黑龙江浮游植物群落结构特征

20 0 3年 5、 7、 9、 1 1月对黑龙江浮游植物的种类组成结构特征进行了研究。结果表明 :浮游植物共计 8门 1 2 7种 ,以绿藻、硅藻为主 ,分别占 47%和 44% ,尺骨针杆藻、细星杆藻、钝脆杆藻、颗粒直链硅藻、美丽星杆藻、歧射盘星藻、毕氏林氏藻、卵形隐藻等为优势种。浮游植物数量为 35 1 2 9× 1 0 4ind /L ,以硅藻为主 ,数量为 2 4 4 62×1 0 4ind /L占 69 63% ,生物量为 3 88mg/L ,硅藻最高 ,为 3 1 1mg/L。浮游植物季节变化比较明显 ,数量夏季最高为 5 75 2 8× 1 0 4ind /L ,生物量以秋季最高 5 65 5mg/L ;水平分布抚远江段最高 ,平均为 5 31 47× 1 0 4ind /L和 4 95mg/L。多样性指数变化是冬季 >春季 >夏季 >秋季 ;均匀度指数变化是冬季 >夏季 >春季 >秋季。     

沅水浮游植物群落结构特征

于2005年3、6、9、12月对沅水浮游植物群落结构进行了调查。结果表明:沅水浮游植物共计6门147种,以硅藻和绿藻为主,分别占43.53%和36.73%。浮游植物平均密度为2.21×105ind./L,蓝藻密度最大为1.33×105ind./L;浮游植物平均生物量为3.97 mg/L,蓝藻生物量最大为3.42 mg/L。浮游植物季节变化比较明显,密度秋季最大(4.64×105ind./L),夏季最小(1.6×104ind./L);生物量冬季最大(12.86 mg/L),夏季最小(0.2 mg/L)。水平分布密度和生物量均是牛鼻滩站最大,分别为6.03×105ind./L和29.6 mg/L。调查显示沅水浮游植物中巴豆叶脆杆藻、颗粒直链硅藻、钝脆杆藻、美丽星杆藻、细星杆藻、格孔单突盘星藻、泥污颤藻、铜绿微囊藻等为优势种。浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较低,在1～2之间。指数变化由高到低分别为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季。     

三峡水库三期蓄水后浮游植物群落结构特征初步研究

于2007年1月、4月、7月、10月,对三期蓄水后三峡库区秭归至江津江段的长江干流和5条支流(乌江、磨刀溪、梅溪河、大宁河、香溪河)的浮游植物进行了为期1年的调查。结果显示:在调查期间,浮游植物共计7门164种,以硅藻和绿藻为主,分别占浮游植物总种类数的48.78%和31.70%,其它门类共只占19.52%。优势种有美丽星杆藻(Asterionella formsa),尖针杆藻(Synedra acus),颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata),实球藻(Pandorina morum),铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa),飞燕角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)和拟多甲藻(Peridiniopsissp.)。浮游植物种类的季节变化比较明显,种类数以秋季最多(101种),冬季最少(68种)。三峡库区浮游植物现存量的周年变化,干流明显比支流小。在干流中以春季最大(平均密度为27.75×104ind./L,平均生物量为0.88 mg/L),夏季最小(平均密度为6.97×104ind./L,平均生物量为0.25 mg/L);在支流中以春季最大(平均密度为269.30×104ind./L,平均生物量为6.75 mg/L),冬季最小(平均密度为48.88×104ind./L,平均生物量为1.33 mg/L)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在干流中平均值为1.84,四季中秋季最高,其次为冬季、夏季、春季;在支流中平均值为1.95,四季中夏季最高,其次为冬季、秋季、春季。     

武汉南湖的浮游植物

调查了武汉南湖浮游植物的群落结构,在5个采样站鉴定出浮游植物67种,隶属于7门24科43属,其中绿藻门种类最多(28种),金藻门最少(1种)。浮游植物平均密度为2.489×106ind./L,秋季最高为2.979×106ind./L,夏季最低为1.949×106ind./L;平均生物量为7.94 mg/L,其中隐藻生物量最高,为2.33 mg/L,甲藻和金藻最低,分别为0.06 mg/L和0.01 mg/L;浮游植物的密度和生物量在5个采样站之间无显著性差异,其M argalef多样性指数较低,在1~2之间。     

澜沧江囊谦段夏秋季浮游植物群落结构初步研究

2011年夏季(6月)和秋季(9月)对澜沧江囊谦段的浮游植物进行初步研究。结果表明,澜沧江囊谦段浮游植物共计4门、57种(属);其中,硅藻门种类最多,为33种(属),占总种类数的57.9%;其次是绿藻门,为13种(属),占22.8%,蓝藻门10种(属),占17.5%,甲藻门仅检到1种,占1.8%。夏秋两季澜沧江囊谦段均以喜低温的硅藻为主,绿藻、蓝藻种类秋季多于夏季,甲藻仅在夏季出现。浮游植物优势种以硅藻为主,占75.0%,种类有尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、普通等片藻(Diatoma vulgare)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、桥弯藻(Cymbella sp.)、曲壳藻(Achnanthes sp.)、异极藻(Gomphonem sp.)、颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和席藻(Phormidium sp.)。浮游植物数量为13.26×104～375.59×104个/L,平均数量99.36×104个/L;生物量为0.0445～1.9972mg/L,平均0.4915mg/L。浮游植物数量和生物量均以硅藻最高,分别占总数量的61.2%和总生物量的71.3%。分析显示,各采样点浮游植物多样性指数、均匀度指数较高,均值分别为2.24、0.48;表明该河段浮游植物群落比较稳定,种类分布较为均匀,体现了贫营养型河流的特征,水域环境良好。     

云龙湖水库水生生物群落结构特征

1998年对云龙湖水库的水生生物进行了监测。共采集到浮游植物6门25属、浮游动物29属、底栖动物16属。浮游植物数量225.3×104个/L,生物量0.772mg/L,春季以硅藻为主,占67.2%,夏季以隐藻为主,占56.8%;浮游动物数量40650.4个/L,生物量3.362mg/L,春季以轮虫为主,占81.6%,夏季以原生动物为主,占67.3%;底栖动物数量683.0个/m2,生物量6.763g/m2,水栖寡毛类占59.1%,水生昆虫占29.3%。云龙湖水库为浮游植物响应型中—富营养型水体。滤食性鱼类鲢、鳙的放养对水库水质具有显著的改善作用。     

采煤塌陷区池塘夏季浮游植物群落结构及环境评价

2013年7~9月研究了采煤塌陷地池塘夏季浮游植物的群落结构。结果显示:共检出浮游植物8门112个属种,其中绿藻门种类最多;浮游植物密度变化在(5.44~136.30)×10~6 ind./L之间,平均密度为40.18×10~6 ind./L,其中蓝藻的密度最大,其次为绿藻,硅藻和隐藻,裸藻、甲藻和金藻的密度较小;生物量变动范围为3.82~77.97mg/L,平均生物量20.36mg/L;其中裸藻的生物量最高,其次为硅藻、甲藻和隐藻。采煤塌陷区池塘浮游植物多样性指数(H’)变动在2.16~3.95之间,均值为3.04;均匀度(J)在0.44~0.85之间,均值为0.64;物种丰富度指数(d)在3.37~5.45之间,均值为4.30。H’、J、d均处于较高的水平,说明池塘浮游植物种类较多,群落结构稳定,分布均匀。结果表明:采煤塌陷区池塘水体环境质量属清洁水平。     

武汉南湖浮游轮虫的初步研究

周年4次采样,在武汉南湖5个采样点共计鉴定出浮游轮虫22个种,主要优势种类螺形龟甲轮虫Keratella cochlearis、针簇多肢轮虫Polyarthra trigla、长三肢轮虫F ilina longiseta和暗小异尾轮虫Trichocerca pu-silla,均为富营养湖泊的指示种。轮虫季节变动明显,密度由高到低为:秋季2 987 ind./L,夏季1 440 ind./L,春季1 130 ind./L,冬季903 ind./L;生物量则依次为秋季1.04 mg/L、夏季0.50 mg/L、春季0.40 mg/L、冬季0.32 mg/L。轮虫的水平分布均匀,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ站年平均密度依次为1 729、1 575、1 617、1 588和1 567 ind./L;生物量依次为0.61、0.55、0.57、0.56和0.55 mg/L。轮虫的Margalef多样性指数较低,在1.31~2.12之间。     

大力加湖鲟鱼放养场浮游植物及鱼产潜力

2004年5、7、9、12月对大力加湖浮游植物的种类组成结构特征进行了研究。结果表明：大力加湖鲟鱼放养场浮游植物96个种属,密度255.54×10~4 ind．/L,生物量14.166 mg/L。浮游植物季节变化比较明显,密度秋季最高为456.160×10~4 ind．/L,生物量以秋季最高30.105 mg/L。多样性指数变化是夏季＞秋季＞冬季＞春季；均匀度指数变化是冬季＞夏季＞秋季＞春季。全库总鱼产潜力527760 kg,总放养量2804800尾。     

漳卫南运河流域浮游植物群落结构的特征

2011—2012年对漳卫南运河流域19个采样位点的浮游植物群落结构进行调查研究。结果显示:共鉴定出浮游植物395种(变种),隶属于8门131属。其中,绿藻门的种类最多(159种),硅藻门次之(110种),再次为裸藻门(56种)和蓝藻门(49种)。浮游植物的细胞密度年平均值为2 167.2×104cells/L,夏季最高为3350×104cells/L,秋季最低为1221×104cells/L,其中绿藻门最多,为1167×104cells/L;浮游植物生物量年平均值为25.96 mg/L,夏季最高为54.43 mg/L,秋季最少为6.33 mg/L,其中绿藻门最多,为11.09 mg/L。浮游植物的Shannon多样性指数为3.05~3.93,Margalef丰富度指数为2.14~3.47,Pielou均匀度指数为0.50~0.62。结果表明,该流域浮游植物生物多样性在夏季最高,春季次之。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.