Coal reservoir characteristics and their controlling factors in the eastern Ordos basin in China

In the eastern Ordos basin, due to the diversity of the tectonic setting, coal rank, gas content and permeability, coal reservoirs have differing characteristics. In this paper, based on coal reservoir geometry, gas content, adsorption capacity, pores and fissures developments and permeability data, the coalbed methane(CBM) reservoir characteristics and their controlling factors in the eastern Ordos basin is discussed. The results show that, due to undergoing different paleo-temperatures in the geological history,coal rank has a higher trend from the north part to the south and from the shallow part to the inward basin, which determines CBM distribution and recoverability. In the north, although having large coal thickness and high permeability, Zhungeer-Xingxian coal rank is low, and gas content is small. In the central part, with medium rank, higher gas content and relatively high permeability, and the Wubao-Liulin area is the most favorable area in the eastern Ordos basin. In the southern part, medium and high metamorphism coal occurs, and although having the highest gas content, the permeability in the Hancheng area is low due to the development of sheared coal.     

沁水盆地煤层气地质研究进展

综述沁水盆地煤层气地质的相关研究成果.根据研究,沁水盆地煤层气地质特征可以总结为：主要为高—过成熟的热成因气,仅有少量次生生物气;太原组煤层较山西组煤层吸附性强、渗透性好;煤层的含气性在南部相对较好,在西北部最差;煤层一般发育两组裂隙且以吸附孔为主,盆地南部部分裂隙被热液矿物充填;深成变质与燕山期构造热事件叠加所引起的二次生烃是盆地煤层气藏形成的主要气源,沁南富气区的勘探前景较好.关于煤层气成藏动力场的研究,已经实现了多因素耦合的研究方法.煤层气成藏分析相关研究已经对边界和类型作出划分和厘定.     

沁水盆地山西组煤储层含气性及控制因素分析

依据实测资料,在统计分析研究区３号煤层含气性特征的基础之上,对控气地质机理进行了探讨,总体上来看,研究区甲烷含量较高高及甲烷浓度较大,而含气饱和度偏低。在埋深１０００ｍ以浅,向盆地内部方向以及随煤层埋深加大,甲烷含量,甲烷浓度和含气孢和度具有增大趋势,显示出埋探控气以及次级向斜相对富气的特点,这种特征可以起源于地质历史时期中煤层抬升卸压过程所导致的煤层气解吸扩散作用。因此,进一步查明次级构造的发育     

Reconstruction of different scales of pore-fractures network of coal reservoir and its permeability prediction with Monte Carlo method

There are millimeter, micron and nanometer scales of pores and fractures in coal to describe different scales of coal pores and fissures communicating path and to quantitatively characterize their permeability. Such information provides an important basis for studying coalbed methane output mechanism. The pores and fissures in a large number of coal samples were observed and counted by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The probability distribution models of pore-fissure network were then established. Different scales of pore-fissures 2D network models were reconstructed by Monte Carlo method. The 2D seepage models were obtained through assignment zero method and using Matlab software. The effect of permeability on different scale pore-fractures network was obtained by two-dimensional seepage equation. Predicted permeability is compared with the measured ones. The results showed that the dominant order of different scale pore-fractures connected path from high to low is millimeter-sized fractures, seepage pores and micron-size fractures. The contribution of coal reservoir permeability from large to small is millimeter-size fractures, micron-size fractures and seepage pores. Different parameters in different scale pore-fractures are of different influence permeability.Reconstruction of different scale pore-fractures network can clearly display the connectivity of porefractures, which can provide a basis for selecting migration path and studying gas flow pattern.     

Fe41Co7Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2合金涂层的激光制备及显微组织研究

利用激光熔覆和激光重熔的方法在低碳钢表面制备了原位生成颗粒增强铁基涂层.用X线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对其相结构和微观组织进行了研究,重点分析了重熔层的组织形态和形成机制.结果表明:制备的涂层无气孔和裂纹,整个涂层的厚度为0.6~0.7 mm,重熔层厚度为50~80 μm;熔覆层主要是方向比较紊乱的树枝晶组织,重熔层内形成了细小的等轴晶组织;重熔层最高显微硬度达到了1056 HV.     

漳村矿峰峰组隔水关键层孔隙性实验研究

随着诸多华北石炭二叠系煤田进入下组煤开采,研究奥陶系峰峰组地层岩溶发育规律及能否为下组煤开采提供隔水屏障十分重要.以潞安矿区漳村矿下组煤补充勘查漳54号水文地质孔为取样孔,通过岩石薄片鉴定、X射线荧光光谱分析、岩石微结构分析等综合试验,分析了峰峰组岩性、孔隙结构特征及其垂向分布规律.研究表明:峰峰组上段为泥晶至细砂晶灰岩,下段为石膏与白云岩互层;上段灰岩孔隙类型以晶间孔隙、溶蚀孔隙、缝合线等次生孔隙为主,为泥质、方解石、石膏充填,岩溶不发育,平均孔隙度仅1.15%,体积中值孔径0.028 8 μm,面积中中值孔径0.009 8 μm,最大连通孔喉直径约0.02～0.04 μm,细小和超毛管微孔隙占总孔隙体积的70%以上,重力和毛细水运动微弱,属于低孔隙低渗透性介质;峰峰组上部和下部存在隔水层,中间为弱含水层岩性组合,峰峰组可利用隔水关键层的厚度为142 m.为判断、确定奥陶系项部隔水关键层提供了岩石学和微结构方面实验依据.     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组致密油储层成岩作用与储集空间特征

利用岩芯观察、铸体薄片及荧光薄片鉴定,结合激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、恒速压汞等分析测试手段,分析了准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组致密油储层成岩作用与储集空间特征及其相互关系。结果表明:吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油储层主要发育碳酸盐岩类、陆源碎屑岩类、火山碎屑岩类和混积岩类等4种岩石类型,储集空间可分为次生溶孔、晶间孔和微裂缝3类; 不同岩石类型经历了不同的成岩作用过程,发育了不同类型的储集空间。①碳酸盐岩类中,泥晶云岩成分单一,压实致密,胶结作用弱,储集空间以白云石晶间孔为主; 随着粉砂质和凝灰质含量增加,压实作用变弱,长石和凝灰质发生强溶蚀,粉砂质砂屑云岩及凝灰质云岩的储集空间以长石粒内孔、铸模孔及凝灰质溶蚀孔为主。②陆源碎屑岩类中,凝灰质粉砂岩的压实作用中等,粉砂级长石颗粒粒内及边缘、分散状凝灰质溶蚀,且溶蚀孔中有大量的黏土矿物充填,储集空间以蜂窝状长石溶蚀孔、凝灰质溶蚀孔为主; 而云质泥岩压实作用强,溶蚀作用不发育,仅可见晶间孔及微裂缝。③火山碎屑岩类中,粉砂质凝灰岩、云质凝灰岩压实作用中等,长石、凝灰质易溶,但胶结物种类较多,储集空间以次生溶蚀孔为主,发育少量的晶间孔。     

Deformed coal types and pore characteristics in Hancheng coalmines in Eastern Weibei coalfields

Based on SEM observance, the methods of low-temperature nitrogen and isothermal adsorption were used to test and analyze the coal samples of Hancheng, and pore structure characteristics of tectonic coals were discussed. The results indicate that in the same coal rank, stratification and crack are well developed in cataclastic coal, which is mostly filled by mineral substance in the geohydrologic element abundance, results in pore connectivity variation. Granulated and mylonitic coal being of these characteristics, as develop microstructures and exogenous fractures as well as large quantity of pores resulted from gas generation and strong impermeability, stimulate the recovery of seepage coal, improve coal connectivity and enhance reservoir permeability. Absorption pore (micro-pore) is dominant in coal pore for different coal body structure, the percentage of which pore aperture is from 1 to 100 nm is 71.44% to 88.15%, including large of micro-pore with the 74.56%–94.70%; with the deformation becoming more intense in the same coal rank, mesopore enlarge further, open-end pores become thin-neck-bottle-shaped pores step by step, specific surface area of micro-pore for cataclastic coal is 0.0027 m²/g, while mylonitic coal increases to 7.479 m²/g, micro-pore gradually play a dominant role in effecting pore structural parameters.     

Sorption behavior of coal for implication in coal bed methane an overview

CBM has been recognized as a significant natural gas resource for a long time. Recently, CO_2 sequestration in coalbeds for ECBM has been attracting growing attention because of greater concerns about the effects of greenhouse gases and the emerging commercial significance of CBM. Reservoir-simulation technology,as a useful tool of reservoir development, has the capability to provide us with an economic means to solve complex reservoir-engineering problems with efficiency. The pore structure of coal is highly heterogeneous, and the heterogeneity of the pores depends on the coal type and rank.     

Prediction of geotemperatures in coal-bearing strata and implications for coal bed methane accumulation in the Bide-Santang basin,western Guizhou,China

The geothermal fields of coal-bearing strata have become a key topic in geological research into coal and coal bed methane(CBM). Based on temperature data from 135 boreholes that penetrate the Upper Permian coal-bearing strata in the Bide-Santang basin, western Guizhou, the precisions of geothermal predictions made using a geothermal gradient model and a gray sequence GM(1,1) model are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the gray sequence GM(1,1) model is more appropriate for the prediction of geothermal fields. The GM(1,1) model is used to predict the geothermal field at three levels with depths of 500, 1000, and 1500 m, as well as within the No. 6, No. 16, and No. 27 coal seams. The results indicate that the geotemperatures of the 500 m depth level are between 21.0 and 30.0 °C, indicating no heat damage; the geotemperatures of the 1000 m depth level are between 29.4 and 44.7 °C,indicating the first level of heat damage; and the geotemperatures of the 1500 m depth level are between35.6 and 63.4 °C, indicating the second level of heat damage. The CBM contents are positively correlated with the geotemperatures of the coal seams. The target area for CBM development is identified.     

基于NMR和SEM的软土微观结构特征试验研究

软土的含水特性和微观结构是决定其物理力学性质的主要因素. 以南沙软土为研究对象,运用核磁共振和扫描电子显微镜两种微观结构试验方法,获取了软土的弛豫时间T₂谱图和扫描电子显微镜图像,总结了两种软土（淤泥和淤泥质土）的水相分布和孔径分布规律. 研究表明,南沙软土的T₂分布曲线呈双峰型,土中存在两种状态的水分,第一种状态水超过质量的99%,孔隙多、孔径小,孔径分布主要集中在0.1~20 μm的区间. 南沙软土常见的微观结构类型为絮状结构、蜂窝结构和凝块结构3类. 计算了平均孔隙半径、平均孔隙面积、面孔隙率、孔隙形状因子和孔隙分维数等微观结构参数. 最后,对比分析了两种测试方法和应用中需注意的几个问题.     

Spatio-temporal variation of vegetation in an arid and vulnerable coal mining region

Environmental assessment in an arid coal mining area requires an understanding of the influences of coal mining,the arid climate and ecological remediation.To that end,we selected vegetation as the key environmental factor to observe.Remote sensing approaches to monitoring the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation caused by mining activities,the arid climate and ecological remediation in the Shengdong coal mining area are described.Over a large regional scale it was found that the vegetation was improved as a result of ecological remediation activities.At the local scale,however,the vegetation coverage and soil moisture in the mined areas were slightly lower than those in un-mined areas due to mining subsidence.These differences are partly attributed to ground fissures that injure root systems and increase the depletion of soil moisture.It is recommended that fissures be reduced and filled to lessen their adverse effects on the environment.     

煤层瓦斯抽放钻孔的二次封孔方法研究

针对煤层钻孔抽放瓦斯后煤层孔隙裂隙发育致使瓦斯浓度下降,钻孔有效抽放期缩短的技术难题,首次提出二次封孔方法.阐述了二次封孔方法的基本原理,建立了微细膨胀粉料颗粒在孔隙裂隙中运动的数学模型,并在晋城煤业集团公司寺河矿开展了6个月的现场工业性试验.结果表明:应用二次封孔方法可提高瓦斯抽放浓度25%～50%,延长钻孔的有效瓦斯抽放期3个月.     

沁水盆地郑庄区块构造演化与煤层气成藏

基于沁水盆地郑庄区块的构造发育特征,研究了自二叠纪煤系形成以来该区域构造应力场演化,分析了其对煤层气藏的控制作用,包括构造-埋藏史、后期成藏演化及成藏控制因素.研究表明:郑庄地区主要经历了印支期、燕山期、喜马拉雅早期和喜马拉雅晚期—现代4个期次的构造应力场演化.在构造控制下,二叠纪煤层经历了印支期和燕山中—晚期两次成烃作用,特别是燕山中、晚期煤层生气量巨大,是煤层气的主要成藏期.此后,随着地壳持续抬升剥蚀,煤层埋藏不断变浅,并发育了多组封闭性较好的节理.受南东侧的寺头断层控制,煤层埋深处于600～1 200m,为煤层气成藏以来的最浅埋藏,虽然本区二叠系煤层气的成藏时间较早,但保留的煤层气含量大,煤储层厚度大,且煤层埋藏适中.     

Coal and rock fissure evolution and distribution characteristics of multi-seam mining

Henan Pingdingshan No.10 mine is prone to both coal and gas outbursts. The E_9–10 coal seam is the main coal-producing seam but has poor quality ventilation, thus making it relatively difficult for gas extraction. The F₁₅ coal seam, at its lower section, is not prone to coal and gas outbursts. The average seam separation distance of 150 m is greater than the upper limit for underside protective seam mining. Based on borehole imaging technology for field exploration of coal and rock fracture characteristics and discrete element numerical simulation, we have studied the evolution laws and distribution characteristics of the coal and rock fissure field between these two coal seams. By analysis of the influential effect of group F coal mining on the E_9–10 coal seam, we have shown that a number of small fissures also develop in the area some 150 m above the overlying strata. The width and number of the fissures also increase with the extent of mining activity. Most of the fissures develop at a low angle or even parallel to the strata. The results show that the mining of the F₁₅ coal seam has the effect of improving the permeability of the E_9–10 coal seam.     

Analysis of microscopic pore structures of rocks before and after water absorption

Hydrophilic characteristics of rocks are affected by their microscopic pore structures, which clearly change after water absorption. Water absorption tests and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) experiments on rock samples, located at a site in Tibet, China, were carried out. Changes of rock pore structures before and after water absorption were studied with the distribution of pore sizes and fractal characteristics of pores. The results show that surface porosities, fractal dimensions of pores and the complexity of pore structures increased because the number of new small pores produced increased or the original macropore flow channels were expanded after rocks absorbed water. There were points of inflection on their water absorption curves. After water absorption of other rocks, surface porosities and fractal dimensions of pores and complexity of pore structures decreased as the original pore flow channels became filled. Water absorption curves did not change. Surface porosity and the pore fractal dimensions of rocks have good linear relationships before and after water absorption.     

煤岩孔隙结构特征及其对储层损害的影响

煤岩特殊的孔隙结构及甲烷赋存和产出方式决定了其损害机理与常规储层存在明显差异。在此六盘水地区亦资孔盆地二叠系煤岩气藏为对象，应用压汞和扫描电镜等手段，研究煤岩储层孔隙类型和孔隙结构特征，结合煤岩学、敏感性及工作液损害评价实验，探讨了煤岩气层损害机理。研究表明，煤岩中常见模特组织孔和气孔，裂缝发育，属双重孔隙介质，表现出很强的应力敏感性。工作液易通过天然裂缝系统侵入煤层中，导致裂缝内的固相沉积、水相圈闭和高分子处理剂吸附滞留损害。     

中低煤阶煤层气储层孔隙结构分段分形特征

为明确韩城、保德区块煤岩孔隙结构分形特征,基于火柴棍模型,推导了新的分形特征表征方法,并利用扫描电镜实验和压汞实验数据对新方法进行验证,在此基础上研究了中、低煤岩孔隙结构分形特征。结果表明,火柴棍模型更能精确表征中、低煤阶煤岩的双重孔隙结构特征。在双对数坐标中,进汞饱和度与毛管压力成双线性关系,即以半径1 μm为界,中低阶煤岩孔隙结构具有分段分形特征,孔隙和裂缝具有不同的分形区间和分形维数。韩城、保德区块裂缝分形维数和孔隙分形维数分别在2.80~2.98和2.17~2.33,且裂缝分形维数随孔隙分形维数增加而增加,两类分形维数均随平均孔隙半径、孔隙度和渗透率的增加依次降低。表明煤岩分形维数可以作为储层评价的关键指标,分形维数越小,储层物性越好。煤岩分形维数能够表征其孔隙结构的非均质性,分形维数越大,孔隙结构非均质性越强。韩城、保德区块割理、裂缝的分形维数远远大于孔隙分形维数。     

古风化壳孔隙与裂缝发育特征及其油气地质意义

通过总结前人研究结果,利用数据整理、薄片观察等方法对古风化壳中孔隙和裂缝的发育规律进行了分析,并探讨了古风化壳结构的油气地质意义。研究结果表明,发育完全的古风化壳具有风化黏土层和半风化岩石的分层结构;半风化岩石中部孔隙和裂缝较发育,向上向下规模逐渐减小,至风化黏土层大孔隙和裂缝不发育。通过实例汇总认为,影响半风化岩石孔缝系统发育程度的主要因素包括风化基岩的岩性、风化的时间和强度、风化壳形成时期的剥蚀厚度和古风化壳的埋藏深度以及裂缝孔隙的充填特征。风化黏土层岩性致密,对油气的保存具有建设性作用;半风化岩层中部的孔缝连通体,既为油气运移的良好通道,也可作为油气聚集的有效储层。     

动力夯实法处理湿陷性黄土的微观机理

利用取自山西的湿陷性黄土,模拟动力夯实现场试验,设计不同夯击次数的模型试验,得到随着夯击次数的增加,土样的密度、强度参数逐渐提高,湿陷性系数逐渐降低的变化规律,但当夯击次数大于8次时,土样竖向变形、密度、内摩擦角和粘聚力均趋于稳定,且湿陷性系数小于0.015.另外,对不同夯击次数下的土样进行SEM（扫描电镜）微观试验,编制SEM图像分析程序,经定性分析得到：随着夯击次数的增加,中小孔隙含量越来越大;夯击前土样等效孔径16 μm以下的孔隙占92.6％,大于16 μm的大孔隙占7.4％,小于4 μm的小孔隙占66.9％.10次夯击后,土体中几乎不存在等效孔径大于16 μm的大孔隙,而等效孔径小于4 μm的小孔隙占81.8％.经定量分析建立了夯击次数与平面孔隙率、平均等效孔径之间的量化关系.从而建立了湿陷性系数与平面孔隙率和平均等效孔径的量化关系.