钛酸铋钠掺杂对BaTiO3-Nb2O5-ZnO系统介电性能的影响

研究了Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3(BNT)掺杂对BaTiO3(BT)-Nb2O5-ZnO三元系统介电性能与微结构的影响.BaTiO3陶瓷在低温端(-55℃)的电容量变化率随BNT含量的增大而单调降低,而高温端(150℃)的变化率持续增大,且居里温度单调递增.掺杂1.0wt%与2.5wt%BNT的BT陶瓷满足EIA XSR特性.SEM观察表明,BaTiO3陶瓷内部由细小的基质晶粒和第二相晶粒组成,且第二相比例随BNT含量的增加而增大.XRD分析表明,基质晶粒为BaTiO3,第二相晶粒为CaB2Si2O8和NaBiTi6O14.条状第二相CaB2Si2O8和NaBiTi6O14的产生改变了BT系统的内应力结构是钛酸钡陶瓷居里温度升高以及电容量温度特性改善的原因.     

中温烧结耐高温陶瓷电容的制备及性能研究

在BaTiO3(BT)BNT-Nb2O5-Zn系统中改变Nb、Zn掺杂量,对BTBNT-Nb-Zn进行介电性能研究,以期获得中烧耐高温陶瓷电容.研究发现,Nb2 O5、ZnO对BTBNT-Nb2O5-ZnO陶瓷介电性能以及电容量温度变化曲线的影响主要体现在居里温度和居里峰的变化.它们的改性机理可用掺杂后晶粒壳与晶粒芯体积分数的变化来解释.对比不同掺杂后钛酸钡陶瓷的SEM照片可以得出:陶瓷的室温介电常数与掺杂后钛酸钡陶瓷的晶粒生长情况密切相关.     

BaTiO_3粉体的预处理及其对陶瓷烧结与介电性能的影响

以工业生产的BaTiO3粉体为基础原料,探讨不同预处理条件及Sr、Y元素掺量对BaTiO3陶瓷显微结构及介电性能的影响。结果表明:掺杂少量的Sr、Y元素可促进BaTiO3晶体向四方相转变;用乙醇作球磨介质处理粉体并在900℃预烧,可促进陶瓷的致密烧结和晶粒细化;掺杂摩尔分数为1.0%的Sr,可使居里温度降低2℃,室温相对介电常数提高到2 400以上;掺杂Y元素可使陶瓷的居里温度升高,并显著提高陶瓷的介电常数,Y元素掺量为0.3%(摩尔分数)时,室温相对介电常数达到21 000以上。     

BaTiO3-Nb2O5-Ni2O3三元系统的介电性能研究

对三元系统BaTiO3-Nb2O5-Ni2O3的微结构和介电性能进行了研究．XRD分析表明Nb2O5／Ni2O3协同掺杂的BaTiO3陶瓷为赝立方相结构；在掺杂1．0mol％Ni的BaTiO3中，Nb的固溶度〈4．0mol％．SEM观察表明，随Nb掺杂量的增加，BaTiO3陶瓷的晶粒尺寸先增大后减小．BaTiO3陶瓷的室温介电常数、介质损耗，以及在低温端和高温端的电容变化率都随Nb含量的增加而先增大后减小．DSC测量表明，Nb掺杂使BaTiO3陶瓷的居里温度向高温方向移动．该系统瓷料介电性质的变化与材料的晶粒尺寸以及掺杂剂导致的相变温度的移动密切相关．本实验在BaTiO3-Nb2O5-Ni2O3系统中开发出了新型的X8R材料，这种材料很有希望用于制备大容量X8R多层陶瓷电容器．     

Zn_2SnO_4掺杂对BaTiO_3陶瓷介电性能的影响

用固相反应法分别合成了Zn2SnO4、BaTiO3粉体,用传统陶瓷制备工艺制备了Zn2SnO4掺杂的BaTiO3陶瓷(ZS-BT),研究了掺杂量变化对BaTiO3陶瓷介电性能的影响。研究发现,适量的Zn2SnO4掺杂可促进BaTiO3陶瓷的烧结,降低BaTiO3陶瓷的介电损耗;随着掺杂量的增加,BaTiO3陶瓷的介电居里峰逐渐降低弥散,并向低温方向移动;在测量频率范围内(102~109 Hz),Zn2SnO4掺杂使得介温曲线在40~125℃温度区间内变得平坦,当Zn2SnO4的掺杂比例为2%时,介电常数变化率低于8%。这些结果表明,ZS-BT陶瓷对研究温度稳定性良好的陶瓷电容器有着重要的意义。     

低掺杂量MgO对钛酸锶钡陶瓷的结构和性能的影响

采用传统的陶瓷工艺制备了MgO掺杂的Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)陶瓷样品.系统地研究了MgO掺杂量为0.06%～0.18%的Ba0.5Sr0.4TiO3陶瓷的微结构和介电性能.XRD分析显示,在我们所选取的掺杂范围内,MgO并没有影响到BST陶瓷的主晶相钙钛矿结构,且一定量的Mg离子进入到BST的晶格中.扫描电子显微镜对样品的形貌观察揭示了,随着MgO含量的增加其晶粒尺寸逐渐减小.介电性能和介电偏压测试表明,相对未掺杂BST样品的介电损耗明显降低且居里点逐渐向低温移动,可调性随着MgO掺杂量的增加而减小,MgO的掺杂量为0.18%(质量分数)时居里温度移到-49℃,可调性为16%,且样品的居里温度在外加电场作用下向高温方向移动.微波性能测试表明MgO掺杂BST陶瓷相对未掺杂样品具有较高的Q值.     

Pb(TiSn)O3掺杂及烧结温度对BaTiO3系统介电性能的影响

对Pb(TiSn)O3掺杂及烧结温度对BaTiO3陶瓷的微观结构和介电性能的影响进行了研究.研究表明,在BaTiO3陶瓷中添加Pb(TiSn)O3,产生细晶效应使介电常数增大,同时居里温度升高到到150℃,电容量变化率特性改善.XRD分析表明,四方率随烧结温度的提高而减小,有助于电容量变化率特性的改善.本实验获得了满足...     

La2O3掺杂对BST/MgO复合陶瓷显微结构和性能的影响

采用固相反应法制备了未掺杂和La2O3掺杂(0.5%、1%、2%(摩尔分数))的Ba0.55Sr0.45TiO3/MgO复合陶瓷材料,并研究了它们的显微结构和各种介电性能.研究结果表明,La2O3除一部分会进入BST晶格獭代Ba或Sr的位置外,还会有一部分与MgO等形成无定形态物质滞留在晶界,起到抑制BST晶粒生长的作用.BST/MgO复合陶瓷的居里温度随La2O3掺杂量的增大而降低,居里温度的降低导致了介电常数的减小.适量的La2O3掺杂提高了复合陶瓷的调谐性,而且La2O3掺杂明显降低了复合陶瓷的微波介电损耗.0.5%(摩尔分数)La2O3掺杂的BST/MgO复合陶瓷具有最佳的综合介电性能,其在10kHz下的调谐性为6.9%(2kV/mm),3.99GHz时的介电常数和介电损耗分别为87.5和3.35×10-3,基本可以满足铁电移相器的使用要求.     

BiNbO4掺杂对BaTiO3陶瓷居里点的影响及微观性能研究

本文研究了BiNbO4掺杂对钛酸钡陶瓷居里点移动及微观性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着BiNbO4掺杂量的增加,钛酸钡陶瓷的四方率单调下降,而居里点先降低后升高,居里点的变化与陶瓷的微观应力变化一致。BiNbO4掺杂在0％-2％范围内时,能有效抑制BaTiO3陶瓷晶粒的生长,有助于陶瓷烧结的致密化,但过分掺杂会使陶瓷晶粒间气孔率增加,并产生第二相。     

Dy掺杂BaTiO3陶瓷的制备及其介电性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了掺杂不同量Dy2O3(掺杂摩尔分数分别为0.001,0.002,0.003,0.005,0.007)的BaTiO3陶瓷,并对其介电性能的变化进行了研究.结果表明Dy2O3掺杂使BaTiO3陶瓷的电阻率明显降低,当添加量为0.005mol时,电阻率最小,为4.19×108Ω·m.Dy2O3掺杂使BaTiO3陶瓷的介电性能在不同掺杂量和不同频率下发生了明显变化,掺杂量为0.001mol、0.002mol时,BaTiO3陶瓷的介电特性和频率特性得到明显改善,在频率为1000Hz时介电性能相对较好.Dy2O3掺杂使BaTiO3陶瓷的介电温谱有所展宽,且Curie温度有所降低,交流电导随着温度的升高而增大,并在Curie点附近达到最高.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。