海水养殖花鲈和淡水养殖花鲈肌肉脂肪酸组成和含量分析

采用Folch 液回流提取投喂相同配合饲料的海水养殖花鲈和淡水养殖花鲈背部肌肉脂质,脂质经氢氧化钾-三氟化硼法甲酯化后进行气相色谱分析。结果表明：海水养殖花鲈和淡水养殖花鲈肌肉脂肪酸组成存在一定差异。海水花鲈肌肉脂肪酸中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、n-3 系列多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、EPA(C20:5 n-3)和DHA(C22:6 n-3)含量明显高于淡水花鲈,而饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、n-6 系列PUFA 和AA(C20:4 n-6)含量则低于淡水养殖花鲈。海水养殖花鲈和淡水养殖花鲈肌肉中n-6 和n-3 系列PUFA 比值分别为0.27 和0.42,均远低于HMSO(英国卫生部)推荐的最高安全限值(4.0)。     

广东省沿海常见海水鱼中多不饱和脂肪酸及其与甲基汞共摄入对神经发育的风险-获益评估

目的分析广东省沿海常见海水鱼的脂肪酸含量和甲基汞(MeHg)污染水平,定量评估摄入海水鱼对神经发育的风险-获益,为广东省海水鱼的膳食指导提供科学依据。方法在广东省沿海地区采集20种常见海水鱼样品(共174尾),检测各种脂肪酸和MeHg的含量,并采用联合国粮食与农业组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)提出的以智力商数(IQ)值为健康终点的风险-获益定量评估模型,评估海水鱼对神经发育的净健康效应。结果 20种海水鱼总脂肪酸含量均值为0.73～19.95 g/100 g,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)为0.18～5.82 g/100 g,总n-3 PUFA为135.69～2 232.74 mg/100 g,二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)为73.61～1 334.00 mg/100 g,二十碳五烯酸(EPA)为43.76～945.67 mg/100 g,所有海水鱼样品的MeHg含量均未超过GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》。基于广东省居民海水鱼消费量均值(100 g/周)、P97.5消费量(830 g/周)、推荐消费量(280 g/周)三种消费模式食用不同鱼种的IQ值净效应为0.5～5.7、3.8～5.6和1.3～5.7,仅在830 g/周的极端消费水平下摄入海鳗带来的MeHg暴露量超过了暂定每周耐受摄入量(PTWI,1.6μg/kg BW)。结论按中国居民膳食指南的推荐量消费广东省沿海常见海水鱼,均能对新生儿和婴幼儿带来一定的IQ值净增长效应,但对MeHg含量相对较高的鱼种(如海鳗)需注意食用频率不宜过大。     

共轭亚油酸对动脉粥样硬化大鼠组织脂肪酸组成的影响

本研究通过比较老龄动脉粥样硬化大鼠的肾、肝、心和脑组织脂肪酸的变化，尤其是n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）和n．6PUFA的变化，了解共轭亚油酸对大鼠组织脂肪酸组成的影响。本实验用SD动脉粥样硬化老龄大鼠，分别添加不同剂量的CLA（低剂量0．5g／kgbw·d；中剂量1．25g/kgbw·d和高剂量2．5g／kgbw·d）组和对照组进行实验，研究CLA对动脉硬化大鼠的肾、肝、心和脑组织脂肪酸含量和组成的改变。实验结果表明：CLA可以升高肾脏、肝脏和脑组织中n．3PUFA的含量，降低肝脏和心脏中n．6PUFA的含量和n-6／n-3的比值，CLA可能取代了组织中部分n-6PUFA。CLA在组织中的沉积各不相同，心脏中CLA的含量可达15．77％，而脑中CLA的含量仅为O．22％-0．53％之间。这些变化可能预示CLA可以改善动脉硬化大鼠的组织脂肪酸的含量和组成。     

六种鱼鱼头磷脂的组成及脂质脂肪酸分析

为研究海水鱼和淡水鱼鱼头磷脂及脂质脂肪酸组成的差异,以海水鱼(马鲛鱼、巴浪鱼、金鲳鱼)和淡水鱼(罗非鱼、鲫鱼、鲢鱼)鱼头为研究对象,利用Floch法提取6种鱼鱼头总脂;硅胶柱层析法将总脂分离收集中性脂、糖脂和磷脂;薄层层析(thin layer chromatography,TLC)分析比较6种鱼鱼头磷脂种类的分布、组成;气相色谱(Gas chromatography,GC)分析6种鱼鱼头脂质的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,6种鱼鱼头中提取率最高的脂质类型为中性脂,占总脂的48.98%~77.84%,其次为磷脂,占总脂的5.93%~22.86%,糖脂提取率最低,占总脂的3.67%~15.91%。鱼头磷脂中共检出4种磷脂组分,分别为磷脂酰乙醇胺(Phosphatidylethanolamine,PE)、磷脂酰胆碱(Phosphatidylcholine,PC)、鞘磷脂(Sphingomyelin,SM)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱(Lysophosphatidylcholine,LPC),其中PC明显高于其他磷脂组分。脂质中均含有较高含量的多不饱和脂肪酸(Poly-unsaturated fatty acid,PUFA),其中以二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)为主,且均含有二十碳五烯酸(eicosapntemacnioc acid,EPA),海水鱼和淡水鱼鱼头磷脂中DHA和EPA占总脂肪酸的比例最高,分别为18.39%~21.43%和5.61%~10.38%,且海水鱼鱼头中以DHA和EPA为主的PUFA含量高于淡水鱼鱼头。因此,海水鱼鱼头是提取n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的潜在资源,尤其是制备n-3多不饱和脂肪酸型磷脂的良好来源。     

内蒙古放牧和舍饲绵羊肉的脂肪酸特征

内蒙古盛产天然放牧牛羊肉,规模化舍饲也在农区和禁牧地区迅速发展,但不同饲养方式绵羊肉的脂肪酸特征缺乏系统评价。从内蒙古东北部、东中部和西部3 个典型纯牧业和农牧业区的7 个旗县采集草原放牧绵羊肉109 份和舍饲绵羊肉30 份,采用气相色谱法测定脂肪酸并进行主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）和描述性统计。结果表明：对各旗县绵羊肉样按放牧和舍饲2 种饲养方式或地域聚类进行PCA,呼伦贝尔和锡林郭勒草原放牧肉样聚集在一起,巴彦淖尔农区舍饲肉单独聚类,放牧和舍饲同地域内各旗县和品种聚类均未能分离;股二头肌和羊肥尾多数脂肪酸含量存在差异,但放牧和舍饲肉样间特征脂肪酸有一致性;羊肥尾脂肪酸对2 种饲养方式的区分效果比股二头肌好;放牧肉n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）、α-C18:3 n-3（α-亚麻酸）、C14:1和C14:0含量显著高于舍饲肉,放牧股二头肌和羊肥尾n-3 PUFA含量为舍饲的6.0 倍和4.2 倍,而α-亚麻酸含量为舍饲的4.6 倍和3.9 倍,舍饲绵羊肉n-6 PUFA、反式脂肪酸和C18:2 n-6c（亚油酸）、C18:1 n-9t（反式油酸）含量显著高于放牧肉。     

鄱阳湖野生鱼类脂肪酸含量的比较研究

通过研究鄱阳湖野生淡水鱼类脂肪酸的含量,了解鄱阳湖鱼类中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量和构成比。鱼肌肉用氯仿甲醇溶液提取脂肪,碱法甲酯化后用气相色谱分析。结果显示:鱼肌肉中的PUFA的含量随鱼类品种的不同有较大的差别,范围为18.65%～43.07%;二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)的含量也变化较大,其中黄颡鱼的DHA含量最高,可达10.72%,而鲹鲦的EPA含量则是所测鱼类中最高的,达4.61%。其中n-3系不饱和脂肪酸与n-6系不饱和脂肪酸的比例也相差悬殊,从1:0.7到1:2.5不等。不同科目的鱼,在C22:4n-6、C22:5n-3(DPA)含量上有显著性差异。不同生活习性的鱼,其共轭亚油酸(CLA)、C20:4n-6、C22:2n-6、C22:4n-6、C22:5n-3、C22:6n-3(DHA)均存在显著性差异。研究结果表明鄱阳湖水域中,鱼肌肉的多不饱和脂肪酸与鱼的生活习性如生活在不同的水层和食性等有较大关系,鱼的遗传因素与脂肪酸比例和含量也有一定关系。     

白刺果肉和种子的营养成分分析

对白刺果实的营养成分进行了分析测定。结果表明：果实中维生素C52．0％，可溶性总糖9．79％：果肉中氨基酸总量7．47mg／100mg；种子中氨基酸含量13．76mg／100mg，种子含油量12．7％，其中亚油酸含量占脂肪酸总量的64．28％。     

洞庭湖水域淡水鱼类脂肪酸含量研究

目的分析洞庭湖水域出产的常见可食用淡水鱼多种主要脂肪酸的含量。方法于洞庭湖水域采集当地常见可食用淡水鱼(每种3~4份样品),提取总脂后以气相色谱法分析其各种脂肪酸含量。结果共采集12种淡水鱼类,其总脂含量占可食部范围为1.14%(鳙鱼)~7.55%(黄颡鱼),绝大多数鱼种含量最多的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、n-6和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸分别为棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。DHA含量(mg/100 g可食部)均值范围为19.7(鳝鱼)~358.4(长吻鮠)。二十碳五烯酸(EPA)(r=0.523,P0.000 1)、二十二碳五烯酸(r=0.462,P=0.000 3)和DHA(r=0.576,P0.000 1)含量分别与总脂含量相关。结论洞庭湖水域常见淡水鱼脂含量及脂肪酸含量具有明显种属差异性,部分鱼种可以作为EPA和DHA的良好膳食来源而被推荐。     

5种经济鱼类内脏脂肪酸含量及组成分析

为探明经济鱼类内脏利用价值,采用水解法提取5种经济鱼类内脏脂肪酸,应用气相色谱外标法分析脂肪酸含量及组成。结果表明,5种经济鱼类共检出30种脂肪酸,其中11种饱和脂肪酸,8种单不饱和脂肪酸和11种多不饱和脂肪酸。秋刀鱼总脂肪酸含量最高,为(2504.27±64.99)mg/100 g,鳙鱼内脏最低,为(712.28±5.82)mg/100 g;不饱和脂肪酸比例除秋刀鱼内脏为31.37%外,其余鱼类内脏在56.78%~85.06%之间;3种淡水鱼类内脏必需脂肪酸含量较高,为23.75%~40.85%,但二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexenoic acid,DHA)含量较低;海水鱼类青占鱼内脏中EPA+DHA含量比例较高,为30.88%,但必需脂肪酸含量较低,在6%以下。以上结果表明,部分经济鱼类内脏脂肪酸含量丰富,其中淡水鱼类必需脂肪酸含量较高,海水鱼类DHA含量极高,具有较好的开发利用价值。     

不同类型膳食脂肪酸对肥胖小鼠肝脏及其血液中脂肪酸组成和代谢相关基因影响

目的探讨不同类型膳食脂肪酸对肥胖小鼠肝脏及其血液中脂肪酸组成及代谢相关基因的影响。方法 8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为7组,即对照组(喂基础饲料)、长链饱和脂肪酸(LCSFA)组(喂猪油高脂饲料)、中链饱和脂肪酸(MCSFA)组(喂椰子油高脂饲料)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)组(喂亚麻籽油高脂饲料)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFA)组(喂大豆油高脂饲料)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)组(喂橄榄油高脂饲料)和反式脂肪酸(TFA)组(喂8%氢化大豆油高脂饲料),每组10只,共干预16周,所有种类饲料总能量均相同,基础饲料脂肪供能比为10%,各高脂饲料脂肪供能比均为45%,喂养周期结束后,禁食12 h,麻醉后立刻解剖取出肝脏。采用气相色谱法分析肝脏及其血液中脂肪酸组成的变化,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测肝脏脂肪酸代谢相关基因的表达,肝脏脂质沉积采用油红O染色法检测。结果与对照组比较,LCSFA组、MCSFA组、n-6 PUFA组、MUFA组和TFA组小鼠肝脏中均出现明显的脂质沉积,n-3 PUFA组小鼠肝脏未出现明显的脂质沉积。与对照组比较,LCSFA组小鼠肝脏及血液中总n-6 PUFA和总PUFA含量升高; n-3 PUFA组小鼠肝脏及血液中总n-3 PUFA和总PUFA含量增加,但总MUFA含量减少; n-6 PUFA组小鼠肝脏及血液中总n-6PUFA、总n-3 PUFA和总PUFA含量升高,但总饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和总MUFA含量降低; MUFA组小鼠肝脏及血液中总SFA含量减少; TFA组小鼠肝脏及血液中C18∶1 n-9t(TFA)含量升高;以上差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05)。LCSFA组和MCSFA组小鼠肝脏脂肪酸代谢基因固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1c) mRNA水平高于对照组和n-6 PUFA组,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论小鼠肝脏及其血液中脂肪酸构成与其对应的膳食脂肪酸模式一致。不同类型脂肪酸高脂饲料可通过对相关基因的表达影响肥胖状态下肝脏的脂质代谢及脂质沉积。     

A Comparison of Proximate Composition And Fatty Acid Profile of Indus River Fish Species

Eight species of freshwater fish from the Indus River were analyzed for their proximate composition and fatty acid (FA) profile. Differences were observed (P < 0.05) for moisture (59.95–79.45%), ash (0.05–4.95%), crude protein (17–20.09%) and lipid (0.85–18.32%) contents. The changes in FA profiles of fish species were significant (P < 0.05). The monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid content (24.55–48.35 g/100 g) was higher than the saturated fatty acid (SFA) (25.04–41.02 g/100 g) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (15.72–35.34 g/100g). The predominant PUFAs were eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). All of the fish species had n-3/n-6 within the recommended values (1–4), which confirms he importance of River Indus fish as a significant dietary source of n-3 PUFA.     

Sterol Content of Fish,Crustacea and Mollusc: Effects of Cooking Methods

Sterol contents (desmosterol, cholesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol) of 36 fresh and cooked seafood and four freshwater fish species were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Cholesterol and sitosterol were main sterols in seafood and freshwater fish species. Raw shellfish and molluscs contained cholesterol above 18.92 mg/100 g fish muscle, while the cholesterol content of marine fish ranged from 6.5 to 78.40 mg/100 g fish muscle. The cooking process resulted in significant effects on the sterol contents of seafood and freshwater species (p < 0.05). A remarkable increase in sitosterol (more than 3–4 fold compared to raw fish) was recorded for some fish species cooked in the oven. The highest desmosterol content was observed for fried fish, whereas the frying process resulted in a significant loss in cholesterol and sitosterol contents of marine fish (p < 0.05). The impacts of cooking methods on sterol content of seafood and their form varied depending on fish species and the cooking method used.     

Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of selected marine fish in Malaysian waters

A consumer survey identified 10 species of most-preferred marine fish for daily consumption in Malaysia. Total lipids extracted from 10 species of the selected fish were analyzed for their total fat, fatty acids composition and cholesterol content. Most of the fish contained less than 6% lipid by weight and total cholesterol content was 37.1–49.1 mg/100g. The composition of fatty acids showed that total ω-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA; 29.7–48.4%) were the highest, followed by other PUFA (27.7–40.0), ω-6 PUFA (11.0–20.0%), saturated fatty acid (3.63–11.4%), and finally, mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; 1.37–9.12%). All samples showed a much higher content of ω-3 PUFA when compared to standard menhaden oil. Most of the fish had a higher ω-3/ω-6 ratio (2.16 –4.14) than the standard menhaden oil (2.03) except for Four Finger Threadfin (1.50), Indian Mackerel (1.67) and Striped Sea Catfish (1.78). The ratio of PUFA/saturated of the samples ranged from 5.49 to 25.2.     

Fatty acids distribution in different tissues of wild and reared Seriola dumerili

In this study, we compared the lipid and fatty acids content, between cultured and wild Seriola dumerili, in different edible portions. Results showed that cultured fish contained a higher level of lipids than wild fish. The fatty acids profiles revealed that, among all the split‐fish side, palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1n‐9) acid were the principal saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, in cultured and wild S. dumerili. On the other hand, wild S. dumerili contained a higher level of saturated (38.12 ± 0.54% vs. 33.66 ± 0.15% in cultured fish), monounsaturated (33.13 ± 1.07% vs. 26.49 ± 0.17%), n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (23.90 ± 1.02% vs. 19.77 ± 0.51%) particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (18.83 ± 0.48% vs. 11.77 ± 0.42%). However, the cultured fish showed a higher level of n‐6 PUFA due principally to the higher value of linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6). In fact, changes in fatty acids content between anatomical areas marked differences in the muscle quality of wild and cultured S. dumerili. According to this study, both groups of wild and farmed S. dumerili have nutritional benefits for human health. Cultured fish were characterised by higher hypocholesterolaemic and hypercholesterolaemic fatty acids ratio for all samples studied and a lower n‐3/n‐6 ratio due to the abundance of n‐3 PUFA particularly DHA in wild fish.     

A comparison of selected quality features of the tissue and slaughter yield of wild and cultivated pikeperch<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Sander lucioperca</Emphasis> (L.)

The study focused on the comparison of carcass and fillet yields, fillet color, the content of basic components, and the fatty acid composition of tissue from cultivated and wild pikeperch. There was no variation in yield between carcasses and fillets. The brightness and redness of the color of the fillet surfaces of both types of fish were comparable, although the yellowness, chromaticity and shade of color differed. The tissue of cultivated fish had three times more fat (2.87%) than did that of wild fish; the difference was compensated for by water content. The protein and mineral component contents did not vary significantly. The total levels of saturated and monounsaturated acids in the tissue lipids in 1 g of fat varied. No differences were observed between the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), PUFAn-3, PUFAn-6, or in the n-3/n-6 proportion. One consequence of the higher fat content in cultivated pikeperch tissue was that the contents of eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids per 100 g of fillet were significantly higher than in the tissue of wild pikeperch.     

养殖暗纹东方鲀鱼骨的营养成分分析与评价

为促进养殖河鲀加工副产物的高值化利用,分析了养殖暗纹东方鲀（Takifugu obscurus）鱼骨的营养成分分析与评价。结果表明,养殖暗纹东方鲀鱼骨具有高蛋白（19.46%）、低脂（2.19%）及矿物质含量较多的特点;氨基酸含量为20.07%,其中必需氨基酸含量和鲜味氨基酸含量分别占总氨基酸含量的34.53%和48.77%,色氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸;鱼骨蛋白的营养价值符合儿童（DIAAS为76）、青少年/成人（DIAAS为98）的需求,胶原蛋白含量丰富,占总蛋白含量的34.92%;脂肪酸含量为0.30%、不饱和程度达70.06%,以C22:6n-3（DHA）、C18:1n-9和C18:2n-6为主,且C20:5n-3（EPA）和C22:6n-3含量之和占总脂肪酸含量的29.20%;饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）三者之比为1:0.68:1.66;矿物质中富含钙（20.33 g/kg）、磷（13.92 g/kg）和锌（39.23 mg/kg）元素,钙磷比值为1.46。综上,养殖河鲀鱼骨的蛋白质营养效价良好、胶原蛋白含量高,矿质元素丰富、比例均衡,具有良好的开发应用前景。研究为养殖河鲀鱼骨的高值利用提供了原料特性数据,对养殖河鲀产业发展具有参考价值。     

15种淡水鱼肌肉脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成分析

为比较淡水鱼肌肉脂肪酸在鱼类科、目以及种属间的差异,本文采用氯仿-甲醇(体积比=2:1)法提取15种淡水鱼背部肌肉的粗脂肪,运用气相色谱-质谱联用方法,分析了15种淡水鱼脂肪酸的组成。结果表明,15种淡水鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量在3.76%~14.74%,15种淡水鱼共检出24种脂肪酸,其中8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA),5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和11种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)。不同淡水鱼脂肪酸除个别有差异外,其他组成基本相同,但其含量因淡水鱼所在目、科和种属不同存在显著性差异,多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,均在35%以上。不同鱼种的粗脂肪中EPA和DHA总含量有所差异,鲈鱼粗脂肪中DHA和EPA最高,总含量达到30%,而泥鳅粗脂肪中的EPA和DHA总含量仅为8.51%。部分鱼种可以作为EPA和DHA的良好膳食来源,具有较高的利用和开发价值。     

Comparison of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata); composition, appearance and seasonal variations

Major quality parameters, such as muscle composition, fat deposition, muscle fatty acid composition and external appearance were studied in wild and cultured gilthead sea bream. Muscle fat content and total depot fat (peritoneal and perivisceral fat) indicated a seasonal variation with minimum values observed in late spring and maximum in late summer. Gonadosomatic indices of cultured fish were lower than those found in wild specimens. Lipid content of cultured sea bream was much higher than that of wild fish. Differences were also observed in fatty acid profiles. Cultured fish were characterized by higher levels of monoenes, n-9 and 18:2n-6 fatty acids and wild fish by higher levels of saturates, 20:4n-6, n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios. Differences were also noted in the external appearance of fish.