金盏花精油的微波辅助提取及其成分与抗氧化活性研究

采用微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取金盏花精油,以得率为评价指标,在单因素实验的基础上通过正交试验对精油提取工艺进行优化,随后通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对金盏花精油化学成分进行分析,最后以DPPH自由基、羟自由基、ABTS+自由基清除能力为指标评价金盏花精油的抗氧化效果.结果表明,微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取金盏花精油的最佳...     

微波法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取丁香精油的研究

以丁香为原料,分别采用微波法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,探讨微波萃取对丁香精油提取率和精油品质的影响。以丁香精油提取率为指标,通过正交试验优化微波提取条件,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法鉴定其化学成分,并与水蒸气蒸馏法提取的精油进行比较。结果表明,微波萃取丁香精油的最佳工艺参数为微波功率300 W、料液比1∶4(m∶V)、微波时间25s、提取次数4,该条件下精油的提取率可达到20.65%,远远高于水蒸气蒸馏法的11.33%;从该精油中鉴定出19种成分,其中3种丁香精油有效成分的得率分别为丁香酚13.2%、石竹烯4.4%、乙酰基丁香酚2.2%,石竹烯和乙酰基丁香酚得率分别是水蒸气蒸馏精油的2.8倍和2倍。微波萃取是丁香精油较有效的提取方式。     

超声辅助提取花椒精油及抗氧化活性分析

文章采用超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取花椒精油,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定提取花椒精油的最佳工艺条件为原料粒度50目、料液比1∶15、超声温度50℃、超声时间60 min,在此条件下精油得率达2.61%。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析最佳工艺条件下提取的精油的化学成分,结果显示花椒精油主要含柠檬烯(18.267%)、4-萜烯醇(10.625%)、月桂烯(10.009%)、α-松油醇(8.199%)、乙酸松油酯(6.499%)、3-莰烯(6.512%)等。抗氧化活性研究结果表明,花椒精油对DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基有很好的清除效果,在试验浓度范围内最高清除率分别可达到72.5%和80.6%。     

双水相体系萃取肉桂挥发油工艺优化及其风味物质分析

目的:优化双水相法萃取肉桂挥发油工艺并研究其对风味物质的影响。方法:以肉桂挥发油得率为指标，通过正交试验设计优化双水相萃取肉桂挥发油工艺；采用气相色谱与质谱联用并运用主成分分析法对比探究肉桂挥发油风味物质变化。结果:最佳萃取工艺为乙醇质量分数25%，磷酸二氢钠质量分数34%，固液比1:15 g/mL，萃取时间60 min，萃取温度35 ℃，此条件下肉桂挥发油和肉桂醛得率为2.82%和0.037%，与常规水蒸气蒸馏法相比分别提高了1.07和1.31倍。双水相萃取法和水蒸气蒸馏法制得挥发油中分别鉴定出14和15种物质，均以萜烯类和醛类为主。双水相萃取法制得挥发油中含有更多的α-蒎烯（59.93%）、杜松萜-1(10),4-二烯（10.20%）、α-衣兰油烯（7.35%）、环苜蓿烯（2.44%）和衣兰烯（1.50%）等萜烯类成分。结论:双水相萃取用于肉桂挥发油提取具有条件温和、得率高及溶剂易回收等优势，可作为香辛料挥发油萃取分离的有效方法。     

姜精油提取工艺优化及对比成分分析

以云南小黄姜为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取姜精油。对水中蒸馏法的提取条件进行工艺优化,结果表明,水中蒸馏法提取姜精油的较佳工艺条件为:粉碎粒度120目,浸泡时间0.5 h,料液比1∶25(g/mL),蒸馏时间2.5 h,精油提取率为1.44%。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对水中蒸馏法、微波辅助水中蒸馏法、从水上蒸馏法提取的姜精油进行成分分析对比。结果表明,不同方法得到的精油成分及含量有较大差异,微波辅助水中提取法得到的精油中α-雪松烯含量高达32.79%,从水上蒸馏法得到的精油中分析出了多种特有成分。     

亚临界萃取结合分子蒸馏提取甜橙油的研究

采用亚临界萃取制备甜橙油,并利用分子蒸馏降低柠檬烯含量、富集特征香气成分。通过正交试验优化甜橙油亚临界萃取和分子蒸馏工艺条件,并采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对所制备的甜橙油进行香气成分检测。结果表明:最佳的亚临界萃取工艺条件为:萃取压力1.0 MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取90 min、萃取2次。精油得率为9.21%。最优的分子蒸馏工艺条件为:蒸馏温度50℃、蒸馏压力150 Pa、进料速度1.5 mL/min、刮板转速200 r/min。萜烯去除率为60.36%。经亚临界萃取和分子蒸馏分离后,最终甜橙油的得率为3.25%,其主要成分为柠檬烯、桧烯、香叶烯、癸醛、芳樟醇、莰烯、松油烯、香叶醇、石竹烯。     

肉桂精油的微波减压提取及组成分析

采用自主研发的真空微波加热提取设备,对浸泡后的桂叶进行辐射加热处理,破坏桂叶的细胞组织使其精油得以释放,然后在反应装置内添加少量的水,以水蒸气辅助提取,再经过冷却、离心得到肉桂精油。通过单因素试验以及正交试验,得到最佳提取工艺条件为浸泡90 min、微波功率800 W、提取时间30 min。其中微波功率对精油提取率的影响最大。肉桂叶的精油提取率最高可达到6.13‰。采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对微波提取和水蒸气辅助提取的肉桂精油进行成分分析,发现微波提取的精油中主要成分为反式肉桂醛、邻羟基苯甲酸甲酯、苯甲醛。水蒸气辅助提取的精油主要成分为反式肉桂醛、邻甲氧基肉桂醛、香豆素。     

五味子精油的无溶剂微波萃取工艺优化及DPPH自由基清除作用

为优化五味子精油的萃取工艺条件,采用无溶剂微波萃取技术萃取五味子精油,考察了3个变量(萃取时间,微波功率,预处理加水量)对精油得率的影响,并通过均匀设计法确定最佳萃取工艺条件;利用GC-MS对优化条件下得到的精油进行成分分析,通过DPPH法检测精油的自由基清除能力。结果表明：最佳的工艺条件为萃取时间50min、微波功率800W、预处理加水量40%,优化的精油得率为0.92%;精油的GC-MS 分析共鉴定出35种成分,占精油总量的91.06%,依兰烯(34.81%)、β-雪松烯(10.74%)和α-佛手柑油烯(9.22%)为其中的3种主要成分;精油清除DPPH自由基的IC50 值为 3.01mg/mL。采用无溶剂微波萃取五味子精油工艺可行。     

盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取甘松精油及其挥发性香气成分分析

为提高甘松精油提取效率,该试验以精油得率为评价指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验优化了盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取条件,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）分析甘松精油的香气成分。结果表明,盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取甘松精油最佳条件为NaCl含量3%、料液比1∶5(g∶mL)、浸泡时间5 h、蒸馏时间4 h。此优化条件下甘松精油得率为3.72%。GC-MS结果表明,共检测出56种挥发性香气物质,其主要成分多为萜类化合物,且以倍半萜数种类最多。该研究优化了盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取甘松精油的工艺,可为甘松精油的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

柠檬果皮精油挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)与有机溶剂萃取法分别提取干、鲜柠檬果皮的精油,通过气相色谱和质谱联用仪测定了柠檬果皮精油的挥发性成分.结果显示:较简单的有机溶剂萃取法更有利于果皮精油挥发性成分的保留,依据化合物的质谱特性鉴定出柠檬果皮油里含有72种挥发性成分.柠檬果皮精油的主要成分为柠檬烯,含量在50%以上.     

微波辅助水蒸汽蒸馏法和无溶剂微波萃取法提取孜然精油工艺的研究

采用微波蒸馏法提取孜然精油,考察微波溶剂提取和无溶剂提取孜然精油工艺中微波提取时间、微波功率、粒度和液料比等因素对孜然精油提取率的影响。同时以枯茗醛含量作为精油品质的评价指标,并通过GC对孜然精油进行分析。研究结果表明,微波溶剂提取孜然精油的最佳工艺条件为：液料比6:1、微波提取时间90min、微波功率300W,此条件下精油提取率为3.501%,精油中枯茗醛含量为19.121%。微波无溶剂提取孜然精油的最佳工艺条件为：浸泡时间30min、微波提取时间45min、微波功率200W,此条件下精油提取率为2.461%,精油中枯茗醛含量为23.910%。     

Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum glandulosum Desf. essential oil and extract obtained by microwave extraction: Comparison with hydrodistillation

Origanum glandulosum Desf. essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and the extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were investigated by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main components of both oils obtained by HD and SFME were thymol (41.6–81.1%) followed by γ-terpinene (27.0–3.1%), p-cymene (17.1–4.0%) and carvacrol (2.2–4.4%), respectively. In the same way, thymol (65.4%), γ-terpinene (13.1%), p-cymene (7.2%) and carvacrol (3.5%) were the main components of the extract obtained by hexane microwave extraction. The SFME method was most selective for the extraction of thymol. The examination of the antimicrobial activity of both essential oils against 10 bacteria, two yeasts and four moulds revealed that O. glandulosum oil is more antifungal than antibacterial. To our knowledge, the antifungal activity of the O. glandulosum oil obtained by HD and both antimicrobial and antifungal activities of O. glandulosum SFME oil were not yet reported. Our study suggests that O. glandulosum essential oil has the potential to be used as a food preservative and to prevent the growth of nosocomial bacteria.     

无溶剂微波萃取法提取花椒精油

采用无溶剂微波萃取法从花椒中提取花椒精油,考察了花椒含水量对花椒精油提取率的影响,并与微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法、水蒸气蒸馏法进行比较,三者提取率分别为1.30%、0.91%和1.39%。采用GC-MS结合气相色谱保留指数定性方法,从花椒精油中鉴定出75种物质,占精油总成分的93.20%～98.55%。主要成分为芳樟醇、丙酸芳樟酯、柠檬烯、茴香脑、花椒油素和4-松油烯醇。     

微波无溶剂法提取东紫苏精油的工艺研究及成分分析

采用微波无溶剂法提取东紫苏精油,考察工艺中料液比、浸泡时间、提取时间、微波功率对精油提取率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验对提取工艺进行优化并采用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术鉴定东紫苏精油的化学成分。结果表明,微波无溶剂提取东紫苏精油的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶6(体积比),浸泡时间2 h,提取时间60 min,微波功率600 W,精油得率0.096 mL/50 g。采用GC-MS技术,从提取的精油中鉴定出43种化学成分,主要成分为乙酸松油酯,相对含量达到了56.25%,其次为丙酸香叶酯(6.8%)、棕榈酸(4.95%)、依朴酚醇(4.83%)、氧化石竹烯(4.41%)、乙酸(Z)-5-十二烯醇酯(3.28%)、α-松油醇(2.91%)、(S)-(+)-5-(1-羟基-1-甲基乙基)-2-甲基-环己烯-1酮(1.18%)、萜品醇(1.14%)、植酮(1.1%)。     

Salvia somalensis essential oil as a potential cosmetic ingredient: solvent-free microwave extraction, hydrodistillation, GC–MS analysis, odour evaluation and in vitro cytotoxicity assays

Salvia somalensis Vatke, a wild sage native of Somalia, has been studied with the aim of assessing the potential cosmetic application of its essential oil, recovered from fresh aerial parts by solvent-free microwave extraction – SFME. To evaluate the efficiency and reliability of this ecofriendly procedure, the recovery of the essential oil was also processed by conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and the results compared. The essential oils obtained by both SFME and HD were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using apolar and polar capillary columns. The essential oil recovered by SFME was submitted to an odour evaluation that revealed peculiar olfactive characteristics interesting in alcoholic male perfumery and body detergents. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were carried out using NCTC 2544 human keratinocytes as target cells. The oil displayed slight cytotoxic effects, which were three orders of magnitude lower than those found for sodium dodecyl sulphate positive control. The promising results in terms of chemical composition, scent and safety seem to indicate this essential oil as an interesting potential functional ingredient useful in a cosmetic context.     

Kinetic Investigation of Rosemary Essential Oil by Two Methods: Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction and Hydrodistillation

Depending on the use area of rosemary essential oil, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or in food, the choice of both method and extraction time is fundamental, and the sample characterization is mainly based on comparing a few compounds that act as markers of a defined quality for a precise application. In the present work, the kinetic study of major components of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils obtained by solvent-free microwave extraction (SMFE) and by hydrodistillation (HD) has been followed in order to determine the optimum extraction time of a defined bioactive molecule or its chemical family as well as its recommended extraction technique, either SFME or HD. The monoterpene hydrocarbons were nearly extracted completely in the first instants by SFME and progressively by HD. In contrast, the oxygenated monoterpenes were substantially extracted during the first minutes by HD and progressively by SFME. While the extraction of trans-caryophyllene was achieved at the beginning with SFME, it required more than 2 h with HD. A substantial gain in the extraction time has been obtained using SFME. Even though the essential oils extracted by SFME (30 min) and HD (3 h) are qualitatively similar, the oil fractions obtained during extraction time are very different.     

无溶剂聚焦微波提取/气-质联机分析肉豆蔻挥发油

采用无溶剂聚集微波提取法从肉豆蔻种仁中提取肉豆蔻挥发油,提取率8.23%。对所得挥发油进行气-质联机分析,用计算机质谱库检索结合气相色谱保留指数二维定性方法,共鉴定出42种挥发性成分,总相对含量为98.62%,主要成分为香桧烯(23.93%)、肉豆蔻醚(11.60%)、α-蒎烯(9.52%)、β-蒎烯(8.95%)、4-松油醇(5.27%)、柠檬烯(4.47%)、榄香脂素(4.03%)、对伞花烃(3.38%)和黄樟油素(3.16%)等。     

Composition and biological activities of the essential oil from Schisandra chinensis obtained by solvent-free microwave extraction

Applicability of solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) for extraction of the fruits of Schisandra chinensis essential oil was examined; the composition and antioxidant activities and antibacterial activities of the essential oil were assessed in vitro. An orthogonal experiment (L₉ (3)⁴) was applied to optimize the extraction process. The optimum conditions were: extraction time, 45 min; microwave power, 800 W; diameter of powder particles, 0.25 mm; and proportion of water pretreatment, 30%. Under these conditions, the extraction yield was 1.75%. Thirty-five compounds, representing 91.12% of the oil, were identified, of which the major ones, ylangene (50.11%), β-himachalene (10.76%)，α-bergamotene (9.52%) and β-Chamigrene (5.41%), accounted for of 75.80% the oil.Antioxidant activity, IC₅₀ value of the essential oil was determined as 3.87 mg/mL by DPPH assay, and the inhibition values of the essential oil at 1.8 mg/mL was 41.88% by β-Carotene–linoleic acid bleaching assay. The essential oil was screened for antibacterial activity against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) bacteria. The essential oil showed antibacterial effect against all the gram (+) bacteria and gram (−) bacteria tested. These results show that S. chinensis essential oil could be considered as a natural alternative to food antioxidants and preservatives.     

微波无溶剂萃取法提取野菊花精油工艺及成分分析

采用微波无溶剂萃取法（Solvent-free microwave extraction, SFME）分别提取野菊花鲜花精油和干花精油,对提取工艺进行了优化;并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术（chromatograpy-mass spectrometry, GC-MS）分析两种精油化学成分,用峰面积归一法计算各组分相对含量。结果表明:野菊花鲜花精油的最佳提取条件为提取时间50 min,微波功率540 W,精油得率为鲜花重的0.1129%;干花精油的最佳提取条件为料液比1:5 g/mL,浸泡时间3 h,提取时间60 min,微波功率540 W,精油得率为干花重的0.1926%;经GC-MS分析,SFME提取野菊花鲜花精油的主要化学成分是单萜及单萜类含氧化合物,相对含量较多的化合物是乙酸桧酯（13.20%）、甲位侧柏酮（11.10%）、桧醇（9.70%）、菊醇（5.06%）、甲位水芹烯（3.87%）、荜澄茄油烯（3.78%）、桉叶油素（3.61%）、崖柏醇（3.37%）、2-侧柏烯（3.36%）。干花精油的主要化学成分是单萜含氧化合物及倍半萜,相对含量较多的化合物是菊醇（8.59%）、反式石竹烯（7.63%）、大根香叶烯（7.06%）、Α-合金欢烯（5.86%）、甲位侧柏酮（4.85%）、乙酸桧酯（4.34%）、乙酸菊醇酯（3.45%）、右旋樟脑（3.35%）。野菊花鲜花精油的含量比干花更高,单萜含氧化合物相对含量高于干花精油,更具有应用价值。