上海女性药物滥用分析研究

目的:了解上海地区女性药物滥用者流行情况及发生规律,为禁毒部门及禁毒工作提供科学依据。方法:用国家药物滥用监测中心编制的《药物滥用监测调查表》对所有进戒毒机构的吸毒人员由具有专业知识和工作经验的医务人员(或管教人员)进行面对面问卷调查,对2007年度收集的女性药物滥用调查表,通过流行病学方法对人口学特征,药物滥用史,药物滥用行为特征与药物滥用相关疾病的检测结果等方面进行回顾性汇总分析。结果:上海地区女性药物滥用者年龄以30-40岁居首位占41.4%,上海户籍所在地滥用者占76.4%。无婚姻关系、自由职业以及文化程度偏低亚群发生率相对较高。药物滥用物质已经偏向新型毒品的趋势,有合并使用注射器182例次占9.5%,已感染艾滋病病毒阳性者13例占0.5%。结论:重视上海地区女性药物滥用者监测与监管,加强关心与关爱女性药物滥用者教育,减少对社会、家庭、个人造成的危害。     

山东省长寿之乡老人健康状况的性别差异分析

目的:使用长寿之乡老人调查数据,探讨山东省长寿之乡60岁以上老人的健康状况,从性别差异对老人健康做了深入分析,为促进人群健康长寿提供科学依据.方法:以问卷形式对山东省长寿之乡60岁老人基本状况进行调查,最终样本由1343位老人组成,其中261位百岁老人和1082位60-99岁老人,运用描述性研究、卡方检验和二分类logistic回归模型,分析男女老年人在身体健康状况存在的差异.结果:60岁以上老人女性人数是男性的1.33倍,其中女性百岁老人是男性的4.76倍.男性老人与女性老人在自述健康方面,经卡方检验有统计学意义,在控制了婚姻情况,文化程度,年龄等变量后,性别仍然对健康状况有影响,P值小于0.05,得出女性老人比男性老人自评健康状况差.女性听力障碍,眼部疾病慢性病患病率比男性高,但男性呼吸系统疾病患病率比女性高.结论:性别差异与老年人的健康密切相关,应当重视性别差异,为老龄化的发展提供依据.     

针对强制戒毒所内女性药物滥用者开展减少危害干预的探索

[目的]对集吸毒者、性工作者、HIV感染者于一身的多重角色的女性药物滥用者,探索在强制戒毒机构内针对女性药物滥用者开展减少危害的有效方法,减少女性注射毒品者中HIV/AIDS感染的危险性。[方法]通过以强制戒毒机构中女性药物滥用者需求为重点的参与性“妇女小组活动”和同伴教育,对女性药物滥用者采取有效的预防艾滋病/性病的健康教育和心理干预。[结果]减少危害同伴教育项目可为同伴教育者、普通戒毒者、戒毒所接受;以目标人群的需求为中心的干预项目活动可有效地提高目标人群对艾滋病和药物滥用相关知识的正确知晓率,改变其对使用安全套、对待艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人的正性态度;安全注射和安全性行为教育对改变吸毒者的危险行为具有一定的效果;综合性干预活动可有效地改善了目标人群焦虑和抑郁等心理卫生问题;心理健康促进活动和预防复吸的康复技能训练,对女性吸毒者出所后的行为发生积极的改变。[结论]在戒毒劳教所中针对女性吸毒者开展减少危害干预项目是有效的,具有可接受性和可行性。     

金属和妇女健康

介绍了镉、镍、铅、汞和砷等金属暴露和健康效应的性别差异。镍暴露的性别差异使女性镍过敏和手湿疹的患病率明显高于男性;体内铁贮备低时会增加胃肠道镉的吸收率,女性体内镉水平一般高于男性;为防止对胎儿和儿童神经系统发育的影响,必须控制孕妇铅和汞的的暴露;成年以后暴露甲基汞对女性的危害较大,而男性对发育早期的暴露更敏感;砷在体内的甲基化以及有关癌症的易感性也有性别差异。目前,关于金属暴露及其健康效应的性别差异研究很少。     

在云南省戒毒劳教所中针对女性药物滥用者开展减少伤害干预项目

1项目概要项目采用以目标人群的需求为重点的参与性“妇女小组活动”、同伴教育等活动,在昆明市的强制戒毒劳教所内对女性药物滥用者提供有效的预防艾滋病与性病健康教育、心理干预和心理支持,探索在特定场所针对女性药物滥用者开展减少伤害的有效方法。2主要产出●系统地对300     

女性大脑易受酗酒的损伤

最新的研究发现,女性的大脑更容易受到酗酒的损伤。这一研究是科学家首次发现大脑酒精中毒造成的脑萎缩存在性别差异。负责这一研究的 Daniel W.Hommer 医生告诉路透社记者,此前科学家已经发现女性的肝脏和心脏     

直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗ST段抬高心肌梗死患者预后性别差异的研究

目的 研究直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者住院期间、预后的性别差异以及影响预后的因素.方法 2009年6月1日至2010年6月1日在辽宁省20家医院发病后24h内入院的1429例STEMI患者中,选择直接PCI患者382例,采用统一问卷记录临床资料,并应用统一调查表随访.结果 女性患者平均年龄(68.4岁±10.2岁)大于男性(59.9岁±11.5岁),女性患者中位“症状球囊扩张时间”为312.5 min,男性为270.0 min,差异有统计学意义(P=0.007);住院期间,女性患者比男性更容易发生心力衰竭、心绞痛及出血,但住院病死率及药物治疗无性别差异.女性与男性患者累及冠状动脉病变支数的差异有统计学意义(P=0.002),但两组间直接PCI成功率的差异无统计学意义.随访1个月时,死亡及其他心血管事件无性别差异;3个月后,女性心力衰竭和因心脏事件再次住院的发生率明显高于男性(均P=0.007),而心血管病死率无性别差异.长期随访女性患者全因病死率高于男性,但差异无统计学意义(4.2％ vs.1.6％,P=0.056).多因素回归分析发现,在校正其他独立因素后,女性不是住院期间及随访期间死亡的独立危险因素.结论 直接PCI的STEMI患者中,女性不是住院期间及随访期间死亡的独立危险因素.女性患者长期随访病死率上升,是由于其年龄偏大和较长的院前延迟所致.     

国外药物滥用心理决策理论及社会传播机制研究进展

药物滥用是国际上对吸毒行为的通用术语。药物滥用行为的产生受复杂的生理–心理–环境等诸多因素的影响，明知药物滥用行为的严重危害和不良影响，但仍有人选择药物滥用，且其行为进一步通过社会环境机制进行传播。为了解药物滥用者的心理决策过程和药物滥用行为的社会传播机制，国外相关学者进行了大量的研究，并建立了一系列的理论模型。本文主要对国外药物滥用的心理决策理论及其模型、社会传染视角下药物滥用行为的社会传播机制的研究进行综述，并阐述了药物滥用未来研究的拓展方向，可为我国开展药物滥用的相关研究提供理论参考。     

中小学教师职业紧张及疾病的性别差异

目的分析中小学教师职业紧张及紧张相关疾病的性别差异;探讨性别、职业紧张与健康的关系,为制定有针对性的干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用简化版的《职业紧张量表修订版OSI-R》,对南充市7所中小学的373名教师进行职业紧张及紧张相关疾病的性别差异横断面研究。结果中小学教师在社会支持方面存在性别差异,除工龄大于20年组外,其余各组女性社会支持得分高于男性;肥胖、高血压和高血脂患病率的性别差异具有统计学意义,男性高于女性;男性的个体紧张反应与胃或十二指肠溃疡存在显著性相关,而女性个体紧张反应与颈椎病、皮肤疾病、胃肠炎、呼吸道感染和高血压存在显著性相关;结论中小学教师职业紧张和紧张相关疾病的性别差异与应对方式有关,可通过针对性别提供差异化的社会支持来进行教师职业紧张管理。     

男女脑部有差别

男女之间由于性别差异而产生的种种行为差异已为人所共知。例如,女性较男性富于感情、更善于表露情绪;女性的一些语言能力比男性强。而男性的某些实际操作能力比女性强;男性好斗,女性倾向温顺,发生争执时,男性多诉诸武力,女性则只是争吵。如今,科学家对产生性别差异的生理基础进行研究发现,不仅男性的脑部平均比女性的脑部大一些,而且男女之间脑部不同区域的大小、形状     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.