不同强度级别低合金钢焊缝金属的组织特征及其对韧性的影响

焊接区的微观组织是决定其力学性能的关键因素。为了改善低合金钢焊缝的冲击韧性,对500~1 000MPa级焊条的焊缝金属的化学组成、金相组织和力学性能进行了对比研究。采用金相显微镜和透射电子显微镜对不同强度级别的低合金钢焊缝组织进行了观察和电子衍射分析,并进行了焊缝金属拉伸强度和冲击韧性测试。结果表明,随着焊条强度级别的增加,焊缝组织由先共析铁素体、针状铁素体加珠光体变成粒状贝氏体,最后变成贝氏体加马氏体组织;当焊缝组织为粒状贝氏体时其韧性最低。     

Effects of Zr on acicular ferrite formation in HAZ of Ti-bearing low carbon steels with high heat input of weld thermal simulations

To research the effect of Zr addition on inhibiting austenite grain growth of Ti-bearing low carbon steels,two steels with different Zr contents were prepared using a laboratory vacuum induction furnace. The performance of HAZ under weld thermal simulations was investigated. The impact toughness,microstructure and the second-phase particle performance of HAZ under weld thermal simulations were investigated. The HAZ toughness was improved from 13 J to 87 J by addition of 0. 010 % Zr into the steel,with the fracture mechanism changing from cleavage fracture to toughness fracture,which was mainly attributed to the second-phase particles that were potent to nucleate acicular ferrite in HAZ during welding. It was concluded that the second-phase particles TiO x + MnS,ZrO 2 + MnS or TiO x + ZrO 2 + MnS were nucleated on ZrO 2 or TiO x ( x =1. 5,2) . This method can be applied to grain refinement by promoting the acicular ferrite formation and growth during large-scale welding,as in the cases of thick steel plates requiring higher heat inputs during welding.     

低合金高强钢针状铁素体组织特征和形成机理

针状铁素体是一种具有大角度晶界、高位错密度的板条状中温转变组织,该组织能有效细化晶粒并具有良好的强韧性匹配.因此,通常在低合金高强度钢焊缝和粗晶区中,利用细小的夹杂物来诱导针状铁素体形成,形成有效晶粒尺寸细小的针状铁素体联锁组织或者针状铁素体和贝氏体的复合组织,使其具有良好的韧性.然而,相关研究对针状铁素体组织的形成机理和控制原理的解释并不十分清楚,对于针状铁素体的定义和理解也存在差异.总结了针状铁素体的本质、相变、形核、形态、晶体学取向关系、长大行为、细化机理和力学性能等方面的特征,归纳了奥氏体晶粒尺寸、转变温度、冷却速度、夹杂物类型和尺寸等对针状铁素体形成的影响,提出了针状铁素体组织形态和转变机理方面几个仍需深入研究的问题和方向.     

Correlation Between Microstructure and Low-Temperature Impact Toughness of Simulated Reheated Zones in the Multi-pass Weld Metal of High-Strength Steel

A large fraction of reheated weld metal is formed during multi-pass welding, which significantly affects the mechanical properties (especially toughness) of welded structures. In this study, the low-temperature toughness of the simulated reheated zone in multi-pass weld metal was evaluated and compared to that of the as-deposited zone using microstructural analyses. Two kinds of high-strength steel welds with different hardenabilities were produced by single-pass, bead-in-groove welding, and both welds were thermally cycled to peak temperatures above Ac₃ using a Gleeble simulator. When the weld metals were reheated, their toughness deteriorated in response to the increase in the fraction of detrimental microstructural components, i.e., grain boundary ferrite and coalesced bainite in the weld metals with low and high hardenabilities, respectively. In addition, toughness deterioration occurred in conjunction with an increase in the effective grain size, which was attributed to the decrease in nucleation probability of acicular ferrite; the main cause for this decrease changed depending on the hardenability of the weld metal.     

690 MPa级ULCB熔敷金属组织与强韧化规律

 采用传统的高强钢焊接材料焊接690 MPa级低碳铜沉淀强化钢时,仍需严格控制热输入、预热温度、层间温度,这使得低碳铜沉淀强化钢的优良性能和可节约生产成本的优势得不到很好地发挥。通过采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等表征方法,研究了不同质量分数的Si/Mn/Ni配比对690 MPa级超低碳贝氏体(ULCB)熔敷金属的组织及强韧性能的影响,为690 MPa级低碳铜沉淀强化钢配套的焊接材料的工程化应用提供一定的技术支持和积累。结果表明,690 MPa级超低碳贝氏体(ULCB)熔敷金属组织主要由板条贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成。当Si质量分数为0.16%、Mn质量分数为1.46%时,熔敷金属组织细化,冲击韧性得以提升,但Si含量过低易使贝氏体铁素体呈块状,导致韧性提升有限。而当Si质量分数为0.29%、Mn质量分数为1.02%时,Ni含量增加,贝氏体铁素体板条呈细长条状,显微组织相互交错分布,使熔敷金属冲击韧性显著改善。相变位错强化受贝氏体开始转变温度(B_s)影响,这是影响ULCB熔敷金属强度的主要原因。ULCB熔敷金属中夹杂物主要分布在贝氏体铁素体的板条亚结构间,少量成为针状铁素体的形核质点,促进针状铁素体形核,因此,对熔敷金属中的夹杂物进行控制,可进一步发挥超低碳贝氏体熔敷金属的潜力,提高其韧性。     

Ti对大线能量焊接焊缝组织和性能的影响

对不同Ti含量的气电立焊焊缝组织及力学性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,Ti的质量分数在0.028%~0.038%范围内时,焊缝中获得大量细小的针状铁素体,焊缝组织及低温韧性得以明显改善。当Ti过量时,焊缝中的针状铁素体减少,组织以贝氏体为主,低温韧性相应下降。焊缝组织中观察到块状和条状的M-A组元,随着焊缝Ti含量增加,其总量增加。焊缝夹杂物多为以氧化物为核心,外层包裹着MnS的复合夹杂物,并随夹杂物Ti含量的增加,由Mn-Si-Al-O型向Ti-Mn-Al-O型转变,有利于促进针状铁素体形成。而当焊缝中Ti过量时,主要夹杂物又转变为对针状铁素体形核无效的Ti-Al-O型,促进了贝氏体转变。     

高强度低合金钢焊缝金属的组织及其影响因素

HSLA钢焊缝金属组织主要是由先共析铁素体、侧板条铁素体和针状铁素体组成,针状铁素体具有良好的韧性和强度配比,是HSLA钢焊缝金属最希望得到的组织。从合金元素、焊接参数和夹杂物三个方面对针状铁素体组织的形成进行阐述,以期为HSLA钢的使用及配套焊丝的开发等相关研究提供一定的借鉴。     

超低碳微合金X100管线钢CO2焊焊接接头的组织和性能

 采用CO2焊接方法焊接X100管线钢,分析了不同焊接工艺下焊接接头组织和性能的变化特征。随着焊接热输入的增加,焊接接头的屈服强度和抗拉强度降低,焊缝和热影响区处的冲击吸收功呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,而焊缝组织均以针状铁素体（AF）为主。焊接热输入为1.17 kJ/mm时,粗晶区的显微组织主要是贝氏体铁素体（BF）,强韧匹配性最为优异;当热输入增加至1.91 kJ/mm时,粗晶区的组织除了BF外,还出现了粒状贝氏体（GB）,强韧水平明显降低。综合考虑,可将1.17 kJ/mm作为X100管线钢CO2焊接时的最佳热输入。     

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Electro-slag welding with heat input of 530kJ/cm was applied to 60mm thick shipbuilding plate EH40, and microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld joint were characterized. Different regions such as heat affected zone, fusion zone, weld metal and base metal are found across the weld joint by microstructure analysis. A narrow coarse grain heat affected zone consisting of acicular ferrite, polygonal ferrite and grain boundary ferrite is found, width of which is less than 1mm. Acicular ferrite (?? 10??m) and grain boundary ferrite is observed at weld metal, while fusion zone have a complex structure of acicular ferrite, grain boundary ferrite and ferrite side plate. Mechanical property tests show that the absorbed energy of WM, FL and CGHAZ at -20?? during Charpy impact test is more than 60J, no evident softening phenomenon occurred at heat affected zone, and other properties met the requirement.     

Effect of Magnesium on Inclusion Formation in Ti-Killed Steels and Microstructurai Evolution in Welding Induced Coarse-Grained Heat Affected Zone

Effects of Mg on the chemical component and size distribution of Ti-bearing inclusions favored grain refinement of the welding induced coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ),with enhanced impact toughness in Ti-killed steels,which were examined based on experimental observations and thermodynamic calculations.The results indicated that the chemical constituents of the inclusions gradually varied from the Ti-O+Ti-Mg-O compound oxide to the Ti-Mg-O+ MgO compound oxide and the single-phase MgO,as the Mg content increased from 0.002 3% to 0.006%.A trace addition of Mg (approximately 0.002 %) led to the refinement of Ti-bearing inclusions by creating the Ti-Mg-O compound oxide and provided favorable size distribution of the inclusions for acicular ferrite transformation with a high nucleation rate in the CGHAZ,and a high volume fraction of acicular ferrite was obtained in the CGHAZ with enhanced impact toughness.Otherwise,a high content of Mg (approximately 0.006%) produced a single-phase MgO,which was impotent to nucleate an acicular ferrite,and a microstructure comprised of a ferrite side plate and a grain boundary ferrite developed in the CGHAZ.The experimental results were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.     

Effect of Magnesium on Inclusion Formation in TiKilled Steels and Microstructural Evolution in Welding Induced CoarseGrained Heat Affected Zone

 Effects of Mg on the chemical component and size distribution of Ti bearing inclusions favored grain refinement of the welding induced coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ), with enhanced impact toughness in Ti killed steels, which were examined based on experimental observations and thermodynamic calculations. The results indicated that the chemical constituents of the inclusions gradually varied from the Ti O+Ti Mg O compound oxide to the Ti Mg O+MgO compound oxide and the single phase MgO, as the Mg content increased from 0002 3% to 0006%. A trace addition of Mg (approximately 0002%) led to the refinement of Ti bearing inclusions by creating the Ti Mg O compound oxide and provided favorable size distribution of the inclusions for acicular ferrite transformation with a high nucleation rate in the CGHAZ, and a high volume fraction of acicular ferrite was obtained in the CGHAZ with enhanced impact toughness. Otherwise, a high content of Mg (approximately 0006%) produced a single phase MgO, which was impotent to nucleate an acicular ferrite, and a microstructure comprised of a ferrite side plate and a grain boundary ferrite developed in the CGHAZ. The experimental results were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.     

Analysis of inclusions and precipitates in tough weld metal of X80 steel

Submerged arc welding(SAW)and gas metal arc welding(GMAW)experiments of Nb-bearing X80 steel were conducted with high-toughness wires.The inclusions in weld metals were analyzed in terms of their types and sizes.In GMAW,the inclusions are primarily Ti,Ca,Si,Al,and Mg compounds with no Nb and are generally less than 0.8 pm in size,whereas,in SAW weld,the inclusions are larger,mostly approximately 2-5 μm in size,and are cored with Ca and Ti,exhibiting obvious oxidation metallurgical features.The SAW joint was hot-deformed,and Nb-bearing nano precipitates were newly found in the weld metal through transmission electron microscopy,and Nb-free core-shell inclusion was found through scanning electron microscopy.The inclusions and precipitates were dispersed in or on the boundaries of acicular ferrite,contributing to acicular ferrite nucleation and grain refinement.     

高钢级管线钢的组织特征和强韧性

背散射(EBSD)和扫描(SEM)电子显微镜及力学性能试验表明,微合金化X70、X80和X100管线钢的组织由针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体和少量下贝氏体组成;随钢的有效晶粒尺寸降低、贝氏体含量增加以及组织均匀性提高,高钢级管线钢的强韧性明显增加。     

Weldability of 780 MPa Super-High Strength Heavy-Duty Truck Crossbeam Steel

 CO2-shielded welding experiments of newly developed, 780 MPa super-high strength heavy-duty truck crossbeam steel were conducted, and the microstructure, microhardness, mechanical properties, and impact toughness of the welded joint were studied. The evolution of the microstructure of the welded joint occurred as follows: welding seam (acicular ferrite+proeutectoid ferrite)→fusion zone (granular bainite-long strip M/A island)→coarse grain zone (granular bainite-long strip or short bar M/A island)→fine grain zone (ferrite+pearlite+blocky M/A island)→mixed grained zone (ferrite+granular bainite+blocky M/A island)→base metal (proeutectoid ferrite+granular bainite-blocky or granular M/A island). Increasing the density of the grain boundaries can effectively improve the impact toughness, and the blocky M/A island hindered crack propagation more effectively than the long strip M/A island. The new hot-rolled 780 MPa super-high strength steel had excellent weldability. The welding technology was applied under the following conditions: welding voltage was 20 to 21 V, welding current was 200 to 210 A, and the gas flow rate was 25 L/min.     

850级钢熔化焊焊缝的组织特征

利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及附带EDS系统和透射电子显微镜研究850 MPa级焊缝金属的微观组织,并通过分析焊缝金属凝固和相变过程,研究组织形成机制。发现原δ铁素体柱状晶晶界附近的锰和镍含量高于其心部含量。原δ铁素体柱状晶晶界附近组织由平行板条马氏体组成,板条宽度约为300 nm,原δ铁素体柱状晶心部组织由"交织状"板条马氏体组成,板条宽度约为400 nm。分析认为造成原δ铁素体柱状晶晶界附近和心部组织差异的重要原因是锰和镍的偏析,而焊缝金属良好的冲击韧性是因为存在30%"交织状"马氏体和一定量残余奥氏体。     

Lower acicular ferrite

An experiment has been designed to confirm that the mechanism of growth of acicular ferrite in steel welds is similar to that of bainite in ordinary steels. On the hypothesis that the growth mechanisms are identical, it was expected that if the carbon concentration of a weld is increased sufficiently, then for similar welding conditions, the microstructure should undergo a transition from acicular ferrite tolower acicular ferrite, in which the plates of acicular ferrite should contain cementite particles of the sort normally associated with lower bainite in wrought steels. An experimental weld of unusually high carbon concentration was prepared, and metallography confirmed the existence of lower acicular ferrite, supporting the conclusion that acicular ferrite is simply an intragranularly nucleated bainite.     

The significant impact of Ti content on microstructure–toughness relationship in the simulated coarse-grained heated-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steels

This study aims to investigate the influence of Ti addition on microstructure and toughness in the simulated coarse-grained heated-affected zone (CGHAZ) of high-strength low-alloy steels. The steels with low and high Ti content respectively were subjected to 100?kJ/cm heat input welding thermal cycle. The results indicated that the second-phase particles were mainly oxide covered with MnS and fine (Ti,Nb)N precipitate in low-Ti steel, which were modified to the oxide surrounded by TiN and coarse (Ti,Nb)N precipitate in high-Ti steel. Compared with low-Ti steels, the coarser precipitates induced larger austenite grain in CGHAZ of high-Ti steel. Moreover, the wrapping of TiN decreases the ability of inclusion to promote the nucleation of acicular ferrite, resulting in lower fraction of acicular ferrite in CGHAZ of high-Ti steel. Content of martensite-austenite constituent increased in CGHAZ of high-Ti steel. They were all responsible for the degeneration in toughness in CGHAZ of high-Ti steel.     

Effects of Alloy Element and Microstructure on Corrosion Resistant Property of Deposited Metals of Weathering Steel

Alloy element and microstructure are key factors that dominate mechanical and corrosion resistant properties of weathering steel.The effect of Mo on microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion resistant property of depos-ited metal was investigated.Experimental results show that with the increase of Mo content in deposited metals,the phase transformation temperature decreases,and the ferrite zone in CCT diagram moves rightward,resulting in en-larged bainite zone and reduced ferrite and pearlite zone.The addition of 0?24 mass% Mo in deposited metal results in the increase of tensile strength,more M-A constituent and less high angle grain which reduce the low temperature toughness.It is found that Mo can raise the weathering resistance of deposited metal in industrial atmosphere.Analy-sis indicates that Mo may enrich in the inner rust layer,produce MoO3 ,enhance the formation of compact rust film and impede the anode dissolution reaction.Granular bainite in deposited metals displays better corrosion resistance than acicular ferrite during the initial corrosion stage,but its long-term influence on the corrosion resistance is limited.     

新型稀土钢焊条

本文通过在碱性药皮中添加适量多种稀土剂进行的试验，研制出一种新型含稀土焊条。该焊条不仅工艺性能优良，而且发挥了稀土元素在钢焊缝中的净化、细化及改善组织的作用，获得以晶内细小针状铁素体为基的焊缝组织，低温韧性好。     

Structure- Property relationships in low c weld metal

A study was made of the effects of microalloy elements Cb and V on weld metal structure and impact properties. The results of this study have emphasized the importance of microstructure in determining low temperature impact properties. A number of correlation techniques have been used to account for observed toughness trends in terms of microstructure change and the accompanying alteration in the brittle fracture surface. Two categories of microstructure are described which are commonly observed in low C weld metal, namely, grain boundary ferrite plus intragranular acicular ferrite which is denoted as Category I and the lath structure which is called Category II. Category II is shown to emanate from prior austenite grain boundaries in the form of parallel side plates with similar orientation. Cb is shown to promote the Category II structure which results in decreased low temperature Charpy properties.