三乙二醇辅助液相快速合成高倍率性能的纳米磷酸亚铁锂

以三乙二醇水溶液为反应介质,在常压和108℃条件下,快速生成含有元素Li、Fe、P的前驱体。XRD和SEM分析表明,所得前驱体属于无定形结构,与一定量葡萄糖混合后在600℃下焙烧3h后得到的是纳米级的LiFePO4/C材料。电化学测试结果表明,这种纳米级LiFePO4/C材料在2.3~4.2V之间0.2C倍率下放电容量达到156.3mAh/g,并且具有较好的放电平台。5和10C放电容量仍能达到133.9和109.9mAh/g,现出优异的倍率放电特性和循环性能。     

电化学合成磷酸铁锂正极材料的前驱体

以NH4H2PO4、锂盐和纯铁为主要原料,采用电化学法合成磷酸锂铁前驱体,再通过磷酸锂铁前驱体合成锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4/C。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及充放电性能测试等方法对其晶体结构、微观形貌和电化学性能进行分析研究。结果表明,LiFePO4/C具有单一的橄榄石型晶体结构。其中在无水乙醇溶剂中合成的LiFePO4/C正极材料粒径细小且分布均匀,具有最好的电化学性能,在0.2C的放电电流下,首次放电比容量达到142.3mAh/g,充放电循环30次后放电比容量仍保持在141.2mAh/g。     

水热合成LiFePO_4/C材料电化学性能的颗粒尺度敏感性

通过控制水热法过程中的水热反应加热速度,制备了3种不同颗粒尺度的LiFePO4/C锂离子电池正极材料。结果表明,加热速度越快,LiFePO4/C平均粒径越小,分布越集中。当加热速率从5℃/min升至15℃/min时,材料颗粒半径从336nm减小到200nm,0.1 C放电容量从154 mAh/g增至162mAh/g,而20C放电容量则从75mAh/g显著增大至127mAh/g。LiFePO4/C材料的电化学性能表现出明显的尺度敏感性,特别是在高倍率充放电条件下。     

LiFePO4/C制备工艺的优化及其性能

用共沉淀法制备了球形NH4FePO4·H2O前驱体,再与Li2CO3和葡萄糖混合用固相焙烧法制备了LiFePO4/C正极材料.利用正交实验考察了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、球磨时间、x(Li):x(Fe)和葡萄糖用量等对材料首次放电比容量的影响,得到了最佳工艺条件.通过XRD、SEM、FTIR和恒流充放电测试仪等测试了材料的结构和电化学性能.所得材料在室温下电流密度为0.1、0.5和1C时首次放电比容量分别为147.6、136.7和122.3mAh/g,循环50次后容量分别为142.8、127.3和106.7mAh/g;在60℃下电流密度为0.5C时,其首次放电比容量为163.8mAh/g,循环性能良好.     

F掺杂 LiFePO4/C的固相合成及电化学性能

用廉价三价铁离子化合物为铁源,聚丙烯作还原剂和碳源,两步固相法合成F掺杂原位碳包覆LiFePO4正极材料.结果表明,合成产物具有完整的橄榄石型LiFePO4晶体结构,粉末形状近似球形,尺寸分布在50～200nm范围内,两步固相法更好地抑制了LiFePO4晶粒的长大.电化学测试结果表明,F掺杂提高了材料倍率放电性能,有效降低了材料电极的极化.在1C,2C,3C(C为150mA/g)充放电倍率下,LiFePO3.98F0.02/C的比容量分别为146mAh/g,137mAh/g,122mAh/g,1C循环55次后放电容量达到初始容量的99.3%.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的固相法制备及性能研究

以Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O和Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O为原料,分别在400、500℃分解3、7h得到镍锰复合氧化物前驱体,再与锂源Li2CO3混匀,在800℃煅烧12h,600℃退火24h得到LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料。XRD、SEM、EIS和恒流充放电测试结果表明,在400℃、7h制备的前驱体与Li2CO3合成的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4性能最佳。室温下以0.1C倍率充放电,首次放电比容量达到141.5mAh/g,循环30次后容量保持率为98.55%;以1C倍率充放电,首次放电比容量为120.34mAh/g,循环30次后放电比容量为112.09mAh/g。     

用两种碳源制备高性能LiFePO4/C正极材料

为了提高LiFePO4材料的电化学性能,以碳溶胶和葡萄糖两种物质为碳源、采用高温固相法制备了LiFePO4/C复合正极材料.通过XRD、TEM、恒电流充放电等方法研究了材料的结构与电化学性能.XRD结果表明,两种碳源的添加对LiFePO4的晶体结构没有影响.从TEM图上可观测到颗粒外部明显的碳包覆层.电化学性能测试表明,在同样倍率下,以两种碳源制备的LiFePO4/C材料放电比容量高于以单一碳源制备的LiFePO4/C,且表现出优良倍率性能和循环稳定性:在0.1C下的放电比容量达162mAh/g,1C下放电比容量为157mAh/g,循环20次后容量没有任何衰减.     

碳芯结构LiFePO_4/C复合材料的表征及电化学性能

采用环氧树脂为碳源制备出碳芯结构LiFePO4/C复合材料.利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X光电子能谱等分别对复合材料的晶体结构、表面形貌及表面成分进行表征,采用恒电流充放电和电化学阻抗方法研究试样的电化学性能.实验结果表明:碳芯结构复合材料是由无定形碳线和纳米LiFePO4颗粒组成.碳芯结构LiFePO4/C复合材料在15mA/g的电流密度下,首次放电容量达到166mAh/g,当电流密度增加到750mA/g,放电容量高达131mAh/g,经过50次循环后,容量保持率高达99.2%.     

高密度LiFePO4/C正极材料的合成其及电化学性能研究

以Li2CO3为锂源,葡萄糖为C源,与高密度前驱体FePO4混合,采用高温固相反应法合成高密度的锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4/C复合材料.采用X射线衍射、电子扫描显微镜和恒电流充放电对制得的LiFPO4进行了研究.结果表明,合成材料结晶完整,为均一的橄榄石型结构.C的含量在很大程度上影响LiFePO4的密度,当C的含量为3.0%(质量分数)时,所制正极材料LiFePO4/C的振实密度可达到2.14g/cm3,0.1C放电容量为121.5mAh/g,体积比容量达到260.OmAh/V.     

聚乙二醇对磷酸铁锂形貌及电化学性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了LiFePO4。研究了聚乙二醇对LiFePO4材料形貌和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,添加聚乙二醇制备的材料具有更小的粒径,更大的比表面积;该材料以0.2C、1C、5C、10C的倍率放电,首次放电比容量分别达到143.9mAh/g、133.4mAh/g、124.2mAh/g、112.7mAh/g,比没添加聚乙二醇制备的材料具有更好的倍率性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.