鼎湖山自然保护区土壤有机碳贮量和分配特征

基于61个土壤剖面的数据,分析了鼎湖山自然保护区4种自然植被类型(沟谷雨林、季风常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林和山地灌木草丛)和4种次生植被类型(马尾松针叶林、针阔混交林、次生季风常绿阔叶林和常绿灌丛)的土壤有机碳贮量及其分配特征.结果如下(1)各植被类型土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而减少,但植被类型不同其减少程度不同.除 >40cm土层外,自然植被类型的土壤有机碳含量明显高于次生植被类型.(2)土壤碳密度和土壤有机碳含量一样随深度增加而减少.两大植被类型间比较,除山地灌木草丛 >40cm土层外,自然植被类型各个土层土壤碳密度都高于所有的次生植被类型对应的碳密度.对于整个土层而言,各植被类型土壤碳密度在30.9～127.9 t/hm2间,总平均为73.9 t/hm2.(3)各植被类型的土壤厚度平均为36.7～73.3cm,总平均为56.4cm.除了山地常绿阔叶林外,土壤厚度基本上沿海拔高度增加而减少.(4)保护区各植被类型总面积为1028.4 hm2,土壤总碳贮量为72287.0 t,其中0～10、10～20、20～40cm和 >40cm四个土层分别占32.0%、20.6%、25.8%和21.6%.自然植被土壤碳贮量在表层(0～20cm)的比重比次生植被的高.所有的植被类型中,混交林碳贮量贡献最大,季风常绿阔叶林次之.自然植被类型土壤在碳贮存方面发挥积极的作用.(5)通过比较,鼎湖山保护区土壤碳密度整体较低,表层土壤碳贮量贡献较大.分析表明人为干扰是制约土壤碳贮存量大小的重要因素.     

连栽对尾巨桉短周期人工林碳贮量的影响

对广西国有东门林场不同连栽代数尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis) 短周期人工林生态系统碳贮量开展研究,旨在阐明短周期桉树人工林连栽对生态系统各组分(土壤、凋落物、林下植物和乔木)的碳含量、碳贮量及其分配格局的影响.结果表明:(1)尾巨桉短周期人工林生态系统同一层次的同一器官(或组分)碳含量因连栽代次和林龄不同存在差异,但差异不显著(p＞0.05);而不同层次和不同器官(或组分)碳含量的差异极显著(p＜0.01),表明人工林生态系统的物种组成及其特性对碳含量的影响更显著.(2)7.6a尾巨桉连栽林分的碳贮量平均为127.649 t · hm-2,比第1代(134.411 t · hm-2)低5.03%,差异不显著(p＞0.05);两类林分碳贮量的空间分布序列均表现为土壤层＞乔木层＞凋落物层＞林下植物层.(3)两类林分各组份的碳含量和碳贮量均随着林龄的增加而增加.(4)连栽对乔木层和凋落物层的碳贮量影响较小,但具有降低林下植被和土壤碳贮量的作用.短周期桉树人工林连栽采取的采伐林木、炼山清理、机耕全垦整地等措施对林地的反复干扰是导致林下植被和土壤碳贮量下降的主要原因.     

广西大青山南亚热带马尾松、杉木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征

选取广西大青山3个13年生马尾松、杉木混交林样区,研究其生态系统的碳素积累和分配特征。结果表明,混交林中两个树种的碳素含量各异。马尾松干、根、枝的碳素含量较高,分别为58·6%、56·3%、51·2%,叶和皮含量较低,变化幅度为46·8%~56·3%。各器官中按碳素含量的高低排列顺序为:干>根>枝>皮>叶;杉木皮、叶、干的碳素含量较高,分别为52·2%、51·8%、50·2%,碳素含量从高到低依次为:皮>叶>干>根>枝。从两个树种各器官碳总含量来看,马尾松要高于杉木。灌木层、草本层及地表凋落物层碳素平均含量分别为44·1%、33·0%及48·3%。土壤3个层次(60cm深)碳素含量为1·45%~1·84%,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层(0~20cm)土壤碳素含量较高。针叶混交林乔木层生物量(t·hm-2)为85·35~101·35,平均为93·83,且均以马尾松生物量居多(占75·7%~82·6%)。混交林生态系统碳库的空间分布序列为土壤层>植被层>凋落物层。植被层的碳贮量平均为51·91t·hm-2,占整个生态系统碳总贮量的29·03%;乔木层碳贮量占整个生态系统的23·90%,占植被层碳贮量的97·7%。乔木层碳贮量中,马尾松占的比例较大,为65·39%。碳贮量在两个树种各器官中的分配,基本与各自的生物量成正比例关系,树干的碳贮量均最高,马尾松、杉木的树干碳贮量分别占各自碳贮量的53·23%、55·57%,树干的碳总贮量占乔木层碳总贮量的54%。其次,两个树种根也占较大比例,树根碳总贮量占乔木层碳总贮量的19·22%。马尾松、杉木枝、皮在各自碳的贮量中分配不同,马尾松枝占的比例要大于皮,而杉木则相反;凋落物层碳贮量平均为3·25t·hm-2,仅占1·82%;林地土壤层(0~60cm)碳贮量是相当可观的,平均为123·43t·hm-2,占69·02%。马尾松、杉木混交林年净生产力为11·46t·hm-2·a-1,有机碳年净固定量为5·96t·hm-2·a-1,折合成CO2的量为21·88t·hm-2·a-1。     

血水草生物量及碳贮量分布格局

采用样方收获法,利用实测数据,研究了湖南桃江血水草的生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其分配特征.结果表明,血水草生物量为1744.70 kg/hm2,其中以地下根系生物量最高,为1278.63 kg/hm2,占血水草生物量的73.9％,且地下根系部分生物量与地上叶、茎部分生物量比值为2.74.血水草各器官平均碳含量为450.54 g/kg,从高到低排序为叶＞茎＞根.土壤层有机碳含量为6.63-38.50 g/kg,各层次碳含量分布不均,表层(015cm)土壤碳含量较高,并随土壤深度的增加而逐渐下降.生态系统碳贮量为101.19 t/hm2,碳库的分布格局为土壤层＞植被层＞枯落物层.植被层的碳贮量为0.79 t/hm2,占整个生态系统总碳贮量的0.78％;在植被层中,地下根系碳贮量为0.57 t/hm2,占植被层总碳贮量的72.2％,是植被层的主要碳库.枯落物层碳贮量较少,为0.22t/hm2,仅占整个生态系统的0.22％,它是维系植物体地上碳库与土壤碳库形成循环的主要通道.血水草生态系统中的碳贮量绝大部分集中在土壤中,土壤层碳贮量可观,为100.18 t/hm2,占系统总碳贮量的99.0％,是血水草生态系统中的主要碳库.研究结果,可为深入研究亚热带地区草本植物的生态功能提供参考.     

米老排人工林碳素积累特征及其分配格局

在生物量调查的基础上,对桂西南地区28年生米老排人工林生态系统的碳素积累特征及分配格局进行了研究.结果表明:米老排各器官碳含量在522.8～560.2 g·kg-1,大小排序为:树叶(560.2 g·kg-1)＞树干(542.8 g·kg-1)＞树根(530.9 g·kg-1)＞树皮(530.8 g·kg-1)＞树枝(522.8 g·kg-1);土壤碳含量以表土层最高,且随土层深度的增加而降低;米老排人工林乔木层碳贮量为147.90 t·hm-2,其中,树干占乔木层碳贮量的63.72％;米老排人工林生态系统碳贮量为285.36 t·hm-2,各组分的分配顺序为乔木层＞土壤层＞凋落物层＞灌木层＞草本层;植被层碳贮量为土壤层(0～100 cm)的1.1倍.     

毛竹(Phyllostachy pubescens)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林生态系统碳贮量及其分配特征

研究比较了湖南会同林区毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳含量和碳贮量分配特征,结果表明,15年生杉木各器官碳含量在47.15%～50.43%之间,不同器官碳含量高低依次为树干、树叶、树皮、树枝、树根;毛竹不同器官碳含量波动在44.51%～49.91%,各器官碳含量高低依次为竹鞭、竹枝、竹叶、竹干、竹蔸、竹根,但是毛竹不同器官碳含量与年龄之间没有明显变化规律。林地土壤3个层次(60cm深)碳素含量为0.746%～2.390%,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层(0～20cm)土壤碳素含量和碳贮量最高。毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳贮量分别为166.34tC·hm-2和150.19tC·hm-2,并且其碳贮量空间分布格局基本一致,土壤层是主要部分,其次为乔木层,林下植被层和凋落物层所占比例最小。其中,毛竹林土壤层有机碳贮量占83.92%,乔木层占15.38%,林下植被和凋落物层分别占0.38%和0.32%;杉木人工林土壤层碳贮量占62.03%,乔木层占34.99%,林下植被和凋落物层分别占0.70%和2.28%。另外,碳贮量在两个树种各器官中的分配,基本与各自的生物量成正比例关系。从植被年固定碳量来看,毛竹林为9.94tC·hm-2·a-1,相当于年固定CO2量为36.44tCO2·hm-2·a-1,是杉木林的1.39倍。     

藏北高寒草地植被的碳密度与碳贮量

采用实地调查与查阅文献相结合的方法估算藏北高寒草地植被碳密度和碳贮量。结果表明:1)藏北高寒草地总面积约39.059×106 hm²,植被地上平均碳密度12.158±4.7g·m^-2,植被地下平均碳密度84.458±20.38g·m^-2,植被地上部碳贮量5.171±0.95Tg,植被地下部碳贮量25.223±2.96Tg,植被总碳贮量为30.394±3.91Tg;2)不同草地组间植被碳密度和碳贮量差异显著。其中不同草地组间植被碳密度以丛生禾草组碳密度值最低,地上和地下碳密度分别为6.13±1.51g·m^-2和26.04±5.8g·m^-2,具灌木的半灌木组碳密度最高,地上和地下碳密度分别为31±3.4 g·m^-2和244.59±6.9g·m^-2;而不同草地组间,草地植被碳贮量以小莎草组最大,植被地上和地下碳贮量分别为2.24±0.32Tg和9.52±0.89Tg,半灌木组碳贮量最小,其地上和地下碳贮量分别为0.012 4±0.002Tg和0.098 1±0.002Tg。3)藏北高寒草地分布各县(区)碳密度和碳贮量的分布也存在显著差异。从碳密度来看,革吉县、札达县、噶尔县和措勤县碳密度较高,植被平均碳密度分别相当于藏北平均植被碳密度的1.76,1.47,1.11和1.06倍,从碳贮量来看,碳贮量集中分布于双湖特别区、札达、尼玛、日土、革吉和改则6县(区),六县(区)草地植被碳贮量为25.2±2.31Tg,占藏北总植被碳量的82.89%。     

樟树人工林生态系统碳素贮量与分布研究

对 1 8年生樟树人工林生物量、碳素含量、贮量及其空间分布进行测定。结果表明 ,樟树各器官的碳素含量为 4 2 1 2 %～ 5 5 4 2 % ,排列顺序为树叶 >树枝 >树根 >树干 >树皮。林冠上层与下层叶的碳素含量比中层叶的碳素含量低 ,但差别不大 ;下层枝条碳素含量明显比上、中层枝条高。灌木层植物的碳素含量平均为 5 1 30 % ,草本植物为 4 8 90 % ,死地被物层为4 0 89%。土壤的碳素含量为 1 2 5 % ,随土层深度的增加 ,各层次土壤碳素含量逐渐减少。樟树林生态系统总的碳贮量为 2 0 0 4 4× 1 0 3 kgC·hm-2 ,其中乔木层为 4 5 0 1× 1 0 3 kgC·hm-2 ,占整个生态系统总贮量的 2 2 4 5 % ,灌木层为 2 2 9× 1 0 3 kgC·hm-2 ,占 1 1 4 % ,草本层为 1 0 9×1 0 3 kg·C·hm-2 ,占 0 5 5 % ,死地被物层为 5 0 8× 1 0 3 kg·C·hm-2 ,占 2 5 4 % ,林地土壤 (0～ 1m)的碳贮量为 1 4 6 97× 1 0 3 kg·C·hm-2 ,占 73 32 %。樟树各器官的碳素贮量与其生物量成正比例关系 ,树干的生物量最大 ,其碳贮量也最高 ,占乔木层碳贮量的 4 0 0 6 %。樟树碳贮量的垂直分布随高度的增加而减少 ,在 8～ 1 0m区段出现明显增加的现象。樟树林年净生产力为9 5 5× 1 0 3 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 ,碳的年净固定量为 4 98×     

森林演替在南亚热带森林生态系统碳吸存中的作用

研究了鼎湖山南亚热带森林同一演替系列中3个不同演替阶段(马尾松针叶林、马尾松荷木混交林和季风常绿阔叶林)生态系统碳贮量和分配格局特征,并探讨了该地区森林演替过程中生态系统碳吸存潜力和速度。结果表明:(1)针叶林各组分碳素含量高于阔叶林对应组分的碳素含量(后者是前者的72.0%～94.5%)。两个森林植物碳素含量,不同层次比较,均为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,不同器官比较,以根或干最高。(2)乔木层生物量随森林演替进展而增加。针叶林、混交林和阔叶林乔木层生物量分别为:143.5t/hm2、270.1t/hm2和407.8t/hm2,其中大部分由干和皮组成(各器官占乔木层生物量的比例平均为:叶2.8%、枝19.3%、干和皮混合57.0%、根20.9%)。林下层生物量为4.23～14.10t/hm2,是乔木层的1.0%～9.8%,随森林演替进展而减少。(3)土壤容重随深度增加而增加,但随森林演替进展而减少。与土壤容重相反,土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而明显减少,但随森林演替进展而增加。(4)3种类型森林生态系统碳总贮量分别为135.8t/hm2、215.1t/hm2和259.7t/hm2。生态系统碳贮量在各组分的格局十分相似,植被、土壤和凋落物层所占比例均分别约为67.6%、30.2%和2.2%。与其它地带森林比较,鼎湖山保护区森林植被与土壤碳贮量之比和表层(0～20cm)的土壤碳占整个     

西藏草地生态系统植被碳贮量及其空间分布格局

在广泛收集资料的基础上,利用平均碳密度方法,估算了西藏高原草地生态系统17类草地植被的碳贮量,并分析了其空间分布格局.结果表明:(1)17类草地植被总面积为8205.194×104hm2,总碳贮量为189.367 Tg (1TgC＝1012g),平均碳密度为2307.895 kgC/hm2,不同植被类型差异较大,在395.977～20471.161kgC/hm2之间波动;(2)从草地类型分布看,高寒草原和高寒草甸是西藏分布面积最大的2类草地,分布面积占西藏草地总面积的70.210%,又是西藏草地碳贮量的主要贮库,碳贮量占西藏草地总碳贮量的79.393%;(3)在空间分布格局上,随着自藏东南向西北的延伸,草地植被总碳密度逐次降低,这一水平分布格局与西藏独特的水热分布相一致;碳密度的垂直分布规律因地区而异,但各地区均以高寒草甸或高寒荒漠的低碳密度为终点,表现出"殊途同归"的特征.     

基于稳定碳同位素技术研究大气CO2浓度升高对植物-土壤系统碳循环的影响

大气CO₂浓度升高影响植物光合作用过程和生物量积累,改变植物地上和地下生物量的动态分配.土壤有机质的形成和周转依赖于植物组分的输入,因此,CO₂浓度升高所造成的植物生理和代谢的变化对土壤碳库收支平衡具有重要影响.采用稳定碳同位素(¹³C)技术研究土壤-植物系统的碳循环可阐明大气CO₂浓度升高条件下光合碳在植物各器官的分配特征和时间动态,明确光合碳在土壤中的积累、分解与迁移转化过程以及对土壤有机碳库周转的影响.本文综述了基于¹³C自然丰度法或¹³C示踪技术研究大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤-植物系统碳循环的影响,主要包括:1)对植物光合作用的同位素分馏的影响;2)对植物光合碳(新碳)分配动态的影响;3)对土壤有机碳新老碳库动态以及微生物转化过程的影响.明确上述过程及其调控机制可为预测CO₂浓度升高对陆地生态系统碳循环及源汇效应的长期影响奠定基础.     

Variation in biomass and carbon storage by stand age in pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) planted ecosystem in Mt. Taiyue,Shanxi, China

Forest ecosystems play dominant roles in global carbon budget because of the large quantities stored in live biomass, detritus, and soil organic matter. Researchers in various countries have investigated regional and continental scale patterns of carbon (C) stocks in forest ecosystems; however, the relationship between stand age in different components (vegetation, forest floor detritus, and mineral soil) and C storage and sequestration remains poorly understood. In this paper, we assessed an age sequence of 18-, 20-, 25-, 38-, and 42-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis planted by analyzing the vertical distribution of different components biomass with similar site conditions on Mt. Taiyue, Shanxi, China. The results showed that biomass of P. tabulaeformis planted stands was ranged from 88.59 Mg ha^?1 for the 25-year-old stand to 231.05 Mg ha^?1 for the 42-year-old stand and the major biomass was in the stems. Biomass of the ground vegetation varied from 0.51 to 1.35 Mg C ha^?1 between the five stands. The forest floor biomass increased with increasing stand age. The mean C concentration of total tree was 49.94%, which was higher than C concentrations of ground vegetation and forest floor. Different organs of trees C concentration were between 54.14% and 47.74%. C concentrations stored in the mineral soil for each stand experienced decline with increasing soil depth, but were age-independent. Total C storage of five planted forests ranged from 122.15 to 229.85 Mg C ha^?1, of which 51.44–68.38% of C storage was in the soil and 28.46–45.21% in vegetation. The study provided not only with an estimation biomass of P. tabulaeformis planted forest in Mt. Taiyue, Shanxi, China, but also with accurately estimating forest C storage at ecosystem scale.     

Species richness promotes ecosystem carbon storage: evidence from biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments

Plant diversity has a strong impact on a plethora of ecosystem functions and services, especially ecosystem carbon (C) storage. However, the potential context-dependency of biodiversity effects across ecosystem types, environmental conditions and carbon pools remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis by collecting data from 95 biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) studies across 60 sites to explore the effects of plant diversity on different C pools, including aboveground and belowground plant biomass, soil microbial biomass C and soil C content across different ecosystem types. The results showed that ecosystem C storage was significantly enhanced by plant diversity, with stronger effects on aboveground biomass than on soil C content. Moreover, the response magnitudes of ecosystem C storage increased with the level of species richness and experimental duration across all ecosystems. The effects of plant diversity were more pronounced in grasslands than in forests. Furthermore, the effects of plant diversity on belowground plant biomass increased with aridity index in grasslands and forests, suggesting that climate change might modulate biodiversity effects, which are stronger under wetter conditions but weaker under more arid conditions. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into the important role of plant diversity in ecosystem C storage across critical C pools, ecosystem types and environmental contexts.     

Low phosphorus supply constrains plant responses to elevated CO2: A meta‐analysis

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macro‐nutrient required for plant metabolism and growth. Low P availability could potentially limit plant responses to elevated carbon dioxide (eCO₂), but consensus has yet to be reached on the extent of this limitation. Here, based on data from experiments that manipulated both CO₂ and P for young individuals of woody and non‐woody species, we present a meta‐analysis of P limitation impacts on plant growth, physiological, and morphological response to eCO₂. We show that low P availability attenuated plant photosynthetic response to eCO₂ by approximately one‐quarter, leading to a reduced, but still positive photosynthetic response to eCO₂ compared to those under high P availability. Furthermore, low P limited plant aboveground, belowground, and total biomass responses to eCO₂, by 14.7%, 14.3%, and 12.4%, respectively, equivalent to an approximate halving of the eCO₂ responses observed under high P availability. In comparison, low P availability did not significantly alter the eCO₂‐induced changes in plant tissue nutrient concentration, suggesting tissue nutrient flexibility is an important mechanism allowing biomass response to eCO₂ under low P availability. Low P significantly reduced the eCO₂‐induced increase in leaf area by 14.3%, mirroring the aboveground biomass response, but low P did not affect the eCO₂‐induced increase in root length. Woody plants exhibited stronger attenuation effect of low P on aboveground biomass response to eCO₂ than non‐woody plants, while plants with different mycorrhizal associations showed similar responses to low P and eCO₂ interaction. This meta‐analysis highlights crucial data gaps in capturing plant responses to eCO₂ and low P availability. Field‐based experiments with longer‐term exposure of both CO₂ and P manipulations are critically needed to provide ecosystem‐scale understanding. Taken together, our results provide a quantitative baseline to constrain model‐based hypotheses of plant responses to eCO₂ under P limitation, thereby improving projections of future global change impacts.     

A hemiparasite in the forest understorey: photosynthetic performance and carbon balance of Melampyrum pratense

• Melampyrum pratense is an annual root‐hemiparasitic plant growing mostly in forest understorey, an environment with unstable light conditions. While photosynthetic responses of autotrophic plants to variable light conditions are in general well understood, light responses of root hemiparasites have not been investigated.
• We carried out gas exchange measurements (light response and photosynthetic induction curves) to assess the photosynthetic performance of M. pratense in spring and summer. These data and recorded light dynamics data were subsequently used to model carbon balance of the hemiparasite throughout the entire growth season.
• Summer leaves had significantly lower rates of saturated photosynthesis and dark respiration than spring leaves, a pattern expected to reflect the difference between sun‐ and shade‐adapted leaves. However, even the summer leaves of the hemiparasite exhibited a higher rate of light‐saturated photosynthesis than reported in non‐parasitic understorey herbs. This is likely related to its annual life history, rare among other understorey herbs. The carbon balance model considering photosynthetic induction still indicated insufficient autotrophic carbon gain for seed production in the summer months due to limited light availability and substantial carbon loss through dark respiration.
• The results point to potentially high importance of heterotrophic carbon acquisition in M. pratense, which could be of at least comparable importance as in other mixotrophic plants growing in forests – mistletoes and partial mycoheterotrophs. It is remarkable that despite apparent evolutionary pressure towards improved carbon acquisition from the host, M. pratense retains efficient photosynthesis and high transpiration rate, the ecophysiological traits typical of related root hemiparasites in the Orobanchaceae.