核电站周边饮用水中铀的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析

Objective To ascertain the concentrations of uranium in drinking water around nuclear power plants.Methods A total of 106 water samples were collected from June 2009 to March 2010 in Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Liaoning and Shandong provinces.Inductively coupled plasma-msgs spectrometry(ICPMS)was applied to determine uranium content in local water source and drinking water.The detection limit of U was 0.8 ng/L.The recovery was 100.9%.Results The uranium concentrations in all samples were less than 15μg/L which was the limit given by World Health Organization(WHO).Conclusions The concentration of uranium in water sources was as follows:Liaoning>Shandong>Jiangsu>Zhejiang.The concentration of uranium in drinking water W88 maximal in Shandong Province and minimal in Zhejiang Province.     

浙江部分地区室内222Rn和220Rn水平及剂量估算

Objective To investigate the concentrations of indoor radon (222Rn) and its daughter products as well as indoor thoron (220Rn) in selected houses in Yuhang district and Sanmen county,Zhejiang province,and estimate their annual effective doses to the population.Methods Solid state nuclear track detectors were used in selected dwellings in Yuhang district and Sanmen county,and the detectors were placed in bedrooms or living rooms.Without changing the ventilation habits of residents,These detectors were continuously placed from March to September in 2009.Results Indoor 222 Rn and 220Rn concentrations in low-rise buildings were the highest among all types of houses.The indoor concentration of 222 Rn had no relation with the building age (F = 0.53,P ＞ 0.05),but that of 220 Rn was dependent on the building age (F = 3.56,P ＜ 0.05).Moreover,the investigation demonstrated indoor 220 Rn concentrations in houses with no decoration were higher than in the houses decorated (t = 2.33,P ＜0.05).The average indoor concentrations of 222Rn and 220Rn in Yuhang district were 32.5 Bq/m3 and 314.3 Bq/m3,respectively,and the annual effective doses were 0.88 mSy and 0.42 mSv respectively.The average indoor concentrations of 222Rn and 220Rn in Sanmen county were 26.8 Bq/m3 and 399.5 Bq/m3,and the annual effective doses were 0.72 mSy and 0.53 mSv respectively.Conclusion The concentrations of indoor 222 Rn in some areas of Zhejiang province are at natural background level,and the concentrations of indoor 220Rn in rural areas are relatively higher.The total annual effective dose from 220Rn and its progeny was larger than that from 222Rn and its progeny by 50 percents.     

秦山核电站运行对上海环境放射性影响评价

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.     

秦山核电站运行对上海环境放射性影响评价

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.     

秦山核电站运行对上海环境放射性影响评价

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.     

秦山核电站运行对上海环境放射性影响评价

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.     

秦山核电站运行对上海环境放射性影响评价

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.     

秦山核电站运行对上海环境放射性影响评价

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.     

秦山核电站运行对上海环境放射性影响评价

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.     

秦山核电站运行对上海环境放射性影响评价

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.     

我国31个城市饮用水氡浓度初步调查

目的 初步调查我国城市饮用水氡水平、分布特征及其影响因素。方法 按照行政区域采样，选择我国31个省会城市和直辖市，采集市政供水管网末梢水样品406份，基于RAD7 H₂O测量装置，采取闭合回路液—气平衡法，利用抓取模式，通过半导体探测器探测气体回路中氡浓度，经过4个循环周期，推算饮用水氡浓度。结果 31个城市饮用水中氡浓度算数均值为（4.92±9.44） Bq/L，几何均值为（0.71±7.77） Bq/L，范围为小于探测下限（LLD）~43.15 Bq/L。406份样品中，约84.2%的样品氡浓度小于美国环境保护署（EPA）推荐的饮用水氡浓度限值11.1 Bq/L。所有样品水氡浓度均低于欧盟推荐的饮用水氡浓度参考值100 Bq/L。结论 我国城市饮用水氡浓度呈现东北、西北、西南、华北地区较高，华南、华中和华东地区较低的趋势，影响因素主要与地质结构、水源类型密切相关。与国际相比，我国城市饮用水氡浓度总体较低，处于安全水平。     

核电站周边地表水中铀的同位素丰度分析

目的 掌握核电站周边地区地表水中铀同位素丰度比值基线数据.方法 采集江苏、山东、浙江省境内3个核电站周边地区供饮用的地表水,利用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)萃淋树脂分离富集铀,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法分析样品中的234 U/238U与235 U/238U的丰度比.结果 地表水中234 U/238U丰度比范围为4.575×10-5 ～7.752×10-5,235 U/238U丰度比范围为7.273 ×10-3～7.639×10-3.结论 地表水中234U被不同程度地富集.     

The quantitative analysis of uranium isotopes in the urine of the civilian population of eastern Afghanistan after Operation Enduring Freedom

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations and precise isotopic compositions of four uranium isotopes (234U, 235U, 236U, and 238U) in urine specimens from the civilian population of Afghanistan after Allied Forces Operation Enduring Freedom. Eight male civilians from Nangarhar-Jalalabad region who presented with symptoms of fatigue, fever, musculoskeletal and neurological alterations, headaches, and respiratory impairment after inhalation of dust during the bombing raids in June 2002 had urine samples collected under controlled conditions and analyzed in duplicate for 234U, 235U, 236U, and 238U, with multicollector, inductively coupled, plasma ionization mass spectrometry. Control samples with an internal urine standard were analyzed with the same method. The mean concentration of uranium in eight samples was found to be considerably greater (275.04 ng/L; SD, 137.80 ng/L; SE, 48.72 ng/L) than what is regarded as a reference range (1-20 ng/L). The 238U/235U ratio was 137.87 +/- 0.20, which is consistent with that of natural uranium. The 234U/238U ratio for the Afghan samples was 0.000055 +/- 0.000001, also consistent with natural uranium. 236U, which usually forms a component of depleted uranium, was not detected (measured 236U/ 238U ratio, < 10(-7)). Our results demonstrate that contamination in Afghanistan with a source consistent with natural uranium has resulted in total uranium concentrations up to 100 times higher than the normal range for various geographic and environmental areas throughout the world. The cause of our findings is currently being evaluated as a part of our ongoing research.     

Concentration and characteristics of depleted uranium in water, air and biological samples collected in Serbia and Montenegro.

During the Balkan conflicts, in 1995 and 1999, depleted uranium (DU) rounds were employed and were left in the battlefield. Health concern is related to the risk arising from contamination of the environment with DU penetrators and dust. In order to evaluate the impact of DU on the environment and population in Serbia and Montenegro, radiological surveys of DU in water, air and biological samples were carried out over the period 27 October-5 November 2001. The uranium isotopic concentrations in biological samples collected in Serbia and Montenegro, mainly lichens and barks, were found to be in the range of 0.67-704 Bqkg(-1) for (238)U, 0.48-93.9 Bqkg(-1) for (234)U and 0.02-12.2 Bqkg(-1) for (235)U, showing uranium levels to be higher than in the samples collected at the control sites. Moreover, (236)U was detectable in some of the samples. The isotopic ratios of (234)U/(238)U showed DU to be detectable in many biological samples at all examined sites, especially in Montenegro, indicating widespread ground-surface DU contamination, albeit at very low level. The uranium isotopic concentrations in air obtained from the air filter samples collected in Serbia and Montenegro were found to be in the range of 1.99-42.1 microBqm(-3) for (238)U, 0.96-38.0 microBqm(-3) for (234)U, and 0.05-1.83 microBqm(-3) for (235)U, being in the typical range of natural uranium values. Thus said, most of the air samples are DU positive, this fact agreeing well with the widespread DU contamination detected in the biological samples. The uranium concentrations in water samples collected in Serbia and Montenegro were found to be in the range of 0.40-21.9 mBql(-1) for (238)U, 0.27-28.1 mBql(-1) for (234)U, and 0.01-0.88 mBql(-1) for (235)U, these values being much lower than those in mineral water found in central Italy and below the WHO guideline for drinking water. From a radiotoxicological point of view, at this moment there is no significant radiological risk related to these investigated sites in terms of possible DU contamination of water, air and/or plants.     

某市两座地下水处理厂氡浓度初步调查与分析

目的 通过对水和空气中氡浓度的测量,初步调查水氡释放对水厂空气氡的影响.方法 选取某市的两座地下水处理厂,采集水厂的水源水、出厂水和末梢水.利用连续测氡仪快速水氡测量方法,测量水中氡浓度;采用固体径迹探测器,累积测量水厂不同区域空气氡浓度.结果 两座水处理厂水源水、出厂水和末梢水中氡浓度分别为:(7.59±1.36)、(3.56±0.86)和(3.68±0.81)Bq/L与(12.19±0.57)、(7.87±1.12)和(9.50±1.12)Bq/L.水源水最高,出厂水与末梢水相近.跌水曝气和开放式过滤工艺能明显降低水中氡含量.曝气室和过滤车间氡浓度分别高达4 218和1 937 Bq/m³,明显高于我国工作场所氡浓度限值1 000 Bq/m³.结论 地下水处理厂曝气车间和开放式过滤车间氡浓度受到水氡释放的影响,我国地下水处理厂氡的问题应该引起重视.     

多级大气颗粒物中超痕量铀的HR-ICP-MS分析方法研究

目的 建立有效可靠地分析多级大气颗粒物中超痕量铀的方法,为环境大气中放射性铀含量的监测与评价提供快速可靠的分析方法。方法 采用撞击式六级空气采样器进行采样,对比纤维素、玻璃纤维和石英3种采样滤膜和4种酸消解体系,选择最优滤膜和消解酸系,利用微波消解-高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定颗粒物中超痕量铀的含量。结果 纤维素带槽滤膜的铀本底含量最低,优选HNO₃-HCl （王水）-H₂O₂体系消解。利用建立方法分析标准膜（SRM2783）的实验结果相对误差为7%,铀的检出限为2×10^-4 ng/m³。应用此方法分析实际PM_2.5颗粒物中铀的含量约为0.023~0.065 ng/m³。结论 建立的方法能够有效监测多级大气颗粒物中超痕量铀的浓度水平,分析方法准确可靠。     

Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation rate of soil in southern Egypt

The level of natural radioactivity in soil of 30 mining samples collected from six locations in southern Egypt was measured. Concentrations of radionuclides in samples were determined by γ-ray spectrometer using HPGe detector with a specially designed shield. The obtained results of uranium and thorium series as well as potassium (K-40) are discussed. The present data were compared with data obtained from different areas in Egypt.

Also, a solid state nuclear track detector SSNTD (Cr-39) was used to measure the radon concentration as well as exhalation rate for these samples. The radon concentrations were found to vary from 1.54 to 5.37 Bq/kg. The exhalation rates were found to vary from 338.81 to 1426.47 Bq/m²d. The values of the radon exhalation rate are found to correspond with the uranium concentration values measured by the germanium detector in the corresponding soil samples.     

Sequential determination of 210Po and uranium radioisotopes in drinking water by alpha-particle spectrometry

Procedures for the sequential determination of low level ²¹⁰Po and uranium radioisotopes in drinking water by alpha-particle spectrometry are presented. After addition of ²⁰⁸Po and ²³²U tracers, the radionuclides were preconcentrated from water samples by co-precipitation on Fe(OH)₃ or MnO₂ at pH 9 using ammonia solution. The ²¹⁰Po source was prepared by spontaneous deposition onto a copper disc either before or after uranium separation. The uranium source for alpha-particle counting was prepared by micro co-precipitation with CeF₃. The procedures were tested on mineral water and the results obtained are compared.     

核辐射突发事件中食品和水的γ能谱检测 与评价方法

目的 探讨核与辐射突发事件情况下食品和饮水的监测技术和评价方法。方法 采集有代表性的食品和饮水样品制样后进行实验室γ能谱测量。结果 给出了我国各类食品中放射性核素限制浓度,如粮食中³H、⁸⁹Sr、¹³¹I、¹³⁷Cs、²²⁶Ra分别为2.1×10⁵、1.2×10³、1.9×10²、2.6×10²、1.4 Bq/kg,并给出食物和饮水的运行干预水平。结论 本方法可实现核辐射事故情况下对食品和水的快速检测,为采取合适的干预行动提供可靠依据。     

全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水及食品中90Sr和137Cs放射性水平调查

目的 调查分析全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs及食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性水平及变化。方法 2012—2019年,选取全国首台AP1000核电机组所在的三门核电站周围的4个生活饮用水监测点,分别在丰水期和枯水期采集并测定⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度;采集当地产大米、包菜、鲫鱼和鲻鱼,测定分析¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度。结果 2012—2019年,生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度范围分别为1.2~9.8、0.2~8.1 mBq/L;食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度为1.1×10^-2~2.8×10^-1 Bq/kg,小于《食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准》（GB 14882-94）限制浓度。结论 全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs及食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性水平平稳,调查数据显示未发现对环境带来影响。