不同温度下矿物掺合料对喷射混凝土水化行为及力学性能的影响

不同温度下粉煤灰、矿粉和硅灰对喷射混凝土水化行为及力学性能的影响规律尚不明确。本文通过XRD定量分析、热重分析和SEM测试等手段表征了不同温度和龄期下三种矿物掺合料对喷射混凝土水化行为的影响,并测试了砂浆抗压强度。结果表明,不同温度下,硅灰和矿粉能提高喷射混凝土早期和后期强度,粉煤灰不利于早期强度的发展,20℃时粉煤灰体系砂浆6 h抗压强度低于基准值。6 h和1 d龄期时,温度对试块抗压强度的影响非常显著,60℃时硅灰体系砂浆6 h抗压强度高达13.39 MPa;随着龄期增长,温度对试块强度的增强作用减弱。温度升高会激发矿物掺合料的火山灰效应,生成C-S-H凝胶填充内部孔隙,提高体系砂浆试块抗压强度。同一温度、龄期下,硅灰体系水化产物中C-S-H凝胶含量多,抗压强度最高。矿粉体系水化程度最高,抗压强度较高。粉煤灰体系中AFt含量最高,但C-S-H凝胶含量少,抗压强度最低。本文对特殊环境下矿物掺合料在喷射混凝土中的应用有指导作用。     

不同硅灰掺量对混凝土强度和抗渗性能的影响

设计了不同掺量硅灰等质量代替水泥作为胶凝材料制备混凝土,通过压力试验和抗氯离子渗透性试验分别对混凝土的强度和抗渗性能进行了研究。结果表明:随着硅灰掺量的增加,混凝土拌合物坍落度逐渐降低,而混凝土凝结时间逐渐缩短;混凝土28d强度随着硅灰掺量的增加先增长后降低,掺量在10%左右时效果最好,抗压强度此时可提高11%,而抗折强度提高效果较抗压强度略低;混凝土的氯离子扩散系数随着硅灰掺量的增加而减小,掺量在20%时抗渗性能可提高80%。研究成果可提高人们对硅灰混凝土的认识。     

湿式喷射混凝土工艺在章村矿的应用

针对湿式喷射混凝土工艺在冀中股份章村矿的应用情况,阐述了湿喷工艺的流程、技术参数以及作业人员配备情况。从湿式喷射混凝土的回弹率、粉尘浓度、混凝土强度、喷浆工效、综合成本比较等方面详细介绍了湿式喷浆工艺的经济性、先进性、优越性。     

低温焚烧稻壳灰的显微结构及其化学活性

对600℃焚烧的稻壳灰(rice husk ash,RHA)纳米尺度的显微结构进行了SEM/TEM(SAD)研究,首次发现稻壳灰由纳米尺度的SiO_2粒子(～50 nm)疏松地粘聚而成。稻壳灰结构中除了以往报道过的微米尺度的蜂窝孔外,还含有大量由SiO_2粒子非紧密粘聚而形成的纳米尺度孔隙(<50 nm)。纳米尺度的SiO_2粒子和纳米尺度的孔隙是低温稻壳灰具有巨大的比表面积和超高火山灰活性的根本原因。活性试验表明,低温稻壳灰火山灰活性超过造粒硅灰,对普通混凝土和高强混凝土都具有强烈的增强作用。当低温稻壳灰替代水泥量为10％～20％时,可提高高强混凝土抗压强度10 MPa以上。     

硅灰粉煤灰对喷射混凝土物理力学性能影响的试验研究

根据施工中喷射混凝土普遍存在早期强度低、后期强度不稳定、配合比简单等缺点,本文进行了硅灰、粉煤灰对喷射混凝土物理力学性能影响的试验研究。结果表明,硅灰可以提高喷射混凝土的早期强度,但会降低坍落度;而粉煤灰虽会降低早期强度,但经一段时间激活后可以提高后期强度。根据对正交试验结果的分析,确定了最优配合比,给出了各分项材料的最佳比例,可以满足一般工程需要。     

喷射混凝土掺硅灰配合比设计与质量控制

时代的发展和进步让喷射混凝土技术应用范围越来越广,地下室工程、边坡支护工程以及隧道工程等皆能够看到喷射混凝土技术“身影”。为了更好实现喷射混凝土应用效能,做好喷射混凝土掺硅灰配合比设计和质量把控就显得极为重要。本文首先就喷射混凝土掺硅灰进行简介,并对掺硅灰喷射混凝土的配合比设计方法流程与控制要点进行分析,以供参考。     

辅助胶凝材料对预应力高强混凝土管桩强度及工艺的影响

为优化混凝土管桩生产工艺,以硅灰(SF)和偏高岭土(MK)作为辅助胶凝材料,研究硅灰和偏高岭土对不同蒸养时间下混凝土抗压强度的影响,并使用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描式电子显微镜结合能量色散谱(SEM-EDS)分析其水化产物及微观结构。通过Design-Expert8.0软件设计Box-Behnken试验,以硅灰掺量、偏高岭土掺量和蒸养时间三个因素为自变量,蒸养混凝土抗压强度为响应值,构建多因素回归方程模型。结果表明:硅灰掺量为胶凝材料质量分数8%时,对抗压强度略有提高,提高幅度为6.2%,达到83.6 MPa;5%、8%和10%(质量分数)掺量的偏高岭土均可提高蒸养混凝土的抗压强度,蒸养4 h、8 h、12 h时,10%掺量的偏高岭土对混凝土抗压强度的提升幅度依次为15.6%、13.2%和13.6%,蒸养4 h、8 h和12 h对混凝土抗压强度影响不大。XRD和SEM-EDS结果表明,硅灰和偏高岭土均消耗了Ca(OH)₂,提升了水泥早期水化程度,可以改善内部孔结构。通过响应面法建立模型可以预测,当硅灰质量分数为6.6%、偏高岭土质量分数为10%、蒸养时间为8.6 h时,混凝土抗压强度最高,达到104.8 MPa,且具有较高置信度。     

低温养护下矿物掺合料湿喷混凝土力学性能及配比优化研究

为系统研究粉煤灰掺量、硅灰掺量及养护温度对湿喷混凝土力学性能的影响规律,通过设计正交试验对湿喷混凝土抗压强度进行极差和方差分析。结果表明:湿喷混凝土抗压强度随养护龄期增加而增大,但抗压强度增幅随养护龄期延长而减弱;增加硅灰和粉煤掺量均能有效提高湿喷混凝土抗压强度,但粉煤灰掺量超过10%(质量分数,下同)后,粉煤灰掺量的增加对混凝土后期抗压强度没有显著的影响;三因素对湿喷混凝土抗压强度影响程度顺序为硅灰掺量>养护温度>粉煤灰掺量;湿喷混凝土抗压强度对矿物掺合料的敏感性与养护温度呈正相关,增大养护温度能够提高矿物掺合料对湿喷混凝土抗压强度的改善效果;随着养护温度的提高,团絮状胶凝物质大量生成,水化产物黏结得更为密实,混凝土的抗压强度和承载性能得到进一步增强;构建多元非线性回归模型能够对混凝土抗压强度进行预测,并且湿喷混凝土在硅灰掺量、粉煤灰掺量及养护温度分别为15%、15%和10 ℃时具有最佳的抗压强度。     

膨胀剂和硅灰改善C50喷射混凝土抗渗性能的研究

抗渗性差是喷射混凝土的突出问题,也是衬砌结构普遍渗漏水的主要原因之一.为提高抗渗性,将C50喷射混凝土作为研究对象,测试其抗渗等级、渗水高度和电通量,考察膨胀剂和硅灰对抗渗性的影响,并凭借孔结构分析、SEM等微观测试手段分析膨胀剂和硅灰的改善机理.结果 表明:单掺10％硅灰可将抗渗等级提高至W25以上.采用2％ ～6％膨胀剂与10％硅灰复掺可进一步改善抗渗性,渗水高度降低75％ ～ 87％、电通量降低20％～34％、孔隙率降低3％～14％.微观分析表明:膨胀剂和硅灰改善喷射混凝土的抗渗性主要通过填充和挤密作用.硅灰具有显著的微细填充特征,当膨胀剂与硅灰复掺时,膨胀剂水化后总体积增加,所增加体积的一部分与硅灰形成叠加填充效应,其余部分在约束作用下可发挥一定的挤密效应.     

海工工程混凝土耐久性设计研究

在分析大型海工工程对混凝土耐久性设计要求的基础上,通过对水泥、矿粉、粉煤灰、硅灰等材料的Cl-初始固化力测定及其在混凝土中Cl-渗透性实验,研究了原材料本身及其在硬化体中对混凝土渗透性的影响。结果表明:(1)原材料对Cl-的初始固化能力依次为:水泥>粉煤灰>硅灰>矿粉;(2)矿物掺和料能改善混凝土硬化体结构,有利于提高混凝土的抗渗性。随着粉煤灰、矿粉、硅灰等矿物掺和料掺量的提高,混凝土抗渗能力提高;而复掺能够达到强度、工作性和抗渗透性的综合最佳效应。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.