N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation in Cooked Frankfurters Containing Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Mince and Surimi

Studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of using Alaska pollock mince as a partial substitute for red meats in the formulation of frankfurters. Studies included the effects of fish form (unwashed and washed mince and surimi), percentage substitution (15 and 50) and five different methods of cooking the fish-meat franks on their N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) content. The amount of formed NDMA depended on the method of cooking. Broiling and frying generated the highest levels. Microwave and boiling generated the lowest levels of NDMA, which were equivalent to the level in uncooked franks. Broiling was observed to increase the amount of dimethyl-and trimethylamine formed.     

EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATE CRYOPROTECTING AGENTS ON THE FORMATION OF N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE IN SURIMI-MEAT FRANKFURTERS1

Previous investigations of frankfuters substituted with Alaska pollock consistently showed that, after broiling, higher levels on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were found in the surimi containing frankfurters compared to those containing the corresponding washed mince. This was apparent in the 50%, but not in the 15% substituted frankfurters. The addition of the cryoprotecting agents, sucrose and sorbitol, to the washed mince to make surimi was the major difference in the two forms of fish. Model system experiments carried out, first in an aqueous pH 5.8 buffer and second, in a 50% fish-meat simulated frankfurter system indicated that the combination of sucrose-sorbitol increased and fructose-sorbitol decreased NDMA formation. Frankfurters prepared with 50% washed mince and containing different carbohydrates showed that sucrose-sorbitol gave higher NDMA values than fructose-sorbitol, even though all the carbohydrates tested gave NDMA results higher than the control.     

Surimi from Fillet Frames of Channel Catfish

Surimi was prepared with channel catfish mince recovered from fillet frames. The deboned meat was washed once, twice, or three times with water for surimi processing. Unwashed mince was also blended with cryoprotectants for surimi processing. Heat-induced gels were prepared using washed or unwashed catfish surimi with or without starch. Results indicated no differences (P>0.05) in textural properties and Hunter color values due to number of washes in those gels prepared with washed surimi. Differences (P<0.05) in proximate composition, textural properties and Hunter color values were found between gels prepared with washed and unwashed surimi.     

Oxidative stability of lipids and cholesterol in salame Milano, coppa and Parma ham: dietary supplementation with vitamin E and oleic acid

Spent hen (98 weeks) and broiler (12 weeks) breast and thigh muscles were minced (1 mm orifice diameter) and washed with 0.1% NaCl. A portion of both unwashed and washed mince was mixed with cryoprotectants (CP) at the rate of 4% sucrose, 4% sorbitol, and 0.2% Na-tripolyphosphate to produce surimi and kept frozen at -20°C. The mince and surimi were ground with 3% NaCl and a small amount of water to adjust the final moisture content of 80%. The pastes were stuffed into the sausage casing and heated at 90°C for 15 min to produce gel. The effects of washing, heating and CP on colour composition and thermal gelation properties of hen and broiler minces and surimi were compared. Broiler mince was lighter and less red in colour, higher in protein and lower in moisture, lipid and collagen. Gel strength and breaking strength were higher in spent hen surimi compared to broiler surimi under similar gelation conditions. Gel elasticity, springiness and water retention properties were almost identical in two surimi. Gel quality was markedly deteriorated in spent hen surimi but not so in broiler surimi after 8 weeks frozen-storage. Although CP increased the gel strength of fresh surimi (non-frozen, 0 week storage) from both hen and broiler, they were more effective in broiler surimi than hen surimi in protecting the functional quality of gel.     

Comparison of the properties of gels derived from cod surimi and from unwashed and once-washed cod mince

Surimi is a washed and stabilized fish mince with valuable gel-forming properties. However the preparation process is wasteful and a modified process, with less washing, was investigated. The properties of the gels (cooked at 40°C for 30 min followed by 90°C for 40 min) were assessed by instrumental and sensory methods. Gels prepared from surimi were soft and very flexible; gels from unwashed fresh cod mince were firmer and less elastic, but still gave a maximum score on the folding test. A single wash made the gels firmer and slightly more elastic than those from unwashed mince. Gels from unwashed mince of frozen cod were firmer than surimi-derived gels, and were the most brittle. Sensory assessment of the gels found no difference in firmness between the different washing procedures and small differences in elasticity and toughness. The addition of starch (fish: starch, 100:5, w/w) increased the firmness and sensory toughness of each derived gel, and reduced the elasticity in the mouth of non-surimi gels. The colour of gels derived directly from fish was off-white, compared with the white surimi-derived gels. The colour of the former darkened during frozen storage, but lightened again after thawing.     

Effect of Washing on the Texture and Microstructure of Frozen Fish Mince

Textural hardening of fish mince during storage was investigated by examining texture and structure of unwashed and washed fish mince. Washing reduced TMAO and increased water-binding ability, but did not prevent development of hard, rubbery texture in fish mince during frozen storage. Transmission electron microscopy showed more shrinkage of myofibrillar units (sarcomeres) occurred in washed than unwashed mince. Textural hardening of washed mince was thus related to increased freeze-induced contraction of myofibrils. Removal of water-soluble sarcoplasmic proteins facilitated freeze-induced contraction of myofibrils, leading to textural hardening. This suggested that water soluble proteins retard sarcomere shrinkage resulting from freeze-induced contraction/protein cross-linking.     

Changes in Selected Chemical Quality Characteristics of Channel Catfish Frame Mince During Chill and Frozen Storage

Changes in total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), pH, salt soluble protein (SSP), moisture content, and expressible moisture of channel catfish frame mince during storage at -20, 0, and 5 °C were investigated. Refined mince was either unwashed or washed twice, with mince designated for frozen storage mixed with cryoprotectant. TVBN increased during refrigerated storage, while SSP decreased during frozen storage. Expressible moisture increased during frozen storage but not during refrigeration storage temperatures. Moisture content and pH of mince did not change during storage. Results indicate that mince should be stored for no longer than 3 d at 0 or 5 °C to maintain optimal quality. Frozen mince with cryoprotectant would remain acceptable for at least 3 months at -20 °C.     

Thermal gelation properties of surimi-like material made fromsheep meat

Thermal gelation properties of surimi-like material made from sheep meat were investigated. The sheep meat was ground, washed 3 times at a meat to water ratio of 1:5 and dewatered by centrifugation. The effects of washing on the composition, functional properties and colour of the mince, were studied. The washing method resulted in a sharp reduction of the fat content and an increase of the water content and pH of the mince. Lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of the mince were improved by washing. A significant reduction (p<0.001) of a* (redness) value and a decrease in the a*/b* ratios and saturation index value of the washed mince were recorded. Gels were prepared from washed and unwashed mince after being blended with 2% NaCl and heated at 75°C for 20 min. The washed mince produced excellent gels as measured by the fold test, elasticity modulus and the percentage recovery. The gels made of washed mince had lower expressible fluid compared to that of unwashed mince. A fibrous protein network structure was evidenced in the gel made from washed mince while observed under a transmission electron microscope.     

13种植物多酚提取物抗氧化活性分析及其对冻藏未漂洗鱼糜品质的影响研究

提高未漂洗鱼糜比漂洗鱼糜得率高,环境友好,但品质较差,主要表现在脂质氧化明显,凝胶强度低。本文比较分析了石榴、芝麻、蓝莓、姜黄、迷迭香、薄荷、葡萄、橄榄、草莓、马鞭草、茶籽、燕麦、莲子皮等13种植物的多酚提取物的抗氧化活性及对冻藏未漂洗鱼糜脂质氧化、凝胶强度的影响。迷迭香多酚提取物对羟自由基清除率最高,达到87.56%±0.28%;石榴多酚提取物对超氧阴离子的清除率最高,为79.35%±0.13%;葡萄多酚对脂氧酶抑制率最高,为89.04%±2.01%。新鲜鱼糜丙二醛含量为(0.18±0.01) mg/kg,冻藏3d后,急剧增加至0.54±0.04mg/kg,添加葡萄多酚的鱼糜最低,为(0.23±0.02) mg/kg。添加姜黄多酚的冻藏未漂洗鱼糜凝胶强度最高,为1049.85 g.mm,空白为527.15 g.mm。葡萄多酚和姜黄多酚比例为1:1时,未漂洗鱼糜TBARS最低,为(0.37±0.02) mg/kg;凝胶强度最高,为(1249.97±13.31) g*mm。本文为未漂洗鱼糜贮藏加工提供了理论支撑和参考。     

Thermal Gelation of Previously Cooked Minced Meat from Jonah Crab (Cancer borealis)

ABSTRACT:  Crab processing typically involves picking meat from whole cooked product. Remaining meat can be recovered as mince and potentially processed into value-added products. This study focused on gelation of commercially processed crab mince. Objectives of the research were to determine the effects of cryoprotectants, freezing, and various heat treatments on gel formation of washed mince from previously cooked crab. Previously frozen minced meat from thermally processed Jonah crab was washed to remove soluble components. Four different treatments were applied to the washed mince: (1) freezing with cryoprotectants, (2) freezing with no cryoprotectants, (3) no freezing with cryoprotectants, and (4) no freezing with no cryoprotectants. Unwashed mince was used as a control treatment. Sodium chloride (2.5%) was mixed into the mince prior to stuffing into sausage casings and heating at 35 °C/30 min, 90 °C/30 min, or 35 °C/30 min followed by 90 °C/30 min. Gels were tested for proximate composition, color, water-holding capacity, and gel strength. All mince samples formed gels except for the unwashed control. Gels with no cryoprotectants had 10% to 20% greater water holding capacity, lower L* values, and greater gel strength than those with cryoprotectants. Freezing of washed mince resulted in lower water-holding capacity of gels and higher a* values. A 2-stage heating treatment resulted in gels with the greatest gel strength, whereas gels cooked at 35 °C had the greatest distance to fracture. Results indicate that protein gels can be formed using previously cooked crab meat, which may be useful in the development of value-added products.     

Frozen Storage of Unwashed Cod (Gadus morhua) Frame Mince with and without Kidney Tissue

Removal of kidney material was essential for a higher quality cod frame mince. The removal of kidney tissue before deboning eliminated typical “chemical” and “petroleum” type flavors and resulted in a white, less red, and higher quality unwashed frame mince. Those samples without kidney tissue had good frozen storage stability, (particularly at -40°C) and could be used as an ingredient in apropriate meat products. The length of iced storage of frames or whole cod had little effect on frame mince quality during frozen storage.     

Stability of Washed Frozen Mince from Channel Catfish Frames

ABSTRACT: Sodium citrate, sodium erythorbate, sodium citrate plus sodium erythorbate, sodium citrate plus sodium erythorbate, and polyphosphate were used in washed and unwashed channel catfish mince. Washing reduced (P 0.05) lipids and increased (P 0.05) Hunter 'L'value (lightness) of mince. Thiobarbituric reactive substances and free fatty-acid changes during frozen storage were reduced in the washed mince. Addition of antioxidants did not significantly improve the overall quality and shelf-life of the frozen mince. Washing did not have an effect on the fatty-acid composition of neutral and phospholipids in the mince.     

Chemical and sensory quality changes of fish fingers,made from mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758), during frozen storage (−18 °C)

The effects of frozen storage at −18 °C on the chemical and sensory qualities of fish fingers produced from unwashed and washed mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) mince were investigated. The amounts of moisture, crude protein, lipid, crude ash, ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA ω3), and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA ω6) in fish fingers produced from unwashed mince (UWF) were found to be 68.50%, 15.5%, 6.00%, 2.20% 2.31%, and 55.2%, respectively, while they were found to be 70.23%, 10.8%, 2.14%, 1.80%, 2.28%, and 54.6%, respectively, in carp fingers produced from washed mince (WF). The thiobarbituric acid value (TBA, mg malonaldehyde/kg) was found to be significantly higher in mince of WF than in mince of UWF and increased significantly during frozen storage in both the mince of UWF and WF (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in pH was obtained throughout the washing treatment (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences of pH in either the mince of UWF or WF between the beginning and end of the storage periods (p > 0.05), whereas a sharp increase was observed in the fourth month in both groups. The protein solubilities of the mince of both UWF and WF decreased significantly throughout the storage periods (p < 0.05). Sensory parameters of colour, odour, flavour, and general acceptability for both groups decreased during the frozen storage period (p < 0.05) but were still within acceptable limits. It was also concluded that mirror carp was a good source for fish fingers and that product could be stored for five months in a frozen state without undesirable changes of sensory and chemical qualities.     

QUALITY AND STORAGE STABILITY OF FRANKFURTERS CONTAINING 15% MECHANICALLY DEBONDED TURKEY MEAT

SUMMARY –Fresh and frozen stored mechanically deboned turkey meat was incorporated into frankfurters at the 15% level and compard to red meat frankfurters. Mechanically deboned turkey meat exhibited higher emulsifying capacity than beef but lower than pork on a protein basis. This trend for emulsifying capacity was reversed when reported on a total meat basis. Emulsion stability was not essentially affected by the addition of 15% mechanically deboned turkey meat in red meat frankfurters. Differences flavor tests, preference flavor tests, and TBA values indicated that frankfurters containing 15% mechanically deboned turkey meat were comparable to all red meat frankfurters in flavor stability if fresh deboned poultry meat is used. The use of mechanically deboned poultry meat, which had undergone 90 days of frozen storage, resulted in a significantly inferior product as indicated by flavor evaluation and TBA values. Color evaluation showed slight color fading of all frankfurter treatments during storage. Microbial loads in the three frankfurther treatments showed some increased in total counts during refrigerated storage.     

Preservation of minced pelagic fish by combined methods

The stability of unwashed and washed mince from Spanish sardines ( Sardinops sagax ) treated by mild heating, low pH (5.7–6.0), potassium sorbate (0.05–0.2%), and sodium chloride (2.0–6.0%) was studied. Addition of 6% salt and 0.2% sorbate at pH 5.7 was the best factor combination and when accompanied by heat treatment (10min, 80°C) produced a partly cooked product, microbiologically stable at 15°C for at least 15 d. Washing and mild heat treatment (2min, 80°C) helped to reduce the initial microbial load of the mince by a factor of 100 and, in combination with the above formulation, the product had a storage life of over 15 d at 15°C, compared with less than 3d for the original unwashed mince.     

漂洗过程中草鱼鱼糜挥发性成分变化的研究

通过电子鼻技术和固相微萃取(SPME)结合GC-MS研究了漂洗过程中草鱼鱼糜挥发性成分的变化,通过电子鼻检测分析,能较好地判别出精滤后鱼糜与漂洗后鱼糜间、一次漂洗与两次或三次漂洗间鱼麋挥发性成分的差别,而二次漂洗与三次漂洗间鱼糜的挥发性成分差异无法明显判别;固相微萃取技术的使用中,萃取头有效地吸附了鱼糜中的挥发性成分,经NIST质谱数据库检索和文献对照,精滤后鱼糜、一次漂洗、两次漂洗、三次漂洗后鱼糜分别确定25、23、10和10种挥发性成分,均以挥发性羰基化合物和醇类为主,其相对百分含量分别为94.76%、93.03%、89.32%和92.03%.通过电子鼻和GC-MS实验结果可以推断漂洗对草鱼鱼糜的挥发性成分有显著的影响,但是两次和三次漂洗间无显著差异.     

CHANGES IN PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF THORNBACK RAY (RAJA CLAVATA, L. 1758) SURIMI DURING WASHING AND FROZEN STORAGE

The effects of frozen storage of surimi produced from thornback ray and the washing of mince on the chemical composition were investigated. The crude ash content which was initially found as 1.38% in raw thornback ray decreased approximately 12 and 80% after the first and second washing, respectively. After the third washing, crude ash content increased to 207% of the amount in the second washing because of addition of salt to the last washing water. The crude protein content of mince also decreased approximately to 28 and 20% after the first and second washing, respectively. After the third washing, the decrease in the lipid levels was approximately 30%. At the end of 6 months of frozen storage at − 23.8  ±  2C, dry matter, crude ash and crude protein contents increased in a greater ratio in surimi containing 4% sorbitol, 4% sucrose and 0.3% Na-tripolyphosphate than surimi prepared with 8% sorbitol and 0.3% Na-tripolyphosphate.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In the present study, the effects of frozen storage of surimi produced from thornback ray and the washing of mince on the chemical composition were investigated. Washing procedure significantly decreased crude ash, crude protein and crude fat content of mince. There were significant differences in moisture, crude ash, and crude protein contents during the 6 months storage period of frozen surimi obtained by using different cryoprotectant mixtures. The folding test scores were highest in fresh surimi and during the first two months of storage. Thornback ray can be used for the production of surimi.     

Bioactivities of surimi from southern blue whiting prepared by different ways

Surimi is stabilized minced fish meat that is washed with water and blended with cryoprotectants. In this study, surimi from southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis), surimi not subjected to washing entailing several changes of cryoprotectants following Patent WO/2003/013280 (hereafter termed unwashed surimi), heated surimi samples, and their hydrolysates were prepared to compare their compositions and bioactivities. Methanolic extracts of surimi and their hydrolysates were prepared for further analysis. The heated surimi samples showed different characteristics from the raw materials and released amino acids with enzymatic treatment. Unwashed surimi showed a significantly stronger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than surimi, and its effect on radical scavenging was compatible with that of southern blue whiting muscle. There was no significant difference in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity between unwashed and washed surimi. Soybean lipoxygenase was inhibited by heated unwashed surimi, indicating that unwashed surimi can be used for soymilk and its products.     

Surimi Production from Partially Processed and Frozen Pacific Whiting (Merluccius productus)

Pacific whiting surimi was made from stabilized mince (SM), unstabilized mince (UM), and headed and gutted (H&G) fish kept in frozen storage and compared to a surimi control made from fresh fillets. SM was made by mixing fresh mince with 12% w/w sucrose and 0.2% w/w polyphosphates. Surimi was produced from SM, UM, H&G at 1, 30, 90, and 180 days and evaluated by torsion, measuring shear stress, and true strain. After 6 months, there were no differences (p>0.05) between surimi samples prepared from SM stored at - 20° and -50° and the control surimi. UM and H&G fish produced surimi of inferior quality.     

Washed Mechanically Separated Pork as a Surimi-like Meat-product Ingredient

Mechanically separated pork (MSP) was washed using water or 1.5% salt solution, each at pH 5.5 and 6.5 to produce a surimi-like product for further processing. Composition and functionality of the washed product was evaluated and use in processed meat formulations was assessed. Washing treatments reduced fat content to less than 1% but did not reduce calcium content of MSP. The salt solution resulted in removal of heme pigments. Frankfurters manufactured with washed MSP ishowed little improvement over those with unwashed MSP for texture or water binding; therefore, applications may be limited. HOW-ever, lipid oxidation of frankfurters containing washed MSP, as meassured by TBA, was suppressed during storage.