Microwave hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanostructures in aqueous solution

ZnO nanostructures were prepared in aqueous solution by microwave hydrothermal synthesis. Xray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to characterize ZnO nanostructures (ZNs). The effects of pH, reaction temperature and reaction time on yield of ZnO were investigated. The yield of ZnO increased significantly with the increase of pH value, reaction temperature and reaction time. High yield and well crystallinity of ZNs could be obtained at 120°C for 60min by microwave hydrothermal synthesis. The spherical and rugby-like ZNs were obtained at 120°C without triethanolamine (TEA) and with TEA (mass ratio, $r = m_{Zn^{2 + } }$ : m _TEA = 1: 1), respectively. The concentration of Zn(OH) ₄ ^?2 ions in the reaction solution and TEA had an important effect on the nucleation and morphology of ZnO nanostructures. Mechanism for the formation of ZnO nanostructures was proposed.     

Energy Consumption of Locomotives in China Railways during 1975–2007

Based on annual statistical data collected by the Chinese Railway Statistic Center, the energy consumptions of locomotives during 1975 to 2007 were calculated, and the energy consumption intensity and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the energy consumption of steam locomotives decreased while that of diesel and electric locomotives increased with time. The total energy consumption of locomotives in China decreased at a rate of 0.115 Mt standard coal equivalent per year. The energy consumption intensity of locomotives decreased from 26.79 g standard coal equivalent (converted t·km)^?1 in 1975 to 3.56 g standard coal equivalent (converted t·km)^?1 in 2007 at an average rate of 0.73 g standard coal equivalent (converted t·km)^?1 per year. This study provides some valuable data on the status quo of energy consumption in the railway sector of China. Furthermore, the estimation presented in this paper can also give some suggestions for making energy saving strategy in China railways.     

一氧化氮对培养的大鼠垂体黄体生成素和卵巢雌二醇释放的影响

目的　探讨一氧化氮对垂体前叶黄体生成素 (LH)及卵巢雌二醇 (E2 )释放的调节作用。方法　在大鼠垂体组织培养液及卵巢组织培养液中分别加入不同浓度的一氧化氮生成抑制剂N 硝基 L 精氨酸 (NNLA)或N 硝基 L精氨酸甲酯 (NAME)和一氧化氮供体硝普钠 (SNP) ,孵育 6 0min ,收集培养液 ,用放射免疫法测定其中LH、E2 含量。结果　NNLA增加垂体组织培养液中的LH含量 ,NAME可增加卵巢组织培养液中的E2 的含量 ,而SNP则使LH及E2 含量减少 ,这些作用具有剂量依赖性。当NNLA或NAME的浓度为 5× 10 -3 mol·L-1时 ,LH及E2 含量分别增加至基础水平的 5 .5倍及 2 .0倍 ,而当SNP浓度为 5× 10 -3 mol·L-1时 ,LH及E2 含量则分别减至基础水平的 5 0 %及 36 %。结论　一氧化氮抑制垂体前叶LH及卵巢E2 的释放 ,可能在垂体及卵巢的功能调节中起重要作用。     

Effect of Cu Co-doping on the magnetism of Zn0.95Co0.05O films

Zn_0.95?x Co_0.05Cu _x O (atomic ratio, x = 0?C8%) thin films are fabricated on Si(111) substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering method. Detailed characterizations indicate that the doped Cu ions substitute the Zn²⁺ ions in ZnO lattice. The doped Cu ions are in +1 and +2 mixture valent state. The ferromagnetism of the Zn_0.95?x Co_0.05Cu _x O film increases gradually with the increase of the Cu⁺ ion concentration till x = 6%, but decreases for higher Cu concentration. Experimental results indicate that the increase of ferromagnetism is not owing to the magnetic contribution of Cu⁺ ions themselves, but owing to the enhancement of magnetic interaction between Co²⁺ ions, which suggests that p-type doping of Cu⁺ ions plays an important role in mediating the ferromagnetic coupling between Co ions.     

Temperature dependence of microwave dielectric performance of silica

The dielectric properties of silica at temperature from 300 to 1 600K and at microwave frequency band are investigated. By use of material studio software, the lattice constant, band energy gap and optical permittivity of silica are calculated, and to be used as the key parameters to investigate the microwave dielectric properties of silica. It is found that its permittivity and loss are increased with increasing temperature. In addition, the ionic conduction loss caused by the defects in silica is very small from the calculation and the value is about 10^?5 level at 2 000K. The application of this analysis allows to estimate the permittivity and dielectric loss of silica both at high temperature and microwave band, which is currently still difficult to be measured directly.     

Photothermal effect for Fe3O4 nanoparticles contained in micelles induced by near-infrared light

Near infrared (NIR) light induced photothermal effect for Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, contained in Pluronic F127 micelles, has been studied and it exhibits high photothermal converting efficiency. Heat is found to be rapidly generated in micelles containing Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles by NIR laser irradiation. Upon irradiation at 808 nm light and with mass concentration of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in 4 g/L, the micelle temperature increase is higher than 34°C for 10min irradiation. The maximum temperature of micelles containing Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in 4 g/L reaches 62°C.     

Electron spin resonance analyse on the production of hydroxyl radicals by ozone photolysis

AbstractIn order to explore the production of hydroxyl radical(·OH)in a confined space,a novel ozone-light irradiation system is constructed in this study,and the·OH radical is measured by spin-trapping electron spin resonance(ESR)method in which 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide(DMPO)is selected as the spin-trap.Several influence factors including the light intensity,the irradiation time and DMPO mass concentration are discussed. The results show that in this experimental system,with DMPO mass concentration of 1g/L and the irradiation time of 30 min,the·OH radical can be best captured.Besides,both wavelength and intensity of the irradiation light could effect the generation of·OH radical.These results are of great importance to further study the sterilization effect of·OH radical in confined space.     

ZnO薄膜的溶胶—凝胶法制备及其光学性质研究

采用溶胶—凝胶法分别在透明玻璃和Si衬底上制备出了ZnO薄膜。分别采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能量分散谱仪(EDS)、紫外可见分光光度计和荧光光谱仪对所制样品进行测试,研究了样品的结构特性、成分和光学特性。X射线衍射结果表明,所制备的ZnO薄膜为六角纤锌矿结构;ZnO薄膜的EDS能谱图表明薄膜包含O元素和Zn元素;透射光谱表明ZnO薄膜质量高,在可见光范围内具有较高的透射率,平均透射率在85%以上;吸收光谱表明在带隙处存在吸收边;从PL光谱观察到了显著的紫外发射峰。     

Effect of oxygen content on structural and optical properties of single Cu2O film by reactive magnetron sputtering method

Cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) thin films have been deposited on glass substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering method using Cu target and argon oxygen gas atmosphere. Effect of oxygen flow rate on structural and optical properties of thin films has been discussed. The results of X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and atomic force micrograph indicated that the condition window for single Cu₂O phase was about 3.8 to 4.4 cm³/min, and the optimum oxygen flow rate was 4.2 cm³/min. The optical band gap E _g of Cu₂O film was determined by using the data of transmittance versus wavelength, and slightly decreased from 2.46 to 2.40 eV with the increase of oxygen flow rate from 3.8 to 4.4 cm³/min. The Cu₂O film formed at the oxygen flow rate of 4.2 cm³/min had an optical band gap of 2.43 eV.     

新型自体肿瘤细胞疫苗治疗进展期肿瘤患者的免疫学检测

目的　探讨自体肿瘤疫苗的作用机制。方法　 2 0例进展期肿瘤患者术后第 4周开始以自体肿瘤细胞疫苗行主动免疫治疗。免疫接种共 4次 ,每次间隔 7～ 10d ;接种前 3d及第 4次接种后一周 ,采集外周血 ,分离单个核细胞 ,以流式细胞分析术 /细胞内细胞因子检测法测定CD8+ IFN γ+ ,CD8+ IL 10 + 细胞及CD4+ IFN γ+ ,CD4+ IL 10 + 细胞 ;同时采集血清 ,ELISA法检测血清IFN γ、IL 10水平。结果　自体肿瘤细胞疫苗治疗后 :①血清IFN γ水平升高 [(7.16± 2 .91)ng·L- 1升至 (11.68± 4.86)ng·L- 1,P <0 .0 5] ;而IL 10水平下降 [2 1.0 4± 13 .81)ng·L- 1降至 (13 .41± 5.71)ng·L- 1,P <0 .0 5] ;②CD8+ IFN γ+ 阳性细胞由 (3 .80± 1.45) %升至 (6.94± 2 .63 ) % ;CD4+ IFN γ+ 阳性细胞由 (3 .0 9± 1.52 ) %升至 (5.2 0± 2 .94) % (P <0 .0 5) ;③病人耐受良好。结论　自体瘤细胞疫苗免疫后可改善肿瘤患者细胞介导的抗瘤免疫反应     

LIGUSTRAZINE REDUCES CARTILAGE DESTRUCTION IN MODEL OF OSTEOARTHRITIS IN RATS

Objective To study the effect and possible mechanism of Ligustrazine-a chinese traditional herbal medicine (CTM) on rat osteoarthritis (OA). Methods OA model was surgically induced. Morphology of articular cartilage was done by HE staining and mankin score was calculated; interleukin-1 and TNFα activity of rat joints was determined by 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method; immunohistochemistry of MMP-13 and Cathepsin K was done by ABC method while the mRNA level for MMP-13, cathepsin K and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) was evaluated by RT-PCR method. ResultsLigustrazine (60 mg·kg-1·d-1 or 30 mg·kg-1·d-1, but not 10 mg·kg-1·d-1, im, ×8 weeks) reduced morphological changes of articular cartilage of OA rats. IL-1 and TNFα production of OA joints increases, together with MMP-13, cathepsine K and their mRNA levels in articular cartilage. The administration of Ligustrazine (60 mg·kg-1·d-1or 30 mg·kg-1·d-1, im, ×8 weeks) reduced above changes significantly. At the same time, tissue inhibitor of metrix metalloprotease (TIMP1) mRNA level increased also in OA rats while Ligustrazine (60 mg·kg-1·d-1, 30 mg·kg-1·d-1or 10 mg·kg-1·d-1, im, ×8 weeks) had no significant effect on it. Conclusion Ligustrazine (60 mg.kg-1 d-1 or 30 mg·kg-1·d-1, but not 10 mg·kg-1·d-1, im, ×8 weeks) effectively delays articular cartilage degradation of OA rats and could be a potential drug candidate for OA treatment.     

Design and Combustion Characteristic Analysis of Free Piston Stirling Engine External Combustion System

The free piston Stirling engine external combustion system was simulated to investigate the diesel-air combustion characteristics in order to demonstrate its feasibility by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The different effects on combustion were distinguished by analyzing the combustion burner, the injection position of diesel oil, the front tube arrangement of Stirling heater head and the back fin. The results show that the tilted front tube arrangement of the heater head with the back fin is the best practicable technology while the distance between the diesel nozzle position and the swirler top is 0. Its total heat flux is 15.6 kW, and the average heat transfer coefficients of the front and back tubes are 127W/(m² · K) and 192W/(m² · K), respectively. The heat transfer is mainly through convection, and the proportion of radiative heat transfer is only 16.9%. The best combustion efficiency of the free piston Stirling engine external combustion system is 86%.     

硝酸甘油-多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图评价心肌梗死部位存活心肌的研究

目的　探讨硝酸甘油 多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图识别心肌梗死部位存活心肌的可靠性和安全性。方法　对 2 9例接受冠状动脉血运重建术的陈旧性心肌梗死患者 ,术前行多巴酚丁胺及其合用硝酸甘油超声心动图了解术前室壁运动情况 ,术后 3个月复查室壁运动改善情况 ,以术后相应节段运动改善为标准 ,分析比较术前多巴酚丁胺及其合用硝酸甘油超声心动图判定存活心肌的准确性并评价其安全性。结果　多巴酚丁胺合用硝酸甘油超声心动图判定存活心肌的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为 90 .9%、95 .6%和 96.2 % ,其敏感性与单用多巴酚丁胺比较虽无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但已表现出增高趋势 ,而特异性和准确性则不受影响。术前室壁节段运动指数分析提示多巴酚丁胺 10 μg·kg-1·min-1与多巴酚丁胺 5 μg·kg-1·min-1间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而多巴酚丁胺 10 μg·kg-1·min-1合用硝酸甘油较多巴酚丁胺 5 μg·kg-1·min-1级明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。且多巴酚丁胺合用硝酸甘油无诱发心肌缺血副作用。结论　硝酸甘油 多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图识别心肌梗死部位存活心肌比单用多巴酚丁胺更敏感而且更安全     

TGF-β1诱导的大鼠ASM细胞增殖的信号转导途径

目的　探求转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)诱导的大鼠气道平滑肌 (ASM )细胞增殖的可能的分子信号转导途径。 方法　将体外培养的大鼠ASM细胞分为 3组 :对照组 (2 0mL·L-1FCS/DMEM) ,10 μg·L-1TGF β1组和 10 μg·L-1TGF β1/U 0 12 6 (1μmol·L-1)组 (U 0 12 6是特异性ERK1/ 2抑制剂 ) ,通过MTT法观察 3组ASM细胞增殖变化。免疫组化染色法观察 3组细胞磷酸化p4 4 / p4 2MAPK(pERK1/pERK2 )表达情况 ,并进行图像分析检测免疫组化染色灰度值。结果　细胞培养第 2天起 ,MTT法检测的 10 μg·L-1TGF β1组A值 (0 .36± 0 .0 4 3)明显高于对照组 (0 .12 6± 0 .0 5 2 ,t=5 .4 4 ,P <0 .0 5 )和 10 μg·L-1TGF β1/U 0 12 6组 (0 .175± 0 .0 5 0 ,t=6 .38,P <0 .0 5 )。免疫组化染色法观察 3组pERK1/ 2表达情况 ,10 μg·L-1TGF β1组灰度值 (6 6 .12± 6 .86 2 )明显高于对照组 (112 .4±11.82 ,t=3.89,P <0 .0 2 )和 10 μg·L-1TGF β1/U 0 12 6组 (14 8.4± 16 .97,t=10 .76 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　特异性ERK1/2抑制剂U 0 12 6明显抑制TGF β1诱导的大鼠ASM细胞的增殖 ,TGF β1可能是通过MAPK信号转导途径促使大鼠ASM细胞的增殖 ,ERK1/ 2是这一过程中重要的信号分子。     

雌激素对离体成骨细胞成骨能力的影响

目的　验证不同浓度的雌三醇对人类成骨细胞功能表达和体外成骨能力的影响 ,研究雌激素促进成骨作用的机制及剂量效应关系。方法　取成人的髂骨松质骨 ,采用胶原 胰蛋白酶消化法 ,获得松质骨中的成骨细胞 ,进行纯化和培养。在此基础上添加不同浓度的雌三醇 (1× 10 - 11、1× 10 - 9、1× 10 - 7、1× 10 - 6 、1× 10 - 5 、5× 10 - 5 mol·L- 1)并进行培养。用生化法测定细胞碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)活性 ,用放射免疫法测定细胞培养液中骨钙素 (OC)和细胞间质含钙量。结果　雌三醇对成骨细胞ALP活性和骨钙素分泌的影响均呈正相关 ,即各浓度雌三醇对ALP活性和骨钙素的分泌均有刺激作用 ,并与雌三醇剂量呈正相关。低浓度 (1× 10 - 11、1× 10 - 9、1× 10 - 7mol·L- 1)的雌三醇可促进成骨细胞的成骨能力 ,高浓度时则无此作用。结论　雌激素能增加成骨细胞的ALP活性和骨钙素的产生 ,促进成骨细胞的骨形成能力     

Direct electrochemical extraction of Ti5Si3 from Ti/Si-containing metal oxide compounds in molten CaCl2

Direct electrochemical extraction of Ti₅Si₃ from pressed cathode pellets comprising of powdered Ti/Sicontaining metal oxide compounds was investigated by using molten salt electro-deoxidation technology.Three groups of mixtures including TiO₂ mixed with SiO₂,Ti-bearing blast furnace slag（TBFS） mixed with TiO₂, and TBFS mixed with high-titanium slag（HTS） were prepared at the same stoichiometric ratio（Ti:Si=5:3） corresponding to the target composition of Ti₅Si₃,and used as the starting materials in this experiment,respectively. The pressed porous cylindrical pellet of the Ti/Si-containing compounds served as a cathode,and two different anode systems,i.e.,the inert solid oxide oxygen-ion-conducting membrane（SOM） based anode system and graphite-based anode system were used contrastively.The electrochemical experiment was carried out at 900-1050℃and 3.0-4.0 V in molten CaCl₂ electrolyte.The results show that the oxide components were electro-deoxidized effectively and Ti₅Si₃ could be directly extracted from these complex Ti/Si-containing metal oxide compounds.     

兔心房室隔过渡细胞的传导性及其电生理基础

目的　探索过渡细胞电生理特性与形态特征间的内在联系。方法　选 10只家兔做房室隔水平面及矢状面连续切片 ,HE染色观察。另 2 0只家兔采用标准玻璃微电极技术测定房室隔区正向传导速度。结果　房室结后方有两束过渡纤维分别延续至冠状窦口及其下方 ,分别为右后房结束和右下房结束 ,传导速度分别为 (0 .0 5 9± 0 .0 18)m·s-1和(0 .0 5 8± 0 .0 15 )m·s-1(P >0 .0 5 )。界嵴下段普通房肌传导速度为 (0 .2 0 3± 0 .0 4 0 )m·s-1。与前两者间均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。另外 ,过渡细胞动作电位有 4期自动除极 ,最大舒张电位 (- 6 3± 6 )mV ,普通房肌细胞无 4期自动除极 ,静息电位 (- 72± 4 )mV ,两者有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　过渡细胞属慢反应自律细胞 ,传导速度比普通房肌慢。     

单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎土贝母皂甙点眼的浓度筛选与刺激性评价

目的　通过动物试验评价土贝母皂甙 (tubeimoside ,Tu)治疗单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎 (herpessimplexkeratitis ,HSK)的效果及点眼刺激性 ,并确定其点眼浓度值。方法　根据药物的眼刺激性选用 5、2、0 .8、8× 10 -2 、8× 10 -3、8× 10 -4 g·L-1Tu点眼 ,确定 0 .4、0 .2、0 .1g·L-1评价药物疗效。在地鼠肾细胞BHK 2 1上进行单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV 1型 )SM4 4毒株复苏 ,制作兔HSK模型。采用裂隙灯显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察眼部病变的动态变化评价Tu疗效。结果　 5、2 g·L-1Tu有中度刺激性 ,0 .8g·L-1Tu有轻度刺激性。 8× 10 -2 、8× 10 -3、8× 10 -4 g·L-13组Tu无任何眼刺激性。 0 .4g·L-1Tu有轻度刺激性 ,0 .1、0 .2 g·L-1Tu无刺激性。 0 .4、0 .2、0 .1g·L-13组Tu均具有一定疗效。结论　Tu点眼剂的浓度与刺激性呈正相关 ,点眼刺激性从轻度到无的界值浓度为 0 .4、0 .2、0 .1g·L-1。治疗实验性HSK有一定的疗效 ,但尚不及无环鸟苷     

Performance research of a micro-CCHP system with adsorption chiller

This paper describes a new micro-combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP) system,which is especially suitable for domestic and light commercial applications. It mainly consists of a natural gas-fired internal combustion engine,a silica gel-water adsorption chiller and other heat recovery units. In order to study the energy effciency and economic feasibility,an experimental investigation has been carried out. The experimental system has a rated electricity power of 12 kW,a rated cooling capacity of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Evaluation and analysis of the system are discussed in detail. The testing results show that the energy effciency of the overall system depends on different modes. The overall thermal and electrical effciency is over 70%. Higher heat load supplied causes higher effciency of the system. Economic evaluation shows that the micro-CCHP system enjoys a small capital cost and short payback period,which is easily accepted by customers. At current natural gas price of 1.9 RMB/m3(nominal condition) and electric price of 0.754 RMB/(kW·h) ,the total capital cost is only 90 000 RMB with a payback period of 3.21 years.     

硒对慢性肝病患者外周血单个核细胞膜流动性的影响

目的　探讨硒对慢性肝病患者外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)膜流动性的影响。方法　分离健康人和慢性肝病患者的PBMC ,分别体外培养 ,对比观察了预加硒 ( 1.15 6× 10 -7mol·L-1)和不同剂量脂质过氧化诱导剂叔丁基过氧化氢 (tBHP)作用后各组PBMC膜流动性和培养液中过氧化脂质 (MDA)含量变化。结果　健康人PBMC膜流动性随tBHP剂量的增加而降低 ,培养液中MDA含量呈相反变化 ;慢性肝病患者PBMC膜流动性明显下降 ,培养液中MDA含量增加。而经硒预保护作用 6h后两组细胞上述指标均有改善。结论　脂质过氧化反应可影响人PBMC的膜流动性 ,硒对此具有保护作用。