reference in risk assessment, there is a clear functional separation between risk assessment and risk management in the European Union food safety context. When a food safety question on microbiological hazards is to be answered--which is under the remit of the EFSA's Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)--extensive dialogue and interactions covering the clarity of the question, the acceptability of the deadline and the availability of all necessary information take place with both the risk managers who ask the question and the stakeholders. During the first mandate of the BIOHAZ Panel (2003-2006), the scientific opinions were mainly based on qualitative and in some cases semi-quantitative microbiological risk assessment. In the second mandate of the BIOHAZ Panel, and as a first step towards developing a European approach on Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA), EFSA is preparing to carry out a QMRA on Salmonella in pigs, at European level through a consortium of European institutes.     

Conclusions from a Swiss official control of the safety assessment for food contact polyolefins through the compliance documentation of the producers

Swiss control authorities checked the safety assessment of nine major producers of polyolefin granulates for making food contact materials. It was a pilot project to gain experience on the procedure of collecting and evaluating compliance documentation, but also to obtain insight into the quality of compliance work performed by the main plastic producers. It revealed that there are fundamental problems in performing such control. These are reported with proposals for improvement. For most products, the safety assessment made available did not correspond to the requirements, as confirmed by a group of internationally recognised experts, who were asked for their opinion on whether the safety of the migrates was assessed in accordance to ‘internationally accepted scientific methods on risk assessment’, as required by Art. 19 of Regulation (EU) 10/2011 and specified by EFSA.     

Food and feed chemical contaminants in the European Union: Regulatory,scientific, and technical issues concerning chemical contaminants occurrence,risk assessment,and risk management in the European Union

A priority of the European Union is the control of risks possibly associated with chemical contaminants in food and undesirable substances in feed. Following an initial chapter describing the main contaminants detected in food and undesirable substances in feed in the EU, their main sources and the factors which affect their occurrence, the present review focuses on the “continous call for data” procedure that is a very effective system in place at EFSA to make possible the exposure assessment of specific contaminants and undesirable substances. Risk assessment of contaminants in food atances in feed is carried currently in the European Union by the CONTAM Panel of EFSA according to well defined methodologies and in collaboration with competent international organizations and with Member States.     

农产品质量安全舆情风险综合指数研究

在调研当前食品农产品质量安全问题舆情风险评估研究现状基础上,面向我国农产品质量安全监管工作,从媒体关注度、网民关注度、内容敏感度和负面情绪聚集度4个角度提出了农产品质量安全舆情风险综合评估体系,并通过科学方法确立的指标体系的权重分布和不同指标数值的隶属度子集情况,推导得出一定时期内某一农产品质量安全问题事件的舆情风险综合指数公式。该指数的提出在国内具有首创性,对我国农产品质量安全舆情监管及相关研究工作具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

欧美食品用香料香精监管及安全评价体系研究

香料香精作为一种非常重要的食品添加剂,在食品行业中发挥着举足轻重的作用,但使用不当也会引起一定的食品安全隐患。目前国际上允许使用的食品用香料香精多达几千种,因此制定相关的法规标准进行监管及评价很有必要。美国及欧盟等相关国家和地区已经形成了较为完善的食品用香料香精的监管及安全评价体系,在国际香料监管及评估方面具有重要地位。重点介绍了欧美关于食品用香料香精的监管机构和组织:美国食品用香料香精主要由食品药品监督管理局(FDA)监管,但其将香料评价工作交由食品香料与萃取物制造者协会(FEMA)执行,FEMA主要工作是通过FEMA GRAS计划确保食品用香料的安全;欧盟食品用香料的监管工作主要由欧洲理事会(COE)和欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)负责,其中EFSA是制定食品安全法规的权威机构,主要公布欧盟许可的食品用香料名单。总结了欧美关于食品用香料香精安全性的评价方法,包括暴露量评估及毒理学评估方法。在美国,人均摄入量(PCI)×10法是最被认可的暴露量评估方法,每日最大摄入量(MSDI)法被EFSA认为是最适合一般使用的香料物质摄入量的评估方法。在毒理学评估方面,毒理学关注阈值(TTC)法是目前欧美基因毒性风险评估的主要方法。欧美对于香料香精的安全性评价体系具有高度相似性,可为我国食品用香料香精监管及评价体系的完善提供指导与借鉴。     

转基因食品中的天然毒素与抗营养素

近年来转基因食品在全球的发展非常迅速,但同时,其食用安全与否也成了摆在政府、科学界和消费者面前的首要问题。植物食品中存在许多种天然毒素和抗营养素,可降低食品的营养价值或对人体产生毒性作用。而转基因食品由于外源基因的插入,是否会影响食品中天然毒素和抗营养素的表达或含量的高低是一个值得关注的食用安全性问题,同时也是评价转基因食品与亲本食品“实质等同性”的一个关键指标。文章在介绍了食品中常见天然毒素和抗营养素的基础上,总结了国外文献中转基因植物食品(大豆、玉米、油菜、番茄、马铃薯)中天然毒素和抗营养素的检测结果,以期为今后的政策和研究提供依据。     

Safety of Novel Protein Sources (Insects,Microalgae, Seaweed,Duckweed, and Rapeseed) and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production

Novel protein sources (like insects, algae, duckweed, and rapeseed) are expected to enter the European feed and food market as replacers for animal‐derived proteins. However, food safety aspects of these novel protein sources are not well‐known. The aim of this article is to review the state of the art on the safety of major novel protein sources for feed and food production, in particular insects, algae (microalgae and seaweed), duckweed, and rapeseed. Potential hazards for these protein sources are described and EU legislative requirements as regard to food and feed safety are explained. Potential hazards may include a range of contaminants, like heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, as well as pathogens. Some safety aspects of novel protein sources are intrinsic to the product, but many potential hazards can also be due to production methods and processing conditions. These aspects should be considered in advance during product development. European law is unclear on several issues regarding the use of novel protein sources in food and feed products. For food product applications, the most important question for food producers is whether or not the product is considered a novel food. One of the major unclarities for feed applications is whether or not products with insects are considered animal‐derived products or not. Due to the unclarities in European law, it is not always clear which Regulation and maximum levels for contaminants apply. For market introduction, European legislation should be adjusted and clarified.     

中国出口欧盟食品安全形势研究:基于食品和饲料快速预警体系的实证分析

出口食品安全关乎中国产品质量的世界声誉,也是影响中国食品产业国际化的重要因素。以欧盟食品和饲料快速预警体系(rapid alert system for food and feed,RASFF)的数据库数据为基础,对2008—2012年5年间涉及中国食品安全问题的2 409起通报进行分析。研究发现:作为欧盟食品的重要供给国,中国食品占RASFF通报数量的比例也非常高,2008—2012年,中国食品在全部被通报数量的比例达到14.47%;从通报中国食品的国别看,意大利、德国和英国位列前3名;从被通报的食品类别看,食物接触材料、坚果及种子类和谷类、烘焙食品类位居前列;从食品风险因素看,有害物质迁移、霉菌毒素、重金属迁移等是中国出口欧盟食品安全的主要风险源。     

转基因食品的营养学评价研究进展

转基因食品给人类带来丰富的食品与巨大的经济效益,其安全与营养性问题引起人们广泛关注.对近十年来国内外转基因食品的营养学评价的概况及进展作一综述.     

Comprehensive European dietary exposure model (CEDEM) for food additives

European methods for assessing dietary exposures to nutrients, additives and other substances in food are limited by the availability of detailed food consumption data for all member states. A proposed comprehensive European dietary exposure model (CEDEM) applies summary data published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in a deterministic model based on an algorithm from the EFSA intake method for food additives. The proposed approach can predict estimates of food additive exposure provided in previous EFSA scientific opinions that were based on the full European food consumption database.     

转基因大豆加工过程DNA降解研究

转基因大豆及其加工品已进入我国市场,但其食用安全性仍存在争议。本文深入研究转基因大豆加工过程中内、外源DNA 的含量及降解程度,为其进入下游食物链的监控追溯提供有效的科学依据。     

Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in fish products: some general principles, mechanism of infection and the use of performance standards to control human exposure

Risk assessment is increasingly used as a scientific process to assess the potential for adverse health effects to occur and as a basis for management of unacceptable risks. For each risk assessment activity, the purpose of the assessment should be clearly stated. For Listeria monocytogenes, the purpose of risk assessment may be providing information on the relative contribution of listeriosis to infectious diseases. For control purposes, the emphasis may be put on factors contributing to the risk of occurrence in a food or to inform risk managers that they should be setting food safety objectives. For an adequate risk assessment of L. monocytogenes, sound scientific data are necessary. This especially applies both to exposure assessment and hazard characterisation. Surveillance data indicates that cold storage to prolongs product shelf-life has opened an ecological window for the growth of L. monocytogenes. Assessment of dose-response relationship is often regarded as a key element in risk characterisation. Due to the large variability of the current assessed dose-response data, their contribution to assessing risks is low. The use of epidemiological data on incidence rate, types of food involved in listeriosis, etc. may be good alternatives. The use of performance standards or criteria, such as inactivation by heat or by fermentation, combined with processes that prevent outgrowth of the organism should be reconsidered. Presently, performance standards can simply be assessed since mathematical tools for their calculations are becoming increasingly available.     

欧洲婴儿食品包装材料析出氨基脲风险交流案例分析

欧洲的食品加工企业发现婴儿食品包装材料(PVC)中析出了化学物质氨基脲(semicarbazide,SEM)。由于SEM具有致癌性,引起了社会广泛关注。在风险交流领域,欧盟食品安全局(EFSA)处理SEM事件是一个成功的实例。鉴于国内学术界对此尚未有系统性总结,本文对EFSA采取的风险交流策略进行详细分析,从3个方面总结经验,即(1)风险交流渠道;(2)维护信誉;(3)提供信息,以期为我国监管者应对食品包装配料析出有害有毒物质类似事件,开展风险交流工作提供参考依据。     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widely distributed plant toxins with species dependent hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, genotoxic and pneumotoxic risks. In a recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion, only two data sets from one European country were received for honey, while one feed data set was included. No data are available for food or feed samples from the Belgian market. We developed an LC-MS/MS method, which allowed the detection and quantification of 16 PAs in a broad range of matrices in the sub ng g^?1 range. The method was validated in milk, honey and hay and applied to honey, tea (Camellia sinensis), scented tea, herbal tea, milk and feed samples bought on the Belgian market. The results confirmed that tea, scented tea, herbal tea and honey are important food sources of pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination in Belgium. Furthermore, we detected PAs in 4 of 63 commercial milk samples. A high incidence rate of PAs in lucerne (alfalfa)-based horse feed and in rabbit feed was detected, while bird feed samples were less contaminated. We report for the first time the presence of monocrotaline, intermedine, lycopsamine, heliotrine and echimidine in cat food.     

Statistical method to assess usual dietary intakes in the European population

Food consumption data are a key element of EFSA’s risk assessment activities, forming the basis of dietary exposure assessment at the European level. In 2011, EFSA released the Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, gathering consumption data from 34 national surveys representing 66,492 individuals from 22 European Union member states. Due to the different methodologies used, national survey data cannot be combined to generate European estimates of dietary exposure. This study was executed to assess how existing consumption data and the representativeness of dietary exposure and risk estimates at the European Union level can be improved by developing a ‘Compiled European Food Consumption Database’. To create the database, the usual intake distributions of 589 food items representing the total diet were estimated for 36 clusters composed of subjects belonging to the same age class, gender and having a similar diet. An adapted form of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method was used for this, with a number of important modifications. Season, body weight and whether or not the food was consumed at the weekend were used to predict the probability of consumption. A gamma distribution was found to be more suitable for modelling the distribution of food amounts in the different food groups instead of a normal distribution. These distributions were combined with food correlation matrices according to the Iman–Conover method in order to simulate 28 days of consumption for 40,000 simulated individuals. The simulated data were validated by comparing the consumption statistics of the simulated individuals and food groups with the same statistics estimated from the Comprehensive Database. The opportunities and limitations of using the simulated database for exposure assessments are described.     

转基因食品(饲料)的安全性及其管理现状

随着越来越多的转基因作物被批准商业化生产 ,转基因作物的安全性引起了人们极大的关注。文中扼要介绍转基因作物及其副产品作为食品或饲料资源的现状、可能存在的安全性问题、安全性评价及各国政府对转基因食品或饲料的态度与管理。     

欧盟关于食品添加剂和食品制成品的使用、进口和营销法规

欧盟食品法规的主体由食品法律法规框架构成。此框架代码为：Regulstion 178/2002。该法律框架提供了以下几点：1、食品的定义；2、欧盟关于食品法律和食品贸易的原则和要求；3、欧洲食品安全机构（EFSA）的设立；4、快速警报系统和在食品安全危机时的危机管理和紧急应对机制。本文将对欧盟食品法规中的各种要求提供一个简要的概述。     

2018年欧盟食品饲料快速预警系统通报情况分析

欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统(rapid alert system for food and feed, RASFF), 作为欧盟食品安全监管的核心平台, 使得欧盟委员会及各成员国能够迅速发现食品安全风险并及时采取措施, 避免风险的进一步扩大, 从而有效地保证食品安全。本文根据2018年欧盟RASFF发布食品通报情况, 总结各国被通报产品种类、被通报国家/地区及通报风险种类情况, 并对重点产品进行风险分析, 分析问题产生的原因, 以期减少或避免类似情况发生, 确保输欧食品贸易的顺利进行, 并初步探讨适合我国出口食品安全监管的应对措施。     

General image and attribute perceptions of traditional food in six European countries

This paper studies the image of traditional food at pan-European and national levels in six countries: Belgium, France, Italy, Norway, Poland and Spain. A consumer survey about traditional food products (TFP) was conducted. The respondents (n = 4828) indicated their personal general opinion and feelings about TFP and characterised TFP according to 15 intrinsic and extrinsic product attributes. Traditional food is found to have a unanimously positive general image across Europe. The main patterns of product attribute perceptions are coherent in the six countries. The results show that European consumers trade-off the relative expensiveness and time-consuming preparation of traditional food for the specific taste, quality, appearance, nutritional value, healthiness and safety they find in TFP. Further, the general image of TFP relates to attributes typical of a festive consumption of traditional foods rather than a consumption of daily character. The implications of our findings for the future market of traditional food are discussed.