耐热炸药的研究现状与进展

详细介绍了国内外数十种耐热单质炸药和混合炸药的性能。最后对于国内耐热混合炸药的研究和发展,提出建议。     

单质耐热炸药的研究概况

本随着地下资源的开采和宇宙航行事业的发展,要求能有-种耐高温、高压(或低压)的炸药,简称耐热炸药.耐热炸药又分为耐热单质炸药和耐热混合炸药.本文主要简单介绍多种常用单质耐热炸药的概况.     

耐热炸药PCS的合成及应用

以2,4,6-三硝基氯苯和硫代硫酸钠为原料,经缩合反应生成中间体2,2',4,4',6,6'-六硝基二苯硫(DPS),再经三氧化铬在硝酸中氧化合成耐热炸药2,2',4,4',6,6'-六硝基二苯砜(PCS),反应总收率大于85%.DSC热分解峰温为360.1 ℃,纯度为98.3%.经测试,PCS在200 ℃、48 h耐热试验中减量只有0.62%.真空安定性为120 ℃、48 h放气量0.35 mL/5 g,撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为100%和94%.制备了以PCS为主体炸药的混合耐热炸药JF1,应用试验表明,JF1混合炸药可以代替常规炸药用于石油爆破器材中.     

石油射孔弹用耐热炸药

本文简要介绍了国外耐热单质炸药和耐热混合炸药,以及国内外射孔弹炸药的配方,性能和应用情况。     

石油射孔弹用耐热炸药

本文简要介绍了国外耐热单质炸药和耐热混合炸药,以及国内外射孔弹炸药的配方,性能和应用情况。     

原位合成钝感混合炸药HMX/TATB

利用超声波法制备单质炸药TATB,用高频率超声波反应器,采用原位合成方法制备了钝感HMX/TATB混合炸药.讨论了反应时间、反应温度以及料比对合成TATB的影响.测试了混合炸药的压制成型性和耐热性能.结果表明,超声波法合成的TATB粒度为5～6μm,混合炸药中TATB的质量分数小于15%,降感效果明显,耐热性能良好;使...     

国外混合炸药配方代号

近十多年来,各国都很重视高分子混合炸药的研究和生产,人们采用大量的高分子及其助剂作为炸药粘结剂,研制出一系列具有特殊性能的混合炸药,如热塑性压装炸药、热固性炸药、塑性炸药、挠性炸药、低密度炸药和耐热混合炸药等。现在最常用的军用炸药仍然是以梯恩梯为基础的浇注炸药,以及某些以黑索今和奥托金为基础的高分子混合炸药;最常用的工业炸药是以硝酸铵为基础的爆破炸药,如铵油炸药、代拿买特、浆状炸药、水胶炸药和乳化油炸药等。     

国外混合炸药配方代号

近十多年来,各国都很重视高分子混合炸药的研究和生产,人们采用大量的高分子及其助剂作为炸药粘结剂,研制出一系列具有特殊性能的混合炸药,如热塑性压装炸药、热固性炸药、塑性炸药、挠性炸药、低密度炸药和耐热混合炸药等。现在最常用的军用炸药仍然是以梯恩梯为基础的浇注炸药,以及某些以黑索今和奥托金为基础的高分子混合炸药;最常用的工业炸药是以硝酸铵为基础的爆破炸药,如铵油炸药、代拿买特、浆状炸药、水胶炸药和乳化油炸药等。     

含硼金属炸药水下能量的实验研究

通过水下试验测试了含硼铝、硼镁、硼镁铝合金、硼钛、硼锆等混合金属粉炸药的水下能量,并与相应含铝炸药的水下能量进行了对比.结果发现,以HMX为基金属粉的质量分数20%时,镁粉、镁铝合金与硼粉混合后水下(总能量)比单独使用硼粉时约提高40%;含硼铝质量分数20%的炸药的水下总能量比含铝质量分数20%炸药高约7%;以RDX为基,含硼铝、硼镁、硼镁铝合金质量分数20%炸药的水下总能量比含铝20%的炸药均有提高,其中硼镁达到9%.随着硼铝金属粉含量的增加,水下总能量不断提高,均高于相应含铝炸药,当硼铝金属粉质量分数为35%时达到最高,比含铝35%炸药约高7%,含量40%后开始降低.硼粉与铝粉混合使用,可提高硼粉氧化效率和炸药水下总能量.     

美国不敏感混合炸药的发展现状

介绍了美国研究发展的几种不敏感混合炸药,包括以DNAN基PAX系列炸药、以蜡为添加剂的MNX-194等熔铸炸药、AFX-757、PBXN-109、PBXIH-135、PAX-2A、PAX-3以及TATB基等高聚物黏结炸药的性能和应用情况.指出不敏感炸药在武器中已经大量应用.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.