焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃降解菌群解析

以苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘5种较难降解的多环芳烃为碳源和能源,采用富集培养的方法从焦化厂污染的土壤中筛选分离得到50株PAHs降解菌。通过对其16S rRNA基因序列分析,将这些PAHs降解菌分为15个种群,分别属于Sphingomonas(鞘氨醇单胞菌属)、Methylobacterium(甲基杆菌属)、Burkholderia(伯克霍尔德氏菌属)、Rhodococcus(红球菌属)、Bradyrhizobium(慢生根瘤菌属)、Phyllobacterium(叶杆菌属)、Chryseobacterium(金黄杆菌属)、Microbaterium(微杆菌属)8个属,其中优势菌为鞘氨醇单胞菌属。纯菌株降解能力测试表明,培养12 d后,菌株3-6-12降解效果要优于其他菌株,对苯并[a]蒽、苯并[a]芘、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘的降解率分别可达39.64%、33.52%、38.57%、25.37%、31.17%。实验结果可为多环芳烃污染土壤的生物修复提供高效的降解菌源。     

一株荧蒽降解菌Rhodococcus erythropolis PJR1的筛选、鉴定及降解特性研究

采用富集培养方法从大港油田原油样品中筛选到一株荧蒽降解菌,对其降解特性进行了研究。通过16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定该菌株为Rhodococcus属红串红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis),并命名为PJR1。菌株PJR1对荧蒽的降解速率与其生长活性呈正相关:在第5~20d,菌株PJR1对荧蒽的降解速率随其生长活性的增强而不断加快;20d后,则随其生长活性的减弱而减慢;30d完成降解,降解率达到76.18%。GC-MS分析表明荧蒽代谢产物为9-芴酮、邻苯二甲酸和苯甲酸。为进一步探讨荧蒽在Rhodococcus属中的代谢路径及机制奠定了基础。     

焦化污染场地中萘降解菌的分离及降解特性

为从焦化污染场地中分离萘高效降解菌，采用萘作为唯一碳源，通过梯度筛选和富集培养获得一株高效萘降解菌株AO-4。依据形态及16S rDNA基因序列，将其鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）。通过PCR验证了菌株基因组中含有萘双加氧酶基因（nahAC）和邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶基因（nahH），推测该菌可能是通过水杨酸途径对萘进行降解。在对菌株降解特性分析中发现，菌株AO-4在24h对萘（400mg/L）的降解率达到97.67%，菌株的生长、脱氢酶活性与萘的降解率呈正相关。其次，探究了温度、pH、萘初始浓度和菌量对菌株降解萘的影响，明确最适降解温度为30℃、pH为5.0～7.0；在一定范围内，菌株降解效率随着萘浓度和菌量的增大而提高。对该菌株降解多环芳烃（PAHs）的广谱性测试表明，AO-4不仅能有效降解萘，而且对其他PAHs，如芴、菲、蒽和芘在单一和混合体系中均有不同程度的降解，研究结果可为PAHS污染场地的微生物修复提供一定的技术支持。     

高效油脂降解混合菌株筛选及降解条件的优化

从采自青岛台东步行街下水道的地沟油中分离可培养微生物,采用透明圈法筛选能够高效降解油脂的菌株,进行组合研究其油脂降解力,并对菌株进行形态学、生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,分离到的菌株T5、C25和N30对油脂的降解能力较强,通过18S rDNA的方法鉴定菌株T5与地丝菌(Geotrichum fermentans)同源性最高达到97%。利用16S rDNA法鉴定菌株C25与假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp. ALEB 33)同源性最高达到99%、菌株N30与鞘脂单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp. KA1)相似性达到99%。该菌株组合的适合pH和温度范围较广,适宜pH和温度分别为7和30℃,降解率最高达94.79%。可为油脂降解菌株混合组的构建和应用提供实验基础和依据。     

外加碳源对尖镰孢菌降解蒽的影响

研究了一株尖镰孢菌（Fusarium oxysporum）对水中多环芳烃蒽的降解作用，考察了5种外加碳源对尖镰孢菌降解蒽的影响。结果表明，该尖镰孢菌在115h内能降解64．8％的蒽。适量浓度的葡萄糖、尿素、乙酸钠、水杨酸和邻苯二甲酸对蒽的生物降解均有显著的刺激作用。不同浓度的碳源，对蒽的生物降解的刺激效果不同。向反应体系投加5mg／L的葡萄糖、尿素或乙酸钠时，微生物对水中蒽的降解效率最高，而水杨酸和邻苯二甲酸的最适投加浓度则为20mg／L。在投加上述5种碳源时，蒽的生物降解反应动力学均符合指数模型：C=ae^bt.     

阿特拉津降解菌低能离子注入选育和降解特性

为了实现对天然低温水体中阿特拉津的高效降解,利用N+离子注入技术对原始菌株进行诱变,筛选出诱变菌株JAP_03,研究了其降解特性,并实际地下水体中的阿特拉津进行降解试验.结果表明,N+离子注入后菌体存活率为典型的马蹄型曲线;突变率先增加后降低,最佳的注入剂量为2.0×1015ions·cm-2.相对于原始菌株,诱变菌株在pH为7、10℃的条件下降解能力强,降解率90%以上;降解速率快,半衰期为2 d;阿特拉津耐受范围广,最高质量浓度可达800 mg·L-1.诱变菌株可以对实际地下水体中的阿特拉津进行高效降解,最适的投放量为400×106mL-1.     

优良菌株降解芘相互间影响作用研究

探讨了自行培养的2#、4#、9#菌在降解芘过程中的相互作用关系。分别对单一菌株、菌株间两两混合、三株菌混合三种情形对芘的降解作用进行研究。研究结果表明：三株菌中2#菌株的降解效果最好,5d内累积去除率为55.99%;菌株间两两混合时2#菌株的降解受到抑制,说明菌株间有相互抑制的作用;三株菌混合对芘降解时同样表现出相互抑制作用,抑制程度大于两两混合的情况,在降解过程中,pH值总体是下降的,并周期性地交替出现产酸和脱羧反应。     

一株耐盐性莠去津高效降解菌Halomonas sp.SY-AD-9的分离、鉴定及其特性

[目的]进行盐单胞菌Halomonas sp.对莠去津降解的研究,解决含有莠去津的高盐废水处理问题。[方法]从长期受莠去津污染的土壤中分离出一株莠去津降解菌SY-AD-9,通过摇瓶实验及分子生物学技术研究该菌株对于莠去津的降解特性。[结果]结合生理化特性以及16S r RNA基因相似性分析将其初步鉴定为盐单胞菌属,基因序列已提交Gen Bank,登陆号为HM627247。该菌含有trz N和atz BCDEF 6个莠去津降解相关基因。该菌株具有很高的耐盐性,耐受极限高达14%。Na Cl质量分数为6%时该菌株在48 h内对200 mg/L的莠去津降解率为98.5%。[结论]利用盐度为6.5%的莠去津实际废水并且通过与本实验室另外一株莠去津降解菌SY-AD-39(Pseudomonas sp.)比较,菌株SY-AD-9具有更好的应用潜力。     

烟嘧磺隆高效降解复合菌系的构建及降解特性

[目的]构建烟嘧磺隆高效降解复合菌系并明确其降解特性，为高效修复烟嘧磺隆污染土壤提供理论支撑。[方法]通过富集驯化培养，从山西省不同生态区烟嘧磺隆污染土壤中筛选出5株烟嘧磺隆降解菌，通过16S rDNA和ITS序列分析鉴定降解菌的分类地位。通过全组合构建高效降解复合菌修复体系，并通过单因素试验明确其降解特性。[结果]筛选获得10株具有烟嘧磺隆降解能力的菌株，其中5株菌株降解能力较强。经16S rDNA和ITS序列鉴定和系统发育分析，5株烟嘧磺隆降解菌株分别为A枯草芽孢杆菌、B黑曲霉、C草酸青霉、D土曲霉和E绿木霉。全组合复配结果表明，由3种菌株组成的复合菌系对烟嘧磺隆降解率最好，其中ABD组合对烟嘧磺隆降解能力最高，较单株菌降解率最高的菌株D降解率提高23.74%；将筛选的A、B、D进行不同比例复配，菌株最佳复配比A∶B∶D为2∶3∶1时，烟嘧磺隆降解率最高达98.31%，各菌株对烟嘧磺隆降解的影响效果A>B>D。复合菌系较单一菌株增加了适宜的温度、pH值和烟嘧磺隆初始浓度范围，最适培养降解条件为接种量2%～5%，温度30～40℃，pH 7.0，烟嘧磺隆初始质量浓度50～2...     

石油污染物的微生物降解研究

从炼油厂污水池底泥中分离出3株石油降解菌。经过摇床培养研究了各菌株及混合菌对石油烃的降解性能,并考察了营养物质、电子受体对石油污染生物降解作用的影响。结果表明,25 d后,3种单菌对石油烃的降解率依次达到87.69%,52.14%,92.02%,混合菌高达93.18%;营养物质、电子受体对石油污染物生物降解影响显著,营养物质N与P适宜比为2∶1(质量比),电子受体H2O2适宜累计添加量为12 000 mg/kg。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.