太阳能光伏发电应用的现状及发展

当前太阳能光伏发电正在迅速发展,应用的规模和范围正在不断地扩大。本文讨论了各种类型光伏系统的应用及国内外太阳能光伏应用的发展概况。此外还特别介绍了光伏与建筑一体化和光伏声屏障的特点及其应用状况。     

中国馆世博中心主题馆太阳能应用技术

文章介绍了上海世博会永久场馆中国馆、世博中心、主题馆太阳能应用,包括光伏建筑一体化应用形式、光伏建筑一体化组件等。理论计算了中国馆、主题馆、世博中心光伏系统发电量及CO2减排。     

基于太阳能光伏技术的节能建筑系统的设计与研究

介绍了太阳能光伏发电技术的原理及独立光伏系统和并网光伏系统的组成,总结了两种光伏系统中各组成部分的作用。分析了目前建筑耗能和建筑节能的现状,指出光伏技术与建筑的一体化方案势在必行。分析比较了几种常用的太阳能光伏利用与建筑一体化的实施方式,总结了各种方式的特点。最后提出了几条光伏建筑一体化的基本设计原则。     

太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化（BIPV/T）研究新进展

针对当前太阳能建筑一体化应用中存在的问题,提出太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化（BIPV/T）综合利用研究的新概念、新方法和新功能,不仅能提高太阳能建筑一体化的综合利用效率、降低应用成本,且使得太阳能功能更多、全年利用率更高。该文介绍了中国科学技术大学近年来的相关研究,包括与建筑相结合的光伏/热水系统、碲化镉光伏通风窗系统、光伏/空气/热水复合被动墙体系统、光伏光热-热催化/洁净多功能复合墙体系统的原理、功能及效率,拓展了太阳能建筑一体化研究和应用的新途径,为实现太阳能建筑大规模应用以及创造健康舒适的室内环境提供新的方法。     

上海世博会太阳能应用

2010年上海世博会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”，太阳能是可再生能源在城市中应用的主要形式之一，文章主要介绍了上海世博会中太阳能发电的应用形式，包括光伏建筑一体化（BIPV）、太阳能灯及太阳能小品应用。     

太阳能在上海世博会中的应用

2010年上海世博会的主题是“城市,让生活更美好”,介绍了上海世博会总容量约4．41MW的太阳能发电应用形式,包括应用在中国地区馆、世博中心光伏建筑世博会和主题馆中的一体化（BIPV）光伏并网发电系统,部分采用非晶硅电池、HIT电池及数倍聚光电池组件的南市电厂光伏并网发电项目,还有太阳能灯及太阳能小品应用。     

分布式光伏发电与冷热源耦合系统探讨

提出并探讨了一种分布式光伏发电与建筑冷热源相耦合的系统[1-2]。该系统是一种具有良好节能效果的微电网系统,其通过分布式光伏电源来驱动建筑冷热源设备,充分利用了太阳能这种可再生能源,不仅保证了城市电网的稳定性和安全性,缓解了城市电网的用电压力,同时也降低了CO2排放量。通过该系统的研究和应用,将进一步提高光伏建筑一体化的程度。     

太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化系统的研究

太阳能光伏光热一体化不仅能够有效降低光伏组件的温度,提高光伏发电效率,而且能够产生热能,从而大大提高了太阳能的转换效率。对光伏光热建筑一体化(BIPV/T)系统的两种主要模式:水冷却型和空气冷却型系统的工作原理和系统模型进行了理论介绍,详细说明了两种系统中热产品在家庭中的应用。并对目前研究情况下两个系统中存在的问题提出了改进方案。与常规建筑相比,光伏光热建筑减少了墙体得热,改善了室内空调负荷状况,提高了建筑节能效果。     

《太阳能光伏与建筑一体化技术规程》的研究与制定

在深入调查研究国内外太阳能光伏与建筑一体化技术的应用情况和辽宁省地理、气象参数的基础上,认真总结多年来国内外太阳能光伏与建筑一体化技术应用推广和工程实践经验,参考国内外相关标准及技术文献,并广泛征求有关专家意见,结合工程建设实际情况,编制了本规程。摘要:     

太阳能光伏技术在建筑中的应用与设计

随着社会的不断发展,生态环境恶化以及能源短缺问题日益显著,太阳能的开发和利用无疑已经成为势在必行的大方向。同时基于太阳能光伏发电系统的日益成熟,近些年来,太阳能光伏建筑技术在现代建筑中得到了大力推广和应用。介绍了太阳能光伏建筑的概念、结合方式、优点等,并总结了太阳能光伏建筑技术在建筑设计中的实际应用形式以及设计方法和原则,为光伏建筑系统运用到建筑设计提供思路。     

Different diode models comparison using Lambert W function for extracting maximum power from BIPV modules

Perfect modeling of the building‐integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) module circuit equivalent is required for examining the operation of a BIPV system. Before designing the power electronic converters of an overall BIPV system, a perfect diode modeling is required that usually resembles the I‐V and P‐V characteristics of the BIPV modules. In this research article, different types of diode modeling of BIPV systems along with their comparative analysis based on the Lambert W function in MATLAB/Simulink environment is presented. The main aim of this research article is to analyze Mprime transparent M 115‐130P‐FI BIPV modules (115 Wp and 130 Wp) and compare the existing diode models in terms of accuracy and extraction of unknown parameters for the same. Simulation results for Lambert W function based comparison of the five‐parameter model (FPM), seven‐parameter model (SPM) and nine‐parameter model (NPM) power of 115 Wp and 130 Wp BIPV modules along with their percentage errors are well presented. Lambert W function based comparison of FPM, SPM, and NPM is further made at different values of irradiations and temperatures respectively.     

Low light conditions modelling for building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems

The low irradiance efficiency of photovoltaic modules is important to the optimization of BIPV systems. When photovoltaic modules are integrated into a building, architectural design considerations compete with maximizing photovoltaic energy production. As a result, BIPV arrays are often not facing south and are frequently mounted vertically. Under these conditions, a greater portion of the total sunlight striking the array is diffuse or at high angles of incidence. In northern latitudes a significant amount of the total yearly energy is produced at low light levels.A grid-connected array of BIPV modules integrated into the BCIT Technology Centre building in Burnaby, B.C. was used for assessing the accuracy of an energy performance model developed for BIPV systems. The BIPV system uses AC modules and a computerized data acquisition system for monitoring the performance of modules and inverters. The performance model was developed from analysis of the open circuit voltage, maximum power point voltage and maximum power point current of the individual modules comprising the BIPV array.The algorithm for calculating power output of the photovoltaic array is derived from the ideal diode equation using the single diode model of a photovoltaic cell. An empirically derived parameter modifies the equation. Once the parameters for different module technologies are established, it is possible to compare their annual performance in a BIPV system.     

Influence of a building’s integrated-photovoltaics on heating and cooling loads

Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has the potential to become a major source of renewable energy in the urban environment. BIPV has significant influence on the heat transfer through the building envelope because of the change of the thermal resistance by adding or replacing the building elements. Four different roofs are used to assess the impacts of BIPV on the building’s heating-and-cooling loads; namely ventilated air-gap BIPV, non-ventilated (closed) air-gap BIPV, closeroof mounted BIPV, and the conventional roof with no PV and no air gap. One-dimensional transient models of four cases are derived to evaluate the PV performances and building cooling-and-heating loads across the different roofs in order to select the appropriate PV building integration method in Tianjin, China. The simulation results show that the PV roof with ventilated air-gap is suitable for the application in summer because this integration leads to the low cooling load and high PV conversion efficiency. The PV roof with ventilation air-gap has a high time lag and small decrement factor in comparison with other three roofs and has the same heat gain as the cool roof of absorptance 0.4. In winter, BIPV of non-ventilated air gap is more appropriate due to the combination of the low heating-load through the PV roof and high PV electrical output.     

Modeling and coordinate control of photovoltaic DC building module based BIPV system

This paper presents the modeling method and coordinate control strategy for photovoltaic dc building module (PV-DCBM) based building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system. The PV-DCBM based BIPV system consists of plenty of PV-DCBMs and a centralized inverter which are coupled to the common dc bus in parallel. Each PV-DCBM is integrated with a PV building material to extract maximum power from it and then a centralized inverter is used to transfer the power to the grid. The PV-DCBM based BIPV system has some significant advantages for building integrated applications, such as individual MPPT, inherent data monitor, low cost and excellent expandability. A coordinate control strategy based on energy balance of the PV-DCBM based BIPV system is proposed to realize the individual control for each PV-DCBM and the centralized inverter. The accurate small-signal model of the PV-DCBM based BIPV system is built based on the proposed operation principle and a detailed design approach of the coordinate controller is proposed. Experimental results on the laboratory prototype verify the validity of the proposed modeling and coordinate control method.     

光伏建筑一体化技术相关问题

光伏建筑一体化技术(BIPV)是将光伏发电产品集成到建筑上的技术。由德国慕尼黑博尔扎诺经济论坛主办的太阳能建筑外观能源论坛已有七届。每届论坛都将该技术列为主要议题之一,为此,我们对光伏建筑一体化技术进行了问卷调查,本文总结了其问卷调查的结果。     

Performance of thin-film BIPV as double sloped pitched roof in buildings of Malaysia

Solar energy in built environments became more popular in the recent years emerging as building integrated photovoltaics (90° façade and 0° roof BIPV). However, in most cases, residential buildings have varying roof pitches instead of 0° roof. In this context, it is significant to assess the energy output and performance of double-sloped pitched roof thin-film BIPV at different angles and orientation. Results show that the performance of the BIPV inclined at 15° and east orientation is better among the other orientation and angles.     

BIPV系统经济性分析

太阳能作为21世纪最具潜力的洁净能源之一,其相关产业在近几年里发展十分迅速。本文论证了在我国发展太阳能产业的可行性,描述了BIPV系统的结构和优越性,并且结合南京市光伏—建筑一体化系统的实例,通过对其发电效益以及动态平直供电成本的计算对该系统的经济性和环境效益进行了分析。计算结果表明,该实例虽然可以带来很好的环境效益,但是目前发电成本偏高。BIPV系统的普及有赖于太阳电池组件产品价格的降低和相关政策的支持。     

The potential to exploit use of building-integrated photovoltaics in countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council

The use of renewable forms of energy is important throughout the world, not just in countries where there are concerns over the availability of fossil fuels. In order to develop and promote suitable energy policies for the future it is necessary to gain an understanding of stakeholder views in all countries, including those with substantial fossil fuel reserves. The volume of construction work in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries has recently been at unprecedented levels, with a huge environmental impact from construction and also from potential future energy demands. The aim of this paper is to assess the potential to exploit use of a particular, but valuable, renewable energy option: building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) in those countries. Such exploitation could offset, at least in some part, the future environmental burdens. A large-scale survey, followed by a number of in-depth interviews, has been undertaken in order to examine the use of BIPV. Empirical research findings are presented, and then analysed in order to determine the current viability of a large-scale expansion of BIPV in the GCC region. The research indicates that the main factors hindering expansion are high costs and the negative public perception of BIPV in the countries concerned. Proposals are therefore provided to assist the development of suitable policies and the wider introduction of viable BIPV in the GCC markets.     

Modeling, design and thermal performance of a BIPV/T system thermally coupled with a ventilated concrete slab in a low energy solar house: Part 1, BIPV/T system and house energy concept

This paper is the first of two papers that describe the modeling, design, and performance assessment based on monitored data of a building-integrated photovoltaic-thermal (BIPV/T) system thermally coupled with a ventilated concrete slab (VCS) in a prefabricated, two-storey detached, low energy solar house. This house, with a design goal of near net-zero annual energy consumption, was constructed in 2007 in Eastman, Québec, Canada - a cold climate area. Several novel solar technologies are integrated into the house and with passive solar design to reach this goal. An air-based open-loop BIPV/T system produces electricity and collects heat simultaneously. Building-integrated thermal mass is utilized both in passive and active forms. Distributed thermal mass in the direct gain area and relatively large south facing triple-glazed windows (about 9% of floor area) are employed to collect and store passive solar gains. An active thermal energy storage system (TES) stores part of the collected thermal energy from the BIPV/T system, thus reducing the energy consumption of the house ground source heat pump heating system. This paper focuses on the BIPV/T system and the integrated energy concept of the house. Monitored data indicate that the BIPV/T system has a typical efficiency of about 20% for thermal energy collection, and the annual space heating energy consumption of the house is about 5% of the national average. A thermal model of the BIPV/T system suitable for preliminary design and control of the airflow is developed and verified with monitored data.