脑出血血肿扩大86例临床分析

目的 观察脑出血血肿扩大的发生率和发生时间、探讨其相关因素及干预措施.方法 对518例脑出血患者进行回顾性研究,总结分析其中86例早期血肿扩大患者的临床资料特点.结果 脑出血血肿扩大的发生率为16、6%,血肿扩大主要发生于发病后6小时内.血肿扩大的主要部位在基底节区(50%),初始出血量10～20 mL者继续出血的发生率最高(47.7%),血肿扩大与血肿形态不规则及收缩压显著升高有关.血肿扩大与既往高血压史、饮酒史、脑卒中史、肝病史等相关.结论 脑出血血肿扩大是病情加重和死亡的主要原因,应充分认识脑出血后继续出血的临床特点及相关因素,密切观察病情,尽早复查头颅CT,采取积极治疗措施.     

超早期经侧裂-岛叶入路显微外科治疗高血压基底节区脑出血56例临床分析

目的探讨超早期小骨窗经侧裂-岛叶入路微创治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的临床价值。方法选取56例高血压基底节区脑出血患者,根据CT定位按微创手术设计切口,解剖外侧裂后经岛叶皮层显微镜下清除血肿并进行回顾性分析,全部手术均在6小时内进行。结果 56例高血压基底节区脑出血病人中,平均手术时间为1小时,术后24h内头颅CT复查,血肿清除达90%以上者41例,80%～90%的13例,70%～80%的2例,其中1例术后再出血;术后6个月随访,死亡2例,死亡率3.57%,存活患者术后6个月时ADL评分:I～Ⅱ级21例(37.50%),Ⅲ级19例(33.93%),IV级11例(19.64%),V级(植物生存)3例(5.35%),恢复良好率(ADL I～Ⅲ级)达71.43%。结论采用超早期经侧裂-岛叶入路微创治疗高血压基底节区脑出血,通过大脑自然沟裂进入血肿腔,使脑组织损伤降至最低,有利于清除血肿,抢救处于缺血半暗带尚有一定功能的脑组织,手术时间短,对内环境干扰小,恢复快,能降低病死率和病残率,改善生存质量,有较好的临床应用价值。     

高血压性脑出血早期病情恶化的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响高血压性脑出血早期病情恶化的相关因素。方法回顾性分析64例高血压性脑出血患者早期症状恶化且在24h内行2次头颅CT检查的病历资料,并分为血肿扩大组及血肿稳定组,分析各组病情恶化原因。结果42例血肿扩大组经治疗后死亡18例,22例血肿稳定组经治疗后死亡5例。结论高血压性脑出血早期病情恶化死亡率高,导致早期病情恶化的因素主要是血肿扩大,血肿扩大与血压、出血部位、血肿形态等有关,血肿稳定但病情恶化与首次头颅CT血肿大小,出血部位、颅腔代偿能力等有关。     

高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大临床分析

目的探讨高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素和机制,与临床的关系和防治策略。方法对我科2006—08-2009～08收治的高血压脑出血患者中发现早期血肿扩大的45例临床资料进行分析。结果血肿扩大常出现于发病24h以内,血肿扩大与血肿体积形态、出血部位、血压过高、过早使用甘露醇及凝血功能异常等有关。早期控制血压和避免盲目脱水等有助于降低血肿扩大发生率。结论早期高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大较为常见,发病后6h内为血肿扩大高发期。对可能发生早期血肿扩大的患者应尽早复查CT,动态观察,以采取相应措施。     

高血压性脑出血早期病情恶化的相关因素分析

目的 探讨影响高血压性脑出血早期病情恶化的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析64例高血压性脑出血患者早期症状恶化且在24h内行2次头颅CT检查的病历资料，并分为血肿扩大组及血肿稳定组，分析各组病情恶化原因。结果 42例血肿扩大组经治疗后死亡18例。22例血肿稳定组经治疗后死亡5例。结论高血压性脑出血早期病情恶化死亡率高，导致早期病情恶化的因素主要是血肿扩大，血肿扩大与血压、出血部位、血肿形态等有关，血肿稳定但病情恶化与首次头颅CT血肿大小，出血部位、颅腔代偿能力等有关。     

显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血临床分析

目的探讨显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013-07—2017-05郑州市第一人民医院36例基底节区高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,采用经外侧裂-岛叶入路在显微镜下开颅清除血肿,术后早期在神经重症监护室监护,控制血压、神经营养及后期康复治疗。结果 36例患者均顺利完成手术,术后次日复查头颅CT示脑内血肿清除理想。术后患者死亡3例(7.14%),其中2例死于脑疝所致脑干功能衰竭,1例死于多脏器功能衰竭。术后6个月进行日常生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)评定,Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级4例,Ⅴ级1例。结论经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血能安全有效清除血肿,对脑组织损伤小,止血较为彻底,病人恢复满意。     

经外侧裂入路显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血32例

目的探讨经外侧裂入路显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血的效果。方法自2010年3月至2011年10月对32例高血压性基底节区脑出血患者采取经外侧裂入路显微手术治疗,清除血肿,同时开放侧裂池,降低颅内压。结果术后24h内常规复查头颅CT,血肿清除量近100%5例,>90%19例,>80%6例;术后再出血2例,二次手术后血肿清除量均>90%。术后随访3～6个月,根据ADL日常生活能力分级法:Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级11例,Ⅳ级3例,Ⅴ级2例;死亡2例,死亡率6.25%。结论经外侧裂入路显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血,既能迅速、有效地清除血肿,又能充分暴露手术视野,减少再出血及脑损伤,术后神经功能的恢复满意。     

高血压脑出血早期血压波动对血肿扩大的影响

目的探讨高血压脑出血(HICH)早期血压波动对血肿扩大的影响,为控制性降压治疗提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析93例HICH患者,依据入院时及入院后24h内复查头颅CT血肿量有无增多分为血肿扩大组(29例)和血肿未扩大组(64例),分析2组入院时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及2次头颅CT检查期间SBP分别超过150mmHg、170mmHg的频数百分比并以此作为血压波动评价指标。结果血肿扩大组SBP170mmHg的频数百分比显著高于血肿未扩大组(分别为43.4±11.8、24.1±10.1,P0.01);SBP150 mmHg的频数百分比(分别为73.4±6.6、70.5±10.8,P=0.189)、入院SBP[分别为(188.9±15.5)mmHg、(187.8±14.5)mmHg,P=0.731]、入院DBP[分别为(122.0±12.1)mmHg、(121.0±13.3)mmHg,P=0.722]组间无显著差异。结论高血压脑出血早期均有不同程度的升压升高,血肿扩大与高水平的血压波动有关。     

脑出血患者早期血肿扩大相关危险因素的临床分析

目的探讨脑出血后早期血肿增大的相关危险因素。方法299例脑出血患者,根据病情演变及脑CT变化,分为血肿增大组和血肿稳定组,对两组患者病史、临床特点、生化指标及头颅CT特征进行对比分析。结果299例患者中,69例出现血肿增大,发生率为23%,其中23例发生在24h内;基底节区不规则血肿、血压持续升高、肝功能受损、大量饮酒及长期口服抗血小板聚集药物的患者,易发生血肿扩大,两组比较有显著性差异(P(0.05)。结论脑出血后血肿增大多发生在24h内,长期口服抗血小板聚集药物、发病后血压持续增高、肝功能受损可能为血肿增大的主要危险因素。     

神经内镜清除高血压基底节区脑出血手术的疗效及方法研究

目的探讨神经内镜清除高血压基底节区脑出血的疗效及手术技术要点。方法回顾分析南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院神经外科自2016年6月—2018年12月收治的31例高血压基底节区脑出血患者的临床资料;患者均在神经内镜下由皮层穿刺行血肿清除。总结分析患者的疗效,以及神经内镜下止血、提高血肿清除率、防止再出血的手术技术要点。结果本组患者均有高血压病史,脑出血均经头颅CT检查确诊;术前平均血肿体积为(48.81±9.13) cm~3,术中出血量(120.12±21.27) mL,手术时间(83.11±12.56) min。术后24 h内复查头颅CT示平均血肿清除率为90.33%。术后,1例患者并发肺部感染死亡,1例患者发生深静脉血栓死亡。术后平均随访患者6个月以上,其中日常生活活动能力(activity of daily living,ADL)评分为Ⅰ级者17例、Ⅱ级4例、Ⅲ级5例、Ⅳ级3例。结论神经内镜在高血压基底节区脑出血清除术中具有创伤小、对脑组织激惹较小及术后恢复快的优点,可提高手术效率并减少副损伤。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。