西辽河平原浅层地下水中“三氮”分布特征及健康风险评价

通过测试地下水样品中“三氮”含量,采用非致癌风险评价模型进行健康风险评价.结果表明,与《地下水质量标准》（GB14848—2017）限值对比,硝酸盐氮超标率8%,主要分布在研究区东南部及西南部区域;氨氮超标率10%,主要分布在中部及南部区域.地下水中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水质占比83%;Ⅳ及Ⅴ类水水质占比17%.地下水样品中“三氮”总非致癌风险指数及总致癌性风险指数均低于美国环境保护署推荐的健康风险评价标准.整体上研究区“三氮”污染程度相对较轻,“三氮”污染区域主要分布于人类活动密集地区.健康风险评价可为地区地下水中“三氮”污染监控和治理提供技术参考.     

奎河铜山段两岸浅层地下水铵氮污染特征研究

通过监测奎河铜山地区沿岸浅层地下水中相关污染指标,得出浅层地下水中铵氮、亚硝态氮和浊度均超出Ⅲ类水标准,其中区域内浅层地下水铵氮污染十分严重。由于每年的6月至10月,研究区主要施加的肥料以铵肥为主,总体上造成浅层地下水中的铵氮较之其余时期下的铵氮浓度要高。高浓度的铵氮会通过对流和弥散作用影响邻近浅层地下水质。黏性土的存在对铵氮具有明显的截留作用,但在特定的条件下,可能会再次进入浅层地下水中,对浅层地下水造成铵氮污染。     

北京平原区浅层地下水污染风险评价

本文依据北京实际情况,提出了地下水污染风险评价指标体系。以灾害风险理论为基础,提出了地下水污染风险评价方法,对北京平原区浅层地下水污染风险进行了分区评价。评价认为：北京平原区浅层地下水污染高风险区主要位于永定河冲洪积扇顶部。     

下辽河平原区辽阳-鞍山地段浅层地下水污染评价

随着城市规模和城市化进程的扩大与加快,工业化程度的不断提高,区域地表水和地下水受到不同程度的污染,人类赖以生存的淡水资源面临威胁.20世纪90年代以来,我国开始关注农业污染和有机污染的研究工作.结合研究区研究情况,本次评价主要应用单因子污染指数法及综合污染指数法.综合分析了地下水评价的各种方法后,本次评价选择了单指标污染指数评价法和地下水污染综合评价法对该区进行评价.在研究区展开了野外调查,采集了浅层地下水样品110组（其中包括平行样、加标样和监控样合计20组）,每个样品测试了35项指标.评价结果表明,研究区67.4%浅层地下水受到不同程度的污染.根据本次评价,基本上反映了研究区地下水污染状况,并为有针对性的治理提供依据.     

西南喀斯特地区水体硝态氮时空分布特征及其来源解析

由于人类活动影响,水体硝态氮污染已经成为世界范围内的环境问题。硝态氮污染不仅会造成水体富营养化,长期摄入过量硝酸盐还会严重威胁人体健康,控制并解决水体硝态氮污染是我国经济社会发展过程中亟待解决的重要环境问题。我国西南喀斯特地区是世界上面积最大、发育最典型和人地矛盾尖锐的岩溶连续分布带,具有十分脆弱且高度敏感的生态系统。与非喀斯特地区相比,这里水体硝态氮污染情况更为复杂和严重。因此,明确西南喀斯特地区内硝态氮的时空分布特征并对其来源进行解析是有效治理的前提。本研究梳理了近几十年来西南喀斯特地区水体硝态氮的现代监测结果,探讨了水体硝态氮时空分布特征、来源及受控机制等问题,发现:(1)区域内地表水硝态氮平均检出质量浓度不高,地下水检出质量浓度波动范围较大;(2)近几十年来,地表水硝态氮质量浓度整体呈现小幅增长趋势,而地下水检出质量浓度随时间的变化存在地域差异;(3)降水的稀释和冲携作用对区域内硝态氮质量浓度及分布的影响不容忽视,而人类活动导致的土地利用变化带来的影响可能成为未来的主控因素;(4)区域内水体硝态氮主要来源于铵态化肥、土壤有机氮、粪肥及污水,硝化作用是主要的转化过程。研究结果将为进一步认识喀斯特地区氮循环过程及促进地区可持续发展提供理论基础。     

污染指数法在地下水污染评价中的应用--以吴川市地下水污染评价为例

污染指数包括单项指标的污染指数（ I）和内梅罗综合污染指数（ PI）,在地下水污染评价中应用广泛。本文以吴川市地下水污染评价为例,说明污染指数法在地下水污染评价中的应用：初步确定地下水污染源、进行浅层地下水污染等级分区、地表水对浅层地下水污染的影响评价等;并且指出了污染指数法用于评价地下水污染的不足。     

滦河三角洲地下水污染调查评价

滦河三角洲是中国北方重要经济区,人口众多,地下水是主要供水水源。在工业和生活污染物排放及农业施用化肥的影响下,地下水遭受一定程度的污染。笔者近年来在滦河三角洲地区开展了野外调查,采集了399组地下水样品,每个样品检测污染指标34项。其中包括,三氮、毒性重金属指标、挥发性有机指标、半挥发性有机指标。本文采用综合污染指数法对滦河三角洲地下水污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:滦河三角洲以工业污染为主,其次为农业污染。浅层地下水以轻微污染为主,未污染比例较低,极重污染的比例相对较高,主要受人类活动影响。深层地下水也有一定程度的污染,但比浅层地下水轻,仅少量的水样点显示轻污染、极重污染,这些样点主要呈点状零星分布。地下水污染的主要因素为"三氮",浅层地下水多受到轻微污染。     

淮河流域(安徽段)浅层地下水有机污染特征

通过对淮河流域安徽段地下水污染调查,在获取大量第一手资料的基础上对研究区浅层地下水有机污染特征进行分析研究,结果表明,浅层地下水已经受到一定程度的有机污染,检出率相对较低,检出含量也不高,仅局部地段存在超标现象;空间分布上呈现散点状和局部地段的聚集性,与地表的污染源密切相关。     

哈尔滨地区浅层地下水质量与污染评价

为查明哈尔滨地区浅层地下水水质现状及污染情况,利用松嫩平原（黑龙江）地下水污染调查评价项目的数据,对浅层地下水主要化学特征进行了描述.在此基础上采用模糊综合评价法进行了地下水质量评价,采用污染指数法进行了地下水污染现状评价.结果表明：研究区浅层地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主;受原生环境下水化学条件控制的Fe、Mn指标含量对水质影响较大;地下水污染属于区域性污染,污染范围广、污染程度重,主要污染物为NH₄⁺及NO₃^-、NO₂^-,来源于生活污水及农业生产所施用的化肥.根据分析数据,研究区地下水污染以无机污染为特征.     

淮河流域平原区高铁锰地下水环境健康风险评估

基于近期获得的水文地球化学分析数据,应用指示克立格法开展了淮河流域平原区高铁、锰地下水环境健康风险评估,并分析了高铁、锰地下水的形成原因。结果表明：铁、锰是影响研究区地下水质量的主要化学组分,铁、锰在地下水中的空间分布上表现出明显的变异性。铁、锰超标概率峰值具有相似的空间分布格局,铁、锰高风险地区呈岛状分布,深层地下水的环境健康风险明显降低。含铁浅层地下水高风险地区面积为1 257.15 km²,面积占比0.07%;含铁深层地下水高风险地区面积为476.93 km²,面积占比0.03%。含锰浅层地下水高风险地区面积为35 883.16 km²,面积占比19.19%;含锰深层地下水高风险地区面积为1 269.30 km²,面积占比0.07%。淮河流域高铁锰地下水是原生成因,铁、锰离子主要来源于含水层中含铁、锰矿物的还原性溶解。高铁锰地下水的风险评价结果,可为区域供水区划提供指导。     

滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水硝酸盐的污染特征及污染源解析

为研究滹沱河冲洪积扇地区地下水硝酸盐污染机制,对滹沱河冲洪积扇地区地下水和地表水进行了采样监测,运用环境健康风险评价模型对研究区硝酸盐进行评价,采用水化学和多元统计方法研究了滹沱河冲洪积扇地区地下水硝酸盐污染问题。结果表明:研究区地表水NO-3污染较轻,NO-3均值为19.54 mg/L,所有水样均未超出我国地表水环境质量标准（45 mg/L）;但是,地下水已经受到了NO-3的严重污染,NO-3均值为75.84 mg/L,且有30.43%水样超出我国地下水质量标准（88. 6 mg/L）。研究区3个水文地质单元地下水硝酸盐的平均个人年健康风险分别为4.94×10-8、1.99×10-8和2.61×10-9,低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受风险水平（5.0×10-5/a）,因此,认为不会对人群构成严重危害。水文地质单元和地下水埋深对硝酸盐污染有显著影响,但是,土地利用类型对硝酸盐浓度的影响不显著。滹沱河冲洪积扇地区地下水硝酸盐的主要污染来源是生活污水和化肥。此外,强烈开采地下水也是该地区NO-3污染的诱因。     

基于GIS的农业面源硝酸盐地下水污染动态风险评价

地下水中的硝酸盐污染具有全球性,这不仅是一个环境问题,也是一个经济和人类健康问题。DRASTIC方法可以进行地下水污染的脆弱性评价,但是却没有涵盖风险的概念,也忽视了污染物随地表水流运动的动态特性。因此,所得结果可能有碍于“欧洲水管理框架指南”在地下水水质管理中的执行。笔者基于DRASTIC方法开发了一个动态风险评价方法,并将其运用于英国北爱尔兰Upper Bann流域中的一个小流域。研究区地下水硝酸盐污染风险评价结果表明,此方法将有效地帮助决策者在流域范围内开展农业面源地下水污染预防措施。“非常高风险”和“高风险”区分别占研究区面积的5.1%和10.5%。此结果可帮助当地政府针对流域内这些“非常高风险”和“高风险”区的特点制订地下水质保护政策。此方法同样适用于任何面源可溶性污染物的地下水污染动态风险评价。     

The present situation and evaluation of nitrate pollution in soil in a regional aeration zone: using the proluvial fan agriculture irrigation district of Hunhe River in northeast China as an example

The nitrate concentration in groundwater is associated with the nitrate content in soil. However, nitrate is not in the current list of soil security standards, which makes it difficult to study nitrate pollution in soil. Because the nitrate content in the soil may affect human and ecological health, the evaluation of nitrate pollution in the soil and its current situation are both particularly important. In this study, the background value of nitrate in soil in the proluvial fan agriculture irrigation district of Hunhe River in northeast China was estimated by analyzing the factors influencing the vertical and horizontal, spatial distribution characteristics of soil nitrate. Evaluation and analysis were also carried out on the pollution of soil by nitrate using the single factor index evaluation method along with the Nermero pollution index evaluation method. Results of the study showed that the estimated background value of soil nitrate in this area was 2.58 mg/kg, and the soil was moderately polluted by nitrate.     

饮水中硝态氮污染对人体健康的影响

近年来,饮水中硝态氮污染与人体健康的关系备受关注。在分析饮水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的可能来源、污染现状及危害机制基础上,重点探讨了影响饮水硝态氮污染危害的因素,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

Nitrate concentrations under irrigated agriculture

In recent years, considerable interest has been expressed in the nitrate content of water supplies. The most notable toxic effect of nitrate is infant methemoglobinemia. The risk of this disease increases significantly at nitrate-nitrogen levels exceeding 10 mg/l. For this reason, this concentration has been established as a limit for drinking water in many countries. In natural waters, nitrate is a minor ionic constituent and seldom accounts for more than a few percent of the total anions. However, nitrate in a significant concentration may occur in the vicinity of some point sources such as septic tanks, manure pits, and waste-disposal sites. Non-point sources contributing to groundwater pollution are numerous and a majority of them are related to agricultural activities. The largest single anthropogenic input of nitrate into the groundwater is fertilizer. Even though it has not been proven that nitrogen fertilizers are responsible for much of nitrate pollution, they are generally recognized as the main threat to groundwater quality, especially when inefficiently applied to irrigated fields on sandy soils. The biggest challenge facing today's agriculture is to maintain the balance between the enhancement of crop productivity and the risk of groundwater pollution. Presented at the International Symposium, International Association of Hydrogeologists, “Impact of Agricultural Activities on Ground Water Quality and Quantity,” Prague, Czechoslovakia, September, 1982.     

Modeling the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland in the Baiyangdian Basin of the North China Plain

The water movement and soil nitrogen cycle of the Baiyangdian Basin were simulated, and the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland was assessed by using the distributed hydrological soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) in this study. The model assessment showed that SWAT was able to simulate water and nitrate movement in the region with satisfactory results. The modeling analysis indicated that fertilizer application was the overriding source of soil nitrogen and might result in a large amount of nitrate accumulation in soils; this nitrate might be lost by leaching or runoff driven by water movement. In 2009, nitrate nitrogen leaching represented 19.5 % of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application, while nitrate nitrogen runoff represented 1.7 % only. Thus, it showed that the nitrate leaching was the main approach of soil nitrogen movement in farmland because of strong percolation. It also showed a significant variation of nitrate leaching from different soil depths, with the largest amount leached from surface soil layers and the smallest amount leached from lower soil layers. Therefore, it could be further revealed that the nitrate concentration was very low at soil layers lower than the root zone of crops (1.2 m). Validated by groundwater observations, groundwater pollution by nitrate derived from fertilizers was not serious because of the deep groundwater level in the study plain. However, the risk of groundwater pollution would increase significantly if precipitation increased.     

Nitrate pollution of groundwater in the Yellow River delta,China

Nitrate pollution of groundwater in the Yellow River delta, China is an important issue related not only to nitrate dispersion and health concerns but also to mass transport and interactions of groundwater, sea, and river waters in the coastal area. The spatial distribution of nitrate, nitrate sources, and nitrogen transformation processes were investigated by field surveys and geochemical methods. Nitrate occurred mainly in shallow layers and had a spatial distribution coinciding with geomorphology and land/water use. Irrigation water from the Yellow River and anthropogenic waste are two main nitrogen sources of nitrate in the delta, and both denitrification and mixing processes could take place according to characteristics identified by ionic and isotopic data.     

Health risk assessment of nitrate exposure in groundwater of rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan,Iran

Prolonged exposure to excessive levels of nitrate through drinking water is a potential risk for human health. The current research reports the analytical results and associated health risk for water quality in term of nitrate in 39 groundwater samples during January 2018 in rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, Iran. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 1.8 to 82.2 and from 5.5 to 84.3 mg/L for Gonabad and Bajestan, respectively. In this work, the potential risk to human health was determined using the hazard quotient (HQ) for three age groups including adults, children and infants. Comparison of HQs among the 39 sampling sites showed that the rural areas in Bajestan had higher HQs than Gonabad. Among the studied groups, infants exposed to a higher risk than children and adults. The results also indicated that the health of individuals from nitrate exposure in most of the groundwater studied was not acceptable and most of the consumers were in danger from current nitrate concentrations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for enforcing effective plans to improve groundwater quality and to better manage and control probable nitrate contaminated sources.     

Evolution trend of the water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project in China

To investigate the evolution trend of water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project operation as well as to ensure the safe usage of the water receiving areas, water samples were collected and determined before and after water delivery in different hydrological seasons. Then, comprehensive pollution index method, comprehensive nutrition state index method and health risk assessment model were utilized to evaluate the quality, nutrition, and health risk of Dongping Lake water. Results showed that the quality of Dongping Lake water still met level III (light pollution) no matter before or after water delivery. The nutrition state was improved from light eutropher before water delivery to mesotropher after water delivery. The health risk level was reduced from high-medium before water delivery to medium level after water delivery. In summary, the operation of the eastern route of South-North Water Transfer Project is beneficial for water environment improvement of Dongping Lake.     

Evolution trend of the water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project in China

To investigate the evolution trend of water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project operation as well as to ensure the safe usage of the water receiving areas, water samples were collected and determined before and after water delivery in different hydrological seasons. Then, comprehensive pollution index method, comprehensive nutrition state index method and health risk assessment model were utilized to evaluate the quality, nutrition, and health risk of Dongping Lake water. Results showed that the quality of Dongping Lake water still met level Ⅲ (light pollution) no matter before or after water delivery. The nutrition state was improved from light eutropher before water delivery to mesotropher after water delivery. The health risk level was reduced from high-medium before water delivery to medium level after water delivery. In summary, the operation of the eastern route of South-North Water Transfer Project is beneficial for water environment improvement of Dongping Lake.