四川盆地东部开江地区石炭系构造演化与油气成藏关系分析

描述了开江地区总体构造特征,讨论了开江地区构造演化史.研究认为,开江地区构造演化主要经历了加里东期、海西期、印支期、燕山期以及喜山期等构造运动,结合开江地区石炭系气藏的生排烃史,将石炭系油气成藏模式分为印支期-燕山期聚集成藏模式、印支-燕山期聚集喜山期成藏模式和喜山期聚集成藏模式3种类型.     

川东北地区罗家寨构造成因研究

论文在收集整理了大量地质资料的基础上,分析研究了川东北罗家寨构造的构造特征,表明罗家寨构造是在川东高陡构造带和大巴山弧形构造的共同影响下形成的;罗家寨构造的发育主要经历了四个主要构造时期,即印支运动中晚期、燕山运动期、喜马拉雅运动中期和喜马拉雅运动晚期,其中喜马拉雅运动中期和喜马拉雅运动晚期是罗家寨构造形成的主要时期.     

川东北飞仙关组异常压力演化与油气成藏

根据实测的下三叠统飞仙关组地层压力资料所展示的地层压力分布与气藏的特征关系,分析了不同类型储层气藏压力成因机制、演化及与油气成藏关系.正常压力系统,多处于台地边缘礁滩相,储层岩性以云岩为主,储集类型多为孔隙型,气藏一般甲烷含量低、硫化氢含量高;异常高压或超高压系统,多处于海槽区或台内云岩欠发育区,储层岩性以灰岩为主,气藏甲烷含量高、不含或含极少量的硫化氢,主要为裂缝型气藏;孔隙型气藏和裂缝型气藏具有明显不同的成压演化机制:以孔隙型储层为主的气藏经历了印支末期-燕山早期古油藏常压阶段,燕山中-晚期液态烃类热裂解成气的超压气藏阶段,TSR反应及其作用和喜马拉雅期的构造抬升使孔隙型储层降压为正常压力系统并最终定型为常压气藏阶段;以裂缝型储层为主气藏经历了燕山中-晚期高压天然气充注和燕山晚期构造挤压作用下古高压气藏阶段,喜马拉雅晚期强烈构造挤压超高压气藏定型阶段.     

淮北地区煤储层物性及煤层气勘探前景

研究了淮北地区地物构造演化及控气特征,结果认为：淮北地区印支期以来的构造演化对煤储层物性控制作用十分显著,以EW向的宿北断裂为界,北部地区煤层气勘探前景不佳,南部地区的东部,煤层的展布受褶皱形态的控制。在宿面向斜和南坪向斜中,煤层埋深、煤体结构、含气性、含气量和渗透率等储层物性均有利于煤层气的运移、聚集和保存,具有较好的煤层气勘探前景;临涣矿区强变形构造煤发育,煤体结构复杂,基本无勘探前景;涡阳矿区正断层发育,煤层气含量相对较小,但渗透性较好,值得进一步深入研究。     

渤海湾盆地深层古生界油气勘探前景

渤海湾盆地的古生界烃源岩自沉积以来,遭受了多期复杂的构造变动,烃源岩经历了不均一的抬升、变形、埋藏、甚至岩浆作用,导致了烃源岩生烃演化的不连续性和阶段性,针对这一问题,研究了渤海湾盆地古生办烃源岩的埋藏史和受热史。结果表明：研究区古生办的最高受热温度从加里东期到喜山期的“脉动式”递增导致有机质成熟度呈阶梯式增大,并引直多次生烃作用,主要生烃演化发生在印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅山晚期,且喜马拉雅山晚期的生烃演化具有重要意义,是渤海湾盆地深层油气勘探的方向,最后,提出了勘探的有利区块。     

沁水盆地南部煤层气藏特征

以油气、煤田和煤层气勘探阶段积累的资料为基础,系统探讨了沁南煤层气藏的特征.通过对气藏静态特征(包括煤层空间几何形态、煤层气成分和含量、储层物性、吸附特征、储层压力及封闭条件)和动态过程(包括煤层气形成、运移和聚集)的分析,指出晚古生代的煤层在经历了印支期和燕山期两次煤化作用生成的煤层气,在喜马拉雅期遭受了严重的调整与改造后逐渐形成现今的沁南煤层气藏.直接控制该煤层气藏中煤层气富集程度的因素为顶底板与边界断层.目前的高产煤层气井基本上都位于地下水滞流区.     

荥巩煤田谷山井田构造演化与煤层气含量的关系

煤层气含量及其控制因素的研究是煤矿瓦斯灾害预测和煤层气的可开发性评价的基础.根据勘探和建井阶段的资料,荥巩煤田谷山井田东部山西组二1煤埋深200m以下的区域,煤层气含量与井田构造演化有着密切的关系.印支期(T末)在正常地温梯度下发生第一次生烃和燕山期(J3-K1)在异常热事件作用下发生了第二次生烃,奠定了高含气量的基础.但由于燕山期煤体所受温度极高(300℃),煤的理论吸附量不超过 15m3/t.K2到喜山早期,随南部嵩山不断隆起,浅部煤层中的煤层气在地下水作用下向深部运移,在滞留区煤层内聚集.这一时期构造决定的地下水动力条件控制着煤层气的运移富集.第三纪晚期形成的滑动构造使煤体破坏严重,储层渗透性降低,沿滑动构造面形成的糜棱岩带增加了煤的吸附能力,阻止了煤层气的扩散,并可能存在动力变质引起的生烃,对含气量进行补充.     

江南古陆东北缘盖层叠加褶皱特征

江南古陆东北缘古生代—早中生代盖层中发育的褶皱构造属性逐渐被认识,但该区是否存在叠加褶皱及其叠加样式如何则未见报道。通过野外调查,发现江南古陆东北缘发育加里东期、印支期褶皱构造。通过对区内叠加褶皱特征和应力场恢复研究,并应用构造解析和赤平投影法研究叠加褶皱的几何学和运动学特征,显示盖层发育3期区域性叠加褶皱变形:区内早期遭受SN向挤压,形成加里东晚期近EW向褶皱(第一期褶皱);其后遭受SE—NW向挤压,形成印支早期NE向或NNE向褶皱(第二期褶皱);晚期遭受NE—SW向挤压,形成印支晚期—燕山早期近SN向或NNW向褶皱(第三期褶皱)。区域叠加褶皱主要有横跨和斜跨叠加褶皱,发育多样干涉样式。结果表明:第二期褶皱斜跨第一期褶皱,形成了区内基本构造格局。深入研究叠加褶皱构造特征和变形演化史,对区内构造格架重建和地质找矿均具有重要意义。     

黄骅坳陷石炭-二叠纪煤成烃演化的构造控制

黄骅坳陷的石炭-二叠纪煤系自沉积以来，遭受了复杂的构造变动，煤系源岩经历了不均一的抬升、变形、埋藏，导致了有机质生烃演化的不连续性和分阶段性．为了合理地评价黄骅坳陷石炭-二叠纪煤系的生烃潜力，本文以构造演化为主线，运用现代油气地质理论和现代的分析测试手段，研究了黄骅坳陷上古生界烃源岩的埋藏史、受热史和成熟-生烃史．研究结果揭示了本区石炭-二叠系煤系源岩构造控制下的煤成烃演化历程，阐明了上古生界生烃作用发生的构造期次，生烃强度和时空分异特征，指出了黄骅坳陷石炭二叠系烃源岩曾发生过3次重要的生烃作用过程，并得出了烃源岩最大埋深主要发生在喜马拉雅期，超过了3500m，地机质最高相对生轻量超过50mg／g．     

南黄海南部坳陷构造演化与二叠系油气成藏

为了开辟后备油气基地,选取南黄海盆地南部坳陷内典型地震剖面进行构造演化分析,并结合成藏要素和成藏条件分析构造演化对二叠系油气成藏的影响,认为晚古生代以来的多期构造演化控制了二叠系油气成藏过程,使研究区东部和中西部发育不同成藏模式.研究结果表明:南部坳陷晚古生代以来共经历了4期构造演化过程;研究区东部二叠系烃源岩仅发生过1次生烃,中西部可能存在2次生烃;油气主要通过断裂和不整合面向周围圈闭运移;古近纪Ed—Es阶段构造活动剧烈,是圈闭的最终定型期,也是早期所形成油气藏的强烈改造时期;主要存在3种有利油气成藏模式.受构造演化和古地温梯度综合控制,研究区东部应重点寻找二叠系自生自储油气藏,而中西部应将二叠系生-中生界储、二叠系生-新生界储以及二叠系自生自储油气藏作为有利类型.     

煤层气成藏的构造应力场研究

构造应力场是控制煤层气成藏极为重要的因素，深入探讨不同性质构造应力场对煤储层的改造及控制机理，将会为煤层气勘探前景评价提供重要的理论基础．本文在区域构造应力场研究的基础上，分别探讨了不同性质构造应力场的作用特征及其对构造发育、构造展布、构造组合及构造变形的控制作用；分析了不同性质构造及其组合、应力-应变环境对煤储层的改造作用，探讨了不同变形机制和不同结构构造煤在不同构造应力场中的发育及展布规律．研究表明，挤压应力场作用下，在强变形带的中心及其附近，可以形成糜棱煤类构造煤，但糜棱煤分布较为局限；在较大范围内形成脆性变形系列的构造煤，是煤层气勘采的有利区带；拉张构造应力场中，大部分区域内有利于煤层裂隙的形成和渗透率的提高，但易造成煤层气的散失，含气量降低，应重视有利的储气构造的研究．剪切构造应力场中，以平移断层为界，煤层的赋存状态、煤体结构和煤储层物性都会存在一定的差异，应对不同的构造单元分别研究其煤储层特征．     

Reservoir reconstruction technologies for coalbed methane recovery in deep and multiple seams

Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.     

Estimation of correction coefficients for measured coal bed methane contents

Improving the accuracy and precision of coal bed methane (CBM) estimates requires correction of older data from older coal exploration surveys to newer standards. Three methods, the depth gradient method, the contour aerial weight method, and the well-point aerial weight method, were used to estimate the correction coefficient required to predict CBM gas content from coal exploration data. The data from the Nos. 3 and 15 coal seams provided the coal exploration data while the CBM exploration stages within the X1 well block located in the southern part of the Qinshui Basin provided the data obtained using newer standards. The results show the correction coefficients obtained from the two aerial weight methods are similar in value but lower than the one obtained from the depth gradient method. The three methods provide similar results for the Nos. 3 and 15 seams in that the correction factor is lower for the former seam. The results from the depth gradient method taken together with the coal seam burial depth and the coal rank suggest that variations in the correction factor increase linearly along with coal seam burial depth and coal rank. The correlation obtained can be applied to exploration and the evaluation of coal bed gas resources located in coalfields.     

Thermal evolution characteristics of Triassic coal in Chuxiong Basin and its geological significance

Chuxiong Basin in Yunnan is a typical Mesozoic foreland basin which is enriched in widely distributed Triassic coal resources with thick deposits and of important strategic significance. By applying vitrinite reflectance measurement, inclusion thermometry, fission track dating and EASY% Ro numerical simulation, the Triassic coal thermal evolution history of the Chuxiong Basin was analyzed, and the results were concluded. The vitrinite reflectance of Chuxiong Basin is higher in the west and south in general.Vertically, in the east, west, and north of the basin, the vitrinite reflectance increases with increasing depth, and in the northern part, exceptionally high values occur, and there is no significant regularity in the east. The formation of inclusions inside quartz veins in Chuxiong Basin Triassic coal are unrelated with magmatic hydrothermal fluid, and there are multi-phase inclusions formed in three or four sections of tectonic movements. The main heating period(apparent age) of the Triassic coal is concentrated in the late Cenozoic, during which the coal was subjected to repeated thermal disturbance, resulting in a multimodal distribution of the fission track data, which reveals mild burial features of the early stages of the Late Cenozoic. The Triassic coal of Chuxiong Basin has experienced two major temperature increasing processes, which occurred in the early-mid Yanshan and the early Himalayan, respectively. The first hydrocarbon generation period of coal organic matter occurred in the formation stage of the foreland basin, during which the south and west of the basin generated large amounts of hydrocarbon, but little was preserved. The second generation stage in the Early Himalayan had conditions suitable for high gas accumulation, especially in the western and southern regions. The upper Triassic coal is of moderate burial depth and is less affected by the strike-slip effect. There are key areas of Chuxiong Basin oil and gas exploration, such as the Yanfeng Basin in the north-central, Yongren and Yunlong areas.     

下扬子地区推覆构造特征及演化

通过本文研究,认为下扬子区推覆构造可分为NE、NNE及近EW走向三组。其主要类型有席状逆冲构造、侏罗山式褶皱推覆构造、楔状推覆构造及剪切褶皱逆冲构造等。推覆构造于印支末-燕山早期开始发育,一直可延续到喜山期,形成推覆构造的动力来源于库拉-太平洋板块对中国东部大陆的作用及其作用方式的改变以及郯庐断裂系的构造运动所施加的影响。     

沁水盆地煤层气地质研究进展

综述沁水盆地煤层气地质的相关研究成果.根据研究,沁水盆地煤层气地质特征可以总结为：主要为高—过成熟的热成因气,仅有少量次生生物气;太原组煤层较山西组煤层吸附性强、渗透性好;煤层的含气性在南部相对较好,在西北部最差;煤层一般发育两组裂隙且以吸附孔为主,盆地南部部分裂隙被热液矿物充填;深成变质与燕山期构造热事件叠加所引起的二次生烃是盆地煤层气藏形成的主要气源,沁南富气区的勘探前景较好.关于煤层气成藏动力场的研究,已经实现了多因素耦合的研究方法.煤层气成藏分析相关研究已经对边界和类型作出划分和厘定.     

Prediction of coal structure using particle size characteristics of coalbed methane well cuttings

Severely deformed coal seams barely deliver satisfactory gas production. This research was undertaken to develop a new method to predict the positions of deformed coals for a horizontal CBM well. Firstly, the drilling cuttings of different structure coals were collected from a coal mine and compared. In light of the varying cuttings characteristics for different structure coals, the coal structure of the horizontally drilled coal seam was predicted. And the feasibility of this prediction method was discussed. The result shows that exogenetic fractures have an important influence on the deformation of coal seams. The hardness coefficient of coal decreases with the deformation degree in the order of primary structural, cataclastic and fragmented coal. And the expanding-ratio of gas drainage holes and the average particle size of cuttings increase with the increase of the deformation degree. The particle size distribution of coal cuttings for the three types of coals is distinctive from each other. Based on the particle size distribution of cuttings from X-2 well in a coal seam, six sections of fragmented coal which are unsuitable for perforating are predicted. This method may benefit the optimization of perforation and fracturing of a horizontal CBM well in the study area.     

Prediction of geotemperatures in coal-bearing strata and implications for coal bed methane accumulation in the Bide-Santang basin,western Guizhou,China

The geothermal fields of coal-bearing strata have become a key topic in geological research into coal and coal bed methane(CBM). Based on temperature data from 135 boreholes that penetrate the Upper Permian coal-bearing strata in the Bide-Santang basin, western Guizhou, the precisions of geothermal predictions made using a geothermal gradient model and a gray sequence GM(1,1) model are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the gray sequence GM(1,1) model is more appropriate for the prediction of geothermal fields. The GM(1,1) model is used to predict the geothermal field at three levels with depths of 500, 1000, and 1500 m, as well as within the No. 6, No. 16, and No. 27 coal seams. The results indicate that the geotemperatures of the 500 m depth level are between 21.0 and 30.0 °C, indicating no heat damage; the geotemperatures of the 1000 m depth level are between 29.4 and 44.7 °C,indicating the first level of heat damage; and the geotemperatures of the 1500 m depth level are between35.6 and 63.4 °C, indicating the second level of heat damage. The CBM contents are positively correlated with the geotemperatures of the coal seams. The target area for CBM development is identified.     

Characteristics and dominant controlling factors of gas outburst in Huaibei coalfield and its countermeasures

In order to master the main characteristics and controlling factors of gas disasters in Huaibei coalfield, based on data analysis, experimental determination and theoretical research, we analyzed the geological evolution and gas parameters in Huaibei mining area. The results show that Huaibei coalfield is located in Xu-Su arcuate tectonic circle, and the coal seam and gas occurrence took on bipolar-distribution. The dominant controlling factors of gas outburst were tectonic structures, tectonic stress, magma intrusion and mining depth. The geological conditions of Huaibei coalfield were very complicated, and almost all the outburst accidents occurred in tectonic structure zones. The horizontal tectonic stress played a dominant role in outburst accident. The thermal evolution and trap effect of magma intrusion controlled the physical characteristics of coal, gas occurrence and outburst. With the increase of mining depth, the possibility of gas outburst accidents increased significantly. After carrying out several effective regional measurements, the gas control effect was obvious and could ensure safety and high efficiency mining in outburst coal seams.     

吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区煤层气钻完井适用技术探讨

在剖析美国圣胡安盆地煤层气空气钻井、裸眼洞穴完井技术及优势的基础上,确定了低煤阶煤层气钻井及裸眼洞穴完井的煤储层条件等,并以吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区低煤阶煤层气为主要研究对象,利用类比法及地质统计法,具体分析了吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区的煤储层厚度、含气量、渗透率、井壁稳定性及储层压力条件等．研究表明,沙尔湖地区煤层厚度大,储层物性好,井壁稳定性好,可采用低成本空气钻井及裸眼完井技术提高钻井效率,保护煤储层,提高煤层气采收率．