区分空气传声和结构传声的研究

降低飞机舱内的噪声首先要弄清引起舱内噪声的主要来源,以便采取合理有效的降噪措施。进入飞机舱内的噪声一般可分成两大类:空气声激励和机械激励下舱壁的声辐射。前者对舱内声场的贡献称为空气传声,后者称为结构传声。本文根据飞机壁板在机械激励和声场激励时,声辐射系数的差异,借助声强方法推导出两种不同激励下壁板辐射声功率的区分公式,并利用这些公式分别对均匀平板和加肋板进行了区分空气传声和结构传声的实验,计算区分结果和实验结果吻合较好。     

居民楼房结构噪声传递的优化治理

居民楼内由水泵房、配电房以及中央空调等设施引起的结构传声问题,越来越受到人们关注。由此,以配电房为例,对声源处结构传声、空气传声、孔洞衍射声三种传播途径的声功率进行了预测,并对结构传声治理提出了隔振设计方案,通过对各设计参数与材料的优化与比选,使结构传声部分的噪声量降低14～20 dB。治理的方案有一定的参考价值。     

用耦合有限元／边界元方法研究加筋板的声传输

采用耦合的有限元／边界元方法,建立了考虑流体结构耦合的加筋板结构声传输计算模型,并利用该模型计算研究了加筋板的声传输特性。数值计算表明：结构的传声损失与结构的固有频率和激励频率密切相关,避免共振仍是产要的;改变板厚或肋骨惯性矩后,由于结构固有频率发生了变化会使得结构传声损失曲线上极小值的位置发生改变;当声波从空气经结构向空气中传递时,增大板厚或肋骨惯性矩可明显增大结构的传声损失;而当声波从空气经结构向水中传递时,增大板厚或肋骨惯性矩也增大了结构的传声损失,但效果明显不如当声波从空气经结构向空气中传递时显著。     

低地板车结构传声及车内噪声特性

对我国某100 %低地板车辆在60 km/h速度下进行振动噪声试验,获得了低地板车动车、拖车,车内及转向架噪声特性。结果表明,车内噪声主要能量集中在400 Hz～1250 Hz,其中400 Hz频谱能量最大。动车比拖车车内噪声高3 dB,这是由于转向架动力源激励400 Hz中心频段结构传声和空气传声所致。控制电机振动,能从源头上有效控制车内400 Hz中心频率结构传声。此外,也需要从路径上控制电机激励结构传声,即控制横向减振器和二系空簧的结构传声。相关分析结果可为低地板车振动噪声控制和低噪声设计提供参考。     

复合材料层合板的铺层几何对结构声传输的影响

采用基于复合材料一阶剪切理论－Mindilin理论的板单元和基于Rayleigh表面分方程的边界元,对嵌在无限障板上的复合材料层合板在低频简谐平面声波斜入射情况下,建立了考虑流体结构耦合的传声计算模型,并利用该模型计算研究了对称角铺设、反对称角铺设和正交铺设等不同铺设方式对层合板传声损失的影响以及在板侧流体介质分别为空气和水时层合板的传声特性,指出层合板的铺层几何对其传声损失有较大影响,应在设计中引起注意。     

工况噪声源测定与识别用保真消噪传声套筒的研究

本文针对噪声测量和声源定位极易受环境干扰这一重大难题，基于管道传声理论研究了可与通用声学测量传声器配用的保真消噪传声套筒结构，并建立了适用于各种规格的声学测量传感器和工况声声具体要求的通用型模块化结构快ＣＡＤ软件分析系统，取得了明显的实用效果。     

阻尼复合板的结构参数配置与传声损失

本文根据无限大弹性体和粘弹性体的波传递理论，给出了适合于任意层弹性－粘弹性阻尼复合板传声损失计算的传递矩阵法；应用传递矩阵法对不同结构特征的阻尼复合板传声损失（ＴＬ）进行了变参数数值计算，系统地分析了分层材料的参数配置对隔声吻合频率及吻合频率处传声损失的影响规律，得到了与阻尼复合板隔声设计有关的重要结论．     

蜂窝空腔板的隔声性能分析

基于驻波管中三传声器测量传声损失的方法,建立了计算蜂窝空腔板传声损失的有限元分析模型。通过对比3D打印的蜂窝空腔板的驻波管实验的实测结果与有限元分析模型的数值结果,验证了该模型总体上是可靠的。利用有限元分析模型分析了蜂窝空腔板的传声特性,讨论了空腔单元的中心间距、空腔单元壁厚、板总厚度、损耗因子以及杨氏弹性模量对蜂窝空腔板传声特性的影响,指出空腔单元壁厚、板总厚度和杨氏弹性模量对其传声损失有较大的影响,为此类结构的工程设计与优化提供了参考。     

汽车镁质复合仪表板传声损失的实验及仿真研究

复合板可以有效地提高结构的隔声性能,因此镁合金复合结构已成功应用于汽车仪表板。以Biot-Allard模型为基础,建立敷设吸声材料的复合结构仪表板模型,利用结构-声耦合法,计算仪表板的传声损失。通过与实验结果比较,采用结构-声耦合法预测结构的隔声性能是可行的。结果表明,低频范围内的隔声性能对仪表板的边界约束情况十分敏感,可通过提高仪表板边界的连接刚度来提高其传声损失。中高频范围内,敷设多孔吸声材料可以提高仪表板的隔声性能。但厚度增加并不能无限制的提高其传声损失,还要考虑成本与低频"隔声恶化"的问题。因此,需合理选取吸声材料的厚度,使得仪表板在关心的频带内声学性能达到最优。     

100%低地板列车车内声源识别试验研究

100 %低地板列车是一种新型绿色环保的城市区域交通运输车辆。针对其特殊的车体结构,提出了更高的车内噪声控制要求。通过线路噪声试验,和100 %低地板列车车内声源特性的系统测试,定性分析了车内显著声源的传递路径,在此基础上提出车内减振降噪建议措施。试验结果表明,100 %低地板列车车内各个测点的声源能量主要集中在中心频率400 Hz～1 250 Hz的1/3倍频带,声源位置主要位于地板、顶板以及风挡区域。车内最显著频带声源的传递路径以空气传声为主。控制车辆外部空气声源,提高车体结构的密封、隔声性能是降低车内噪声的可行方法。研究结果可为100 %低地板列车车内减振降噪提供参考。     

扭转振动压电超声换能器的研究

本文对夹心式复合结构压电超声扭转振动换能器进行了系统的理论研究，该换能器由两段金属真圆棒及切向极化的压电陶瓷圆片堆复合而成，文中首先研究了切向极化压电陶瓷细长管的扭转振动性，推出了其机电等效电路，并提出了压电陶瓷细长管截面扭转系数的概念。，     

切向极化压电陶瓷细长圆棒的扭转振动研究

利用压电材料的压电及运动方程，本文研究了切向极化压电陶瓷细长棒的扭转振动，分析了扭转振动压电陶瓷细棒中扭转角及扭矩的分布规律，推出了扭转振动压电陶瓷振子的机电等效电路，并得出了振子的共振及反共振频率方程，为扭转振动超声换能器的设计及计算奠定了一定的理论基础。     

Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers oflongitudinal-torsional compound vibrational modes

Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers of longitudinal-torsional compound vibrational modes were studied. The transducers consist of coaxially segmented, longitudinally and tangentially polarized piezoelectric ceramic rings, a back metal cylinder, and a front exponential solid metal horn. Based on the plane-wave approximation, the equivalent circuits of the longitudinal and torsional vibrations in the sandwiched transducer were obtained and the resonance frequency equations of the transducer in longitudinal and torsional vibrations were derived. By means of choosing the radius decay coefficient of the front exponential horn, the longitudinal and torsional vibrations are made to resonate at the same frequency in the transducer. Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers of longitudinal-torsional compound modes were designed and fabricated according to the frequency equations. It is demonstrated that the measured resonance frequencies of the transducers are in good agreement with the theoretical results, and the measured resonance frequencies of the transducers in longitudinal and torsional vibration modes are also in good agreement with each other. Theoretical and experimental results show that this kind of transducer can be used in ultrasonic welding, ultrasonic machining, ultrasonic motors, and other ultrasonic applications which need large displacement amplitudes     

Study on a new type of radial composite piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers in radial vibration

In this paper, a new type of radial composite ultrasonic transducers in radial vibration is presented and studied. The radial composite ultrasonic transducer consists of a solid piezoelectric ceramic thin disk and a hollow metal thin, circular ring in radial vibration; and they are connected together in the radial direction. The radial vibrations of a piezoelectric ceramic thin disk and a hollow, metal, thin, circular ring are analyzed, respectively. Their radial electromechanical equivalent circuits are obtained. Based on the electromechanical equivalent circuits and using the boundary conditions between the piezoelectric ceramic thin disk and the hollow, metal, thin ring, the electromechanical equivalent circuit of the radial composite ultrasonic transducer is derived and the resonance frequency equation is obtained. The theoretical results from the resonance frequency equation are in good agreement with the measured radial resonance frequencies, and they also are in a good agreement with the results from the numerical method.     

Radial vibration of the composite ultrasonic transducer of piezoelectric and metal rings

The radial composite ultrasonic transducer of a piezoelectric ceramic ring and a metal ring is studied. The radial vibrations of a piezoelectric ceramic ring polarized in the thickness direction and a metal ring are analyzed and their electromechanical equivalent circuits are obtained. On the basis of the electromechanical equivalent circuits of the piezoelectric and the metal ring and the radial boundary conditions, the total electromechanical equivalent circuit for the composite ultrasonic transducer is also obtained. The resonance frequency and anti-resonance frequency equations of the composite ultrasonic transducer are given. Some radial composite ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured and their resonance and anti-resonance frequencies are measured. Experiments show that the measured resonance frequencies are in a good agreement with the theoretical results.     

压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环复合振动系统的径向振动

对由压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环组成的复合振动系统的径向振动特性进行了研究。首先分析了压电陶瓷圆环和金属圆环的径向振动,推出了其各自的机电等效电路。在此基础上,得出了压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环复合振动系统的机电等效电路及其共振频率方程。探讨了系统的共振及反共振频率、有效机电耦合系数与其几何尺寸之间的关系。研究表明,当复合振动系统的壁厚比增大时,其共振及反共振频率升高。对于换能器的第一阶径向振动,其有效机电耦合系数随壁厚比的增大而单调减小;对于换能器的第二阶径向振动,其有效机电耦合系数随壁厚比的增大会出现一个极大值,而且,在一定的壁厚比范围内,换能器第二阶径向振动的有效机电耦合系数大于第一阶径向振动的有效机电耦合系数,这一规律与传统的有关压电换能器的分析理论及结果是有所不同的。     

Radiation impedance and equivalent circuit for piezoelectric ultrasonic composite transducers of vibrational mode-conversion

The piezoelectric ultrasonic composite transducer, which can be used in either gas or liquid media, is studied in this paper. The composite transducer is composed of a longitudinal sandwich piezoelectric transducer, a mechanical transformer, and a metal circular plate in flexural vibration. Acoustic radiation is produced by the flexural circular plate, which is excited by the longitudinal sandwich transducer and transformer. Based on the classic flexural theory of plates, the equivalent lumped parameters for a plate in axially symmetric flexural vibration with free boundary conditions are obtained. The radiation impedance of the plate is derived and the relationship between the radiation impedance and the frequency is analyzed. The equivalent circuits for the plate in flexural vibration and the composite transducer are given. The vibrational modes and the harmonic response of the composite piezoelectric transducer are simulated by the numerical method. Based on the theoretical and numerical analysis, two composite piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured, their admittance-frequency curves are measured, and the resonance frequency is obtained. The flexural vibrational displacement distribution of the transducer is measured with a laser scanning vibrometer. It is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the measured resonance frequency and the displacement distribution.     

Radially composite piezoelectric ceramic tubular transducer in radial vibration

The radially composite piezoelectric tubular transducer is studied. It is composed of radially poled piezoelectric and a long metal tube. The electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of the radially poled piezoelectric and metal tube in radial vibration is obtained. Based on the force and velocity boundary conditions, the six-port electro-mechanical equivalent circuit for the composite tubular transducer is given and the resonance/anti-resonance frequency equations are obtained. The relationship between the resonance frequency and the dimensions is analyzed. Numerically simulated results obtained by the finite element method are compared with those from the analytical method. Composite piezoelectric tubular transducers are designed and manufactured. The resonance/anti-resonance frequencies are measured, and it is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the simulated and experimental results. It is expected that radially composite piezoelectric tubular transducers can be used as high-power ultrasonic radiators in ultrasonic applications, such as ultrasonic liquid processing.     

Piezoelectric ceramic rectangular transducers in flexural vibration

Based on the equivalent elastic method and coupled vibration theory, an analytic method is presented to study the flexural vibration of rectangular transducers consisting of piezoelectric ceramic thin plates. By introducing a mechanical coupling coefficient, the flexural vibration of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin plate is reduced to two simple, one-dimensional flexural vibrations of narrow piezoelectric ceramic strips. The resonance frequency equations for the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducers in flexural vibration are derived under the free and simply supported boundary conditions analytically. The relationship between the resonance frequency and the flexural vibrational order, the geometrical shape, and the dimensions of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducer is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the one-dimensional vibrational theory for the flexural vibration of a narrow piezoelectric ceramic strip and the stripe-mode flexural vibrational theory for the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin plate can be derived directly from the theory obtained in this paper. Experimental results show that the measured resonance frequencies of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducers in flexural vibration under free-boundary conditions are in good agreement with the calculated results. The method presented in this paper can be used in the resonance frequency analysis of vibrating systems in coupled vibration.     

0-3型橡胶基压电阻尼复合材料的制备及其性能

本文以通用橡胶为基体材料,以一定体积分数的锆钛酸铅粉体（PZT）为压电相、导电炭黑为导电相制备了0-3型压电阻尼复合材料。经过直流高温油浴极化处理后,获得了在低频下具有较高损耗因子的压电阻尼材料,并研究了其断面形貌、压电应变系数、损耗因子等各项性能。