微合金化8630钢高温热压缩变形行为研究

在AISI8630钢基础上制备了一种微合金化8630钢。在变形温度为850～1200℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1、压缩量为60%条件下，使用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行单向热压缩试验。分析微合金化8630钢在不同条件下的应力应变曲线及组织变化，确立试验钢的热变形本构方程，并基于动态材料模型(DMM)模型建立热加工图。结果表明：在试验过程中，当材料变形程度一定时，流变应力随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小。通过修正拟合，材料热激活能为409.036 kJ/mol,预测理想变形条件温度为1 125～1 200℃,应变速率为0.01～0.1 s^-1。     

1Cr17Ni1双相不锈钢的热变形行为及其热加工图

 运用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究了1Cr17Ni1马氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢在变形温度为950～1 150 ℃、应变速率为0.1～10 s－1条件下的热压缩变形行为。运用双曲正弦函数构建了本构方程,得到了表观激活能为391.586 kJ/mol,并基于动态材料模型绘制了1Cr17Ni1钢不同应变量下的热加工图。观察变形后的组织形貌得到较低温度下发生动态回复与动态再结晶,较高温度只发生动态回复,综合热加工图与变形后组织得到最佳热变形工艺：热加工温度范围为950～1 000 ℃、热加工变形速率范围为0.1～0.3和5～10 s－1。     

0.07C-0.85Mn-0.16S-0.05Bi钢的热变形行为

采用MMS-200热力模拟试验机,在变形温度950 ～1200℃以及变形速率0.01～10 s-1条件下对0.07C-0.85Mn-0.16S-0.05Bi钢进行一系列热压缩实验.结果 表明,实验钢的流变应力曲线呈现明显的动态再结晶特征,并且流变应力随变形温度的提升或者应变速率的下降而降低.根据不同变形条件下的峰值应力,由Arrhenius模型构建了峰值应力下的本构方程,计算实验钢热变形激活能Q并基于动态材料模型绘制真应变为0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7的热加工图.研究分析了实验钢在不同应变下的失稳区域和合理热加工区域,随着应变的增大,失稳区均出现在高速率变形区,且由低温高速率区向高温高速率区转变.最佳热加工参数为变形温度1020～1200℃、变形速率0.01～0.3 s-1.     

0.07C-0.85Mn-0.16S-0.05Bi钢的热变形行为

采用MMS-200热力模拟试验机,在变形温度950 ～1200℃以及变形速率0.01～10 s-1条件下对0.07C-0.85Mn-0.16S-0.05Bi钢进行一系列热压缩实验.结果 表明,实验钢的流变应力曲线呈现明显的动态再结晶特征,并且流变应力随变形温度的提升或者应变速率的下降而降低.根据不同变形条件下的峰值应力,由Arrhenius模型构建了峰值应力下的本构方程,计算实验钢热变形激活能Q并基于动态材料模型绘制真应变为0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7的热加工图.研究分析了实验钢在不同应变下的失稳区域和合理热加工区域,随着应变的增大,失稳区均出现在高速率变形区,且由低温高速率区向高温高速率区转变.最佳热加工参数为变形温度1020～1200℃、变形速率0.01～0.3 s-1.     

0.07C-0.85Mn-0.16S-0.05Bi钢的热变形行为

采用MMS-200热力模拟试验机,在变形温度950 ～1200℃以及变形速率0.01～10 s-1条件下对0.07C-0.85Mn-0.16S-0.05Bi钢进行一系列热压缩实验.结果 表明,实验钢的流变应力曲线呈现明显的动态再结晶特征,并且流变应力随变形温度的提升或者应变速率的下降而降低.根据不同变形条件下的峰值应力,由Arrhenius模型构建了峰值应力下的本构方程,计算实验钢热变形激活能Q并基于动态材料模型绘制真应变为0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7的热加工图.研究分析了实验钢在不同应变下的失稳区域和合理热加工区域,随着应变的增大,失稳区均出现在高速率变形区,且由低温高速率区向高温高速率区转变.最佳热加工参数为变形温度1020～1200℃、变形速率0.01～0.3 s-1.     

Fe-11Mn-10Al-0.9C低密度钢的变形抗力模型和热加工图

以一种具有潜力的汽车用低密度钢(Fe-11Mn-10Al-0. 9C)为研究材料,在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上进行单道次压缩实验.在真应力-应变曲线的基础上,分析了变形程度、变形温度和应变速率对Fe-11Mn-10Al-0. 9C低密度钢变形抗力的影响,建立了实验钢的变形抗力模型.预测值与实验值的平均相对误差仅为4. 12%,证实了本文建立的变形抗力模型具有较好的拟合特性和预测精度.基于动态材料模型,建立热加工图,结合热变形组织进行分析.结果表明:当变形温度为950～1 100℃、应变速率0. 01～1s-1时,再结晶过程充分发展,为Fe-11Mn-10Al-0. 9C低密度钢的最佳热加工工艺区间.     

新型热作模具钢5CrNiMoVNb的热变形行为研究

为了研究热作模具钢5CrNiMoVNb的热变形行为，利用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机进行单道次热压缩实验，获得了应变速率为0.001～0.1 s^-1和变形温度1 030～1 230℃条件下的高温流变应力曲线。应用双曲正弦函数构建了与应变有关的材料本构模型并验证，并基于动态材料模型构建了三维功率耗散图和三维失稳图，将二者叠加得到典型应变下的热加工图。结果表明，所有变形条件下的高温流变应力曲线均呈现典型动态再结晶特征，并且由于奥氏体基体析出强化相含量、动态再结晶体积分数的影响，流变应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的增大而增大。基于5CrNiMoVNb钢的本构模型计算的流变应力值与实验值的相关性系数为0.992 7,较高的相关性系数表明建立的高温流变应力模型能够比较准确地预测合金的流变应力。此外，根据不同条件下的三维功率耗散图和三维失稳图可知，随着应变的增大，功率耗散峰值区向中温、高应变速率区域扩散，热变形失稳仅容易出现在低应变、低变形温度和高应变速率区域。真应变为0.8时，最佳的加工工艺参数范围为：变形温度为1 080～1 200℃,应变速率为0.01～0.1 s...     

EH40船板钢的热压缩基础研究

摘要：采用ThermecmastorZ热模拟试验机研究了EH40船板钢在850～1050℃,0.005～10s-1条件下的热变形行为,通过动态材料模型得到该区域的热变形与变形抗力方程并建立了EH40船板钢热加工图。结果表明,EH40船板钢的变形抗力模型的预测值与试验值吻合良好,EH40船板钢的热变形激活能为324.479kJ/mol,由热加工图确立出EH40船板钢最优的热加工窗口是应变不高于0.4,温度在850～1050℃,应变速率为小于10s-1的加工区域,较易发生动态再结晶。     

TA17钛合金热变形行为及加工图

为探索TA17钛合金热变形行为和变形特性,采用Gleeble-3800热模拟机开展温度为700~1 100℃、应变速率为0.1~40 s~(-1)、变形程度为60%的热压缩试验。基于Arrhenius模型构建TA17钛合金的本构方程,基于动态材料模型构建TA17钛合金的热加工图(ε=0.6),并结合显微组织分析对热加工图进行验证。结果表明:热加工图预测结果与组织分析相符,当温度低于750℃或者应变速率大于10 s~(-1)的区域为TA17钛合金的加工失稳区域,失稳区以外是安全加工区域,热加工性能最佳的区域是800℃、0.1 s~(-1)。     

EH40船板钢的热压缩基础研究

采用Thermecmastor-Z热模拟试验机研究了EH40船板钢在850～1 050℃,0.005～10 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为,通过动态材料模型得到该区域的热变形与变形抗力方程并建立了EH40船板钢热加工图。结果表明,EH40船板钢的变形抗力模型的预测值与试验值吻合良好,EH40船板钢的热变形激活能为324.479 kJ/mol,由热加工图确立出EH40船板钢最优的热加工窗口是应变不高于0.4,温度在850～1 050℃,应变速率为小于10 s~(-1)的加工区域,较易发生动态再结晶。     

Crack Properties of Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2101 in Hot-formming Processes

The crack behavior of LDX 2101 by hot compression tests in the temperature range of 950 to 1150 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.01 to 30 s-1 was studied.The hot workability map of LDX 2101 was constructed and the alloy exhibited a better crack resistance at higher temperature and lower strain rate.Microvoids initiated and coalesced into crack at subsurface on the equatorial plane of bulge surface under secondary tensile condition.The cracks were orientated at an angle of approximately 45° with respect to the c...     

20CrMnTiH钢的热变形物理模型及三维加工图

随着精密成形技术的发展,对热锻工艺的要求越来越严格,采用建立材料的物理模型及热加工图这一方法来优化最佳工艺条件,为实现产品的质量精确控制提供了科学保障。通过Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对20Cr Mn Ti H钢在变形温度为850~1 150℃,应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)条件下进行等温热压缩试验,研究了20Cr Mn Ti H钢的热压缩变形特性,采用Zener-Hollomon参数法建立了20Cr Mn Ti H钢高温塑性变形的物理模型;并以热压缩试验为基础,绘制了20Cr Mn Ti H钢的三维热加工图并进行分析,确定了该钢的最佳热成形工艺参数。通过流变曲线可以看出,20Cr Mn Ti H钢在热成形过程中发生了明显的动态回复与动态再结晶,流变应力随应变速率的增加而增加,随变形温度的升高而降低;由热加工图分析得到了该钢在试验参数范围内较优的热加工工艺参数,加工温度为900~1 025℃,应变速率为0.01~0.2 s~(-1)。     

粉末冶金TiAl合金热变形行为及加工图的研究

采用热模拟压缩试验研究了粉末冶金TiAl合金在温度1000～1150℃、应变速率0.001～1s-1范围内的高温变形特性,发现合金的流动应力-应变曲线具有应力峰和流变软化特性。为了研究TiAl合金在有限应变下的变形行为,基于动态材料模型(DMM)建立起了TiAl合金加工图。试验结果表明,在高应变速率(0.1s-1)变形时,材料落入流动失稳区域,出现表面开裂。这对材料的变形是有害的,要避免在流动失稳区进行热加工处理。而在温度为1000～1050℃,应变速率为0.001～0.01s-1时,功率耗散率η值在35%～50%之间。这个区域对应的变形机制为动态再结晶,适合进行热加工。在高温(≥1100℃),低应变速率(0.001s-1)变形时,功率耗散率η达到最大值60%,此时材料发生超塑性变形。     

Ambient Compression–Compression Fatigue Behavior of Magnesium Single Crystal

A magnesium single crystal sample with a near $ 1 1 {\bar{{2}}{0}} $ orientation was tested at room temperature under compression–compression cyclic loading, and the microstructure was characterized to disclose the involved deformation mechanisms. No plastic deformation region appeared on the stress–strain curve during the cyclic loading. The stress–strain curve stabilized at the first cycle, the strain range for each cycle fluctuated slightly around a constant value, and the mean strain for each cycle was in a narrow range from 0.0846 to 0.0863 during the whole test. The ratcheting strain rate decreased exponentially from ~0.0003, and reached a relatively small and stable value of about zero. The observed deformation mechanisms were prismatic slip, compression twinning, and tension twinning. The prismatic dislocation slip roughened the cylindrical sample surface by forming extrusions and intrusions, and small cracks were also observed on the surface.     

Processing map for controlling microstructure in hot working of hot isostatically pressed powder metallurgy NIMONIC AP-1 superalloy

The hot deformation behavior of hot isostatically pressed (HIP) NIMONIC AP-1 superalloy is characterized using processing maps in the temperature range 950 °C to 1200 °C and strain rate range 0.001 to 100 s^•1. The dynamic materials model has been used for developing the pro-cessing maps which show the variation of the efficiency of power dissipation given by [2m/ (m + 1)] with temperature and strain rate, withm being the strain rate sensitivity of flow stress. The processing map revealed a domain of dynamic recrystallization with a peak efficiency of 40 pct at 1125 °C and 0.3 s^•1, and these are the optimum parameters for hot working. The microstructure developed under these conditions is free from prior particle boundary (PPB) de-fects, cracks, or localized shear bands. At 100 s^•1 and 1200 °C, the material exhibits inter-crystalline cracking, while at 0.001 s^•1, the material shows wedge cracks at 1200 °C and PPB cracking at 1000 °C. Also at strain rates higher than 10 s^•1, adiabatic shear bands occur; the limiting conditions for this flow instability are accurately predicted by a continuum criterion based on the principles of irreversible thermodynamics of large plastic flow.     

Temperature and thermal stresses in work rolls during the hot rolling of strip

In this paper the solution of the unsteady, three-dimensional heat transfer in work rolls was derived by using Bessel functions and the δ-function and expressed by an infinite series. In this manner other problems of heat transfer in solid cylinders and hollow cylinders can also be calculated. The temperature profile of the work roll due to the distribution of the temperature in the axial direction can cause unregular pressure distribution between work roll and backup roll and can influence the quality of strip. Therefore, the thermal crowns must be considered at various moments during rolling. The thermal crown can be determined by using the FE-Method or others. The reason for the fire-cracking in the roll surface can be determined as the thermal shock load in the contact zone, in which the sharp compressive stresses lead to local plastic deformation. The local plastic deformations are followed by residual deformations. Therefore, residual tensile stresses occur in the cooling zone. On each revolution, the surface undergoes plastic strain in compression and in tension. The result is thermal fatigue. The fine network of cracks in the roll surface can result in a sharp stress concentration which is dangerous for the rolls loaded with a bending moment. The maximum tensile stresses due to the temperature distribution occur in the roll core, which usually do not lead to damages of the rolls.     

Prasad与Murthy流变失稳准则下9310钢热加工图的建立与分析

 在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上对9310钢进行了900～1 200 ℃温度范围内的高温轴向压缩试验。基于动态材料模型理论(DMM),在Prasad和Murthy 2种流变失稳准则下建立了9310钢的热加工图,并结合变形过程中的显微组织进行了热加工参数优化的分析。结果表明,本试验条件下,9310钢热变形在Prasad和Murthy流变失稳准则下的稳定性函数[ξ(ε·)]均大于0;在变形条件为950～1 050 ℃,0.01～0.1 s-1时具有最佳的热加工性能,此区域内功率耗散率值均大于32%;能量耗散功率恒定时,变形温度对动态再结晶晶粒尺寸起主导作用,变形温度恒定时,高应变速率下的动态再结晶晶粒更加细小均匀。     

Constitutive analysis and optimization on hot working parameters of as-cast high Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel with columnar grains

Isothermal hot compression tests on the as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel with columnar grains were carried out in the temperature range from 1223 to 1523 K and at strain rates from 0.001 to 1 s-1 .The compression direction was parallel to the longitudinal direction of columnar grains.The constitutive equation based on Arrhenius model was presented, and the processing maps based on the dynamic material model were developed, correlating with microstructure observation.The main sof-tening mechanism was dynamic recovery at 1223 K under strain rates from 0.1 to 1 s-1 , whereas it was dynamic recrystallization under other deformation conditions.The constitutive equation modified by strain compensation reasonably predicted the flow stresses.The processing maps and microstructure evolution mechanism schematic indicated that the optimum hot working parameters lay in the zone defined by the temperature range from 1423 to 1473 K and the strain rate range from 0.001 to 1 s-1 .     

加工图的理论研究现状与展望

综述了基于动态材料模型（DMM）加工图的研究进展,重点介绍了DMM的原理,对比分析了几种常见的塑性失稳判断准则的优缺点,在二维加工图的基础上建立了包含应变的三维加工图,说明了功率耗散系数和流变失稳区域随温度、应变速率和应变的变化。通过DMM加工图分析了材料成形过程中各种变形机制,并研究了合金的组织演变规律,为确定镁合金的热加工工艺制度提供理论依据以及更便捷的途径,并进一步阐明了加工图的发展方向。