姜科植物精油抑菌作用的研究进展

姜科植物精油来源广泛,具有抗菌和抗氧化等多种生物活性,逐渐被广泛应用于食品防腐保鲜、化妆品、医药等领域。本文综述了不同产地、取材及提取方法所得姜科植物精油的主要成分和抑菌作用,分析了不同化学成分对其抑菌活性的影响,并总结了植物精油的抑菌机理,以期为探寻安全的天然抑菌剂提供参考。     

罗勒精油抑菌活性研究进展

针对植物精油具有广谱的抑菌活性,通过总结罗勒精油国内外文献报道中抑菌活性的研究概况,阐述了具有抑菌活性的罗勒精油作为保鲜剂在食品领域中的应用。另外,根据植物精油的抑菌特性,对农用精油杀菌剂进一步研究提出了一点建议。     

柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌作用研究进展

柑橘属植物果皮精油主要由单萜化合物、倍半萜化合物及含氧衍生物构成。柑橘属植物果皮精油不仅安全、风味较好,还具有广谱抑菌性能,因而可以作为化学杀菌剂的天然替代物。柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌效果同其萜烯类物质的含氧衍生物有密切关系。精油通过破坏细菌和真菌的细胞结构、影响代谢途径等方式起到抑菌效果。柑橘属植物果皮精油可广泛应用于食品保藏、果蔬真菌病害防治等方面,可采用直接添加、熏蒸或与其他抑菌手段协同使用等方法使其达到抑菌效果。综述了柑橘属植物果皮精油抑菌效果、抑菌机理以及应用等方面,为其在食品中的进一步应用提供参考。     

“小油料”精油抑菌活性研究及其在食品保藏中的应用

降低新鲜食品在运输保藏中的腐烂变质是食品保藏的研究重点之一,植物精油是植物生长过程中形成的次生物质,在抑菌方面具有良好的活性。文章对精油的提取来源"小油料"精油的提取方法进行了概述,对精油的抑菌活性及机制进行了总结探讨,对其在食品保藏中的应用现状进行了简要概述,并就小油料精油的前景进行了展望,为进一步开发新型小油料精油以及对抑菌功能的研究提供了参考,以期为开发新型的天然抑菌剂、保证食品安全提供参考。     

肉桂精油的成分分析、抑菌和抗氧化活性及在食品保鲜中的应用进展

肉桂精油具有优良的抑菌和抗氧化活性,因此其作为一类天然安全的植物抑菌剂和抗氧化剂,在日常的食品保鲜中具有非常广阔的应用前景。文章分析了不同生长环境、不同提取部位和不同提取方法得到的肉桂油的主要化学成分和含量,综述了肉桂油的抗菌、抗氧化性及其在食品保鲜中的应用,为肉桂精油进一步的开发和应用提供了参考。     

八角茴香提取物在食品中的应用研究进展

八角茴香提取物及精油因具有较强的抑菌及抗氧化活性,其作为天然添加剂在食品领域具有广泛的应用。文章针对八角茴香提取物及精油在肉制品工业及果蔬保鲜等领域的具体应用实例,阐明其在食品领域具有较高的研究价值和开发前景。另外,根据植物源添加剂的功效特点,对农用精油杀菌剂及保鲜剂研究提出了一点建议。     

肉豆蔻精油抑菌效果及其在发酵香肠中的应用

对肉豆蔻精油的抑菌效果及其在香肠发酵中的应用进行了研究。通过肉豆蔻精油与抗生素及制霉菌素的对比抑菌试验、最低抑菌浓度检测、不同温度和pH对肉豆蔻精油的影响试验、添加肉豆蔻精油的香肠与普通香肠对比试验,得出肉豆蔻精油具有广谱的抗菌活性,其中对酿酒酵母的抑菌效果最佳,为肉豆蔻精油作为食品抑菌剂提供了理论依据。     

植物精油对病原微生物作用机制及在浆果保鲜上的研究进展

浆果类水果肉质多汁、营养丰富,但采后易于病原微生物生长,从而引起腐败变质,故对浆果中的病原微生物进行抑菌研究是浆果保鲜的关键。植物精油是天然植物体内重要的次生代谢产物,具有广泛的抑菌性能。该文归纳了天然植物精油的来源及主要活性成分,在总结近几年天然植物精油对病原微生物抑菌机制的基础之上,综述了不同精油保鲜方式对浆果类水果进行抑菌保鲜的应用研究进展,并对植物精油应用于浆果保鲜的安全性进行评价。以期为寻求能够替代传统保鲜剂的天然生物资源提供新途径。     

三种植物精油对霉菌的抑制效果测定及其在大米储藏中应用研究

天然植物精油具有良好的抑菌能力,在粮食天然保鲜剂的开发应用中具有良好的前景。采用水蒸气蒸馏的方法从天然植物丁香、肉桂、小茴香中提取精油,并将它们对大米2种主要霉菌的菌丝生长抑制率、最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度进行测定。结果表明:肉桂精油效果最好,0.03%时抑菌率达100%,最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度均为0.02%。同时也对3种植物精油在大米储藏中的应用进行了初步研究。     

天然抑菌剂对鲁氏接合酵母的抑菌作用

本课题研究植物源、动物源与微生物源三种来源的20种天然抑菌剂对鲁氏接合酵母的抑菌活性。采用双层平板打孔法,根据抑菌圈直径判断20种天然抑菌剂的抑菌活性;采用二倍稀释法测定天然抑菌剂对鲁氏接合酵母的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC);用比色法测定鲁氏接合酵母在YPD培养基和果汁中的生长情况;用比色法分别测定两种天然抑菌剂以及两者以不同的添加比例加入果汁中对鲁氏接合酵母生长状况的影响;研究柠檬酸浓度、温度、紫外线照射时间对复合抑菌剂抑菌稳定性的影响。研究结果表明微生物源抑菌剂对鲁氏接合酵母的抑菌效果最好;鲁氏接合酵母在YPD中的生长情况要好于在果汁中;筛选出了纳他霉素和ε-聚赖氨酸两种微生物源抑菌剂,且两者具有协同作用;柠檬酸浓度、温度、紫外线照射时间会影响复合抑菌剂的抑菌稳定性。     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Thymus algeriensis,Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis from Morocco

BACKGROUND: The present study reports on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Thymus algeriensis, Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis from Morocco. RESULTS: The composition of these species was analysed by GC‐MS, and 65 components were identified. Eucalyptus globulus EO showed a great similarity with EOs from other regions, with 1,8‐cineole (79.85%) the major component. Also rich in this constituent was Rosmarinus officinalis (43.99%). However, the chemical profile of Thymus algeriensis was rather different, and for the first time such a high content of borneol (23.48%) has been described in this EO. The antimicrobial activity of these species has also been studied against seven pathogenic and spoiling bacteria of significant importance. According to the results, Thymus algeriensis showed the best bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect, followed by Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis. CONCLUSIONS: As far as we know this is the first time that minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration values have been reported for Eucalyptus globulus EO. Our data support the possible use of this EO as well as Thymus algeriensis EO, as potential natural agents in preservatives for food and pharmaceutical products. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物复合精油对5种稻谷霉变优势菌株抑菌作用研究

为了研究天然植物精油(百里香、丁香、肉桂)对霉变稻谷的抑菌效果,以5种稻谷霉变优势菌株为受试菌,以霉菌抑菌圈直径大小和最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为指标,通过混料设计方法建立复合精油抑菌模型,结合方差分析得到抑菌效果最佳的植物精油配比。研究结果表明,单一精油抑菌活性对亮白曲霉（A. candidus）,杂色曲霉（A. versicolor）和聚多曲霉（A. sydowii）为肉桂精油>丁香精油>百里香精油;对稻黑孢霉（N. oryzae）为肉桂精油=丁香精油>百里精香油;对布罗克青霉菌（P. brocae）为丁香精油=百里香精油<肉桂精油。当肉桂精油:丁香精油:百里香精油的体积比为55.2%︰26.9%︰17.9%时,3种植物精油对5种菌株抑制效果最佳,复合抑制值大于90.9%。     

Application of microencapsulated essential oils in cosmetic and personal healthcare products – a review

Nowadays, the consumers around the world are increasingly focused on health and beauty. The renewed consumer interest in natural cosmetic products creates the demand for new products and reformulated others with botanical and functional ingredients. In cosmetic products, essential oils (EOs) play a major role as fragrance ingredients. They can optimize its proprieties and preservation, as well as the marketing image of the final product. Microencapsulation of EOs can protect and prevent the loss of volatile aromatic ingredients and improve the controlled release and stability of this core materials. The importance of EOs for cosmetic industry and its microencapsulation was reviewed in this study. Also a briefly introduction about the preparation of microparticles was presented. Some of the most important and usual microencapsulation techniques of EOs, as well as the conventional encapsulating agents, were discussed. Despite the fact that microencapsulation of EOs is a very promising and extremely attractive application area for cosmetic industry, further basic research needs to be carried out, for a better understanding of the biofunctional activities of microencapsulated EOs and its release modulation, as well as the effects of others cosmetic ingredients and the storage time in the microparticles properties.     

植物源抑菌剂的研究进展

植物源抑菌剂是通过物理或化学分离提取方法从天然植物中获得的具有抑菌作用的生物活性物质,具有安全、高效、毒副作用小等优点,在抑制病原菌及有害微生物生长繁殖、保障食品安全方面有较高的开发潜力和研究价值。植物源抑菌剂种类丰富,主要包括多酚、多糖、黄酮、挥发油、生物碱、萜类化合物等。本文分析总结了常见植物源抑菌剂的提取及纯化方法,讨论了提取方法选择过程中存在的问题,探究了不同种类植物源抑菌剂的作用机理及在食品保藏、加工中的应用现状。植物源抑菌剂在抑菌防腐领域具有较广阔的应用前景,未来可在提取工艺优化、有效成分分析及抑菌基因表达等方面进行深入研究,以期为植物源抑菌剂的综合利用提供一定的理论依据。     

植物精油对果蔬保鲜作用研究进展

病原微生物引起的腐烂是造成果蔬采后损失的主要原因,由此带来巨大的经济损失。植物精油是植物体内的次生代谢产物,化学组成较为复杂,因其具有抑菌和保持果蔬品质等多方面的作用,引起了食品研究人员的极大兴趣。近年来,植物精油在果蔬保鲜上的应用已成为研究热点。本文就植物精油的抑菌活性、对果蔬防腐保鲜的作用及其机理等方面进行综述及分析,以期为高效、安全的食品天然防腐保鲜剂的开发和植物精油在果蔬保鲜中的应用提供参考。     

植物精油在包装领域的研究应用进展

近年来,人们对在食品中使用天然抗菌剂代替化学防腐剂的兴趣日益增加。就此而言,精油这种具有挥发性且安全无害的天然植物次生代谢产物无疑将会在食品功能包装领域得到广泛的研究和应用。目前大量研究表明,加入精油后的食品包装可增强食品的抗菌和抗氧化活性、减缓酶促褐变、改变食品周围的气体环境以及水蒸气渗透等效果。本文特以此为切入点,介绍了植物精油的生物学效应,以及植物精油作为一种活性成分在当前的研究、开发和应用。因此,开发植物精油用作生物基食品包装,将精油本身与纳米乳液纳入活性或智能包装中,加入到产品或包装表面涂层、充入气调包装中、在包装内添加小袋和加入到包装膜上等,无疑可以用来改善产品品质的影响,减少食品行业的浪费。该研究还涵盖了植物精油在食品包装中的常见技术应用,如可降解的生物薄膜、微胶囊包埋、纳米乳液和静电纺丝等,以期为植物精油在包装领域的应用提供新途径。     

Electrospraying method for fabrication of essential oil loaded-chitosan nanoparticle delivery systems characterized by molecular,thermal, morphological and antifungal properties

Fabrication of essential oil loaded-chitosan nanoparticles using electrospraying technique appears to be a novel strategy to develop thermally stable nanoparticles possessing higher encapsulation efficiency and particle stability. This study aims to fabricate chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO, Origanum vulgare L.) at different proportions (OEO/CH proportions of 0:1, 0.0625:1, 0.125:1, 0.25:1 and 0.5:1 mL/g) using electrospraying technique. The CNPs were characterized in term of their particle size and stability (dynamic light scattering), encapsulation efficiency (spectrophotometry), and molecular (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis), morphological (scanning electron microscopy) and antifungal (agar dilution method) and fungistatic activity properties. The average particle sizes of the CNPs ranged between 290 and 483 nm with a spherical morphology. Positively charged surface characteristics were observed to increase with the increment of OEO concentration in CNPs. The encapsulation efficiency values were determined in the range of 70.1 and 79.6%. The molecular and thermal analyses exposed very decent encapsulation of OEO into thermally stable chitosan nanoparticles. Morphological analysis verified the spherical shapes of these nanoparticles. Above all, the antifungal effectiveness of OEO against the Alternaria alternata AY1 could be significantly (p < 0.05) increased by its encapsulation into chitosan nanoparticles fabricated by the electrospraying technique. Consequently, it can be stated that the electrospraying technique developed is able to fabricate thermally stable nanoparticles owning higher encapsulation efficiency and particle stability. The results and findings suggest that the electrospraying technique would be a promising method to fabricate chitosan-based nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent to control their release in a prolonged preservative effect in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food applications for adjustable dosage forms.Industrial relevanceThe fungal agents such as Alternaria alternata cause great damages on post-harvest fresh fruits and vegetables, thus leading to a great economical lose. Therefore, a great variety of methods in struggling with disease have been previously proposed. Nowadays, the most effective leading methods to struggle against plant diseases are those applied with synthetic fungicides to minimize such lose in post-harvest fruit and vegetables. However, intensive and unconscious use of the fungicides leads the pathogens to develop resistance against these agents as well as to accumulation of chemical residues in soil, water and air and finally to formation of carcinogenic effects on human health. Nowadays, a great effort is being exerted to develop novel biodegradable and natural antimicrobial agents for struggling fungal spoilage in postharvest products. Essential oils are among the most widely used natural struggling methods. Essential oils obtained from plants have been extensively used since they are natural antimicrobial agents. However, they cannot be effectively used in spite of their extensive applications. Recently, some researches in the field of nanotechnology have demonstrated that the effectiveness of active substances could be increased by using some techniques. In this respect, we aimed at developing essential-oil-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticle delivery systems using an electrospraying deposition system to prevent fungal colonization on food and plant materials. By increasing antifungal effectiveness of essential oils by their encapsulation into nanoparticles, it will be possible to decrease the levels of regularly applied dose and reflect the obtained outcomes to the food and agriculture industry. This study is the first example of production of essential oil loaded nanoparticles using the electrospraying-hydrodynamic process and showed that encapsulation of oregano essential oil into chitosan based nanoparticles (CNPs) by using the electrospraying deposition technique considerably increased the antifungal effectiveness of the Origanum vulgare essential oil. Our results highlight the potential use of the chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with different amounts of Origanum vulgare in food and agriculture industry as an effective fungicidal material against Alternaria alternata, suggesting that the CNPs can be promising tools to compete with synthetic fungicide counterparts and limit use of synthetic ones for struggling of food and plant pathogens. Therefore, the results of this study should be of great importance to industrial applications in terms of development of natural, but effective preservatives as alternative to synthetic ones. In this respect, the CNPs would find a great industrial application area in the food and agriculture industry which seek natural preservatives due to the recent health concerns.     

Application of artificial neural networks to the prediction of the antioxidant activity of essential oils in two experimental in vitro models

Introduction

The antioxidant properties of essential oils (EOs) have been on the centre of intensive research for their potential use as preservatives or nutraceuticals by the food industry. The enormous amount of information already generated on this subject provides a rich field for data-miners as it is conceivable, with suitable computational techniques, to predict the antioxidant capacity of any essential oil just by knowing its particular chemical composition. To accomplish this task we here report on the design, training and validation of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) able to predict the antioxidant activity of EOs of known chemical composition.

Methods

A multilayer ANN with 30 input neurons, 42 in hidden layers (20 → 15 → 7) and one neuron in the output layer was developed and run using Fast Artificial Neural Network software. The chemical composition of 32 EOs and their antioxidant activity in the DPPH and linoleic acid models were extracted from the scientific literature and used as input values. From the initial set of around 80 compounds present in these EOs, only 30 compounds with relevant antioxidant capacity were selected to avoid excessive complexity of the neural network and minimise the associated structural problems.

Results and discussion

The ANN could predict the antioxidant capacities of essential oils of known chemical composition in both the DPPH and linoleic acid assays with an average error of only 3.16% and 1.46%, respectively. We also discuss on the contribution of different compounds to these chemical activities.

Conclusions

These results confirm that artificial neural networks are reliable, fast and cheap tools for predicting antioxidant activity of essential oils from some of its components and can be used to model biochemical properties of complex natural products including the prediction of parameters associated with nutraceutical properties of food ingredients.     

植物挥发油对黄曲霉毒素产生菌及其毒素合成的影响

黄曲霉毒素(AFT)是由黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasiticus)等曲霉属真菌产生的次生代谢产物,具有致畸、致癌、致突变等作用.AFT污染多种粮食作物及食品,其极强的毒性严重威胁到人体健康.寻找各种黄曲霉毒素抑制剂已成为国内外研究的热点.部分抗生素类药物及化学杀菌剂虽然具有较强的抗黄曲霉作用,但鉴于其毒副作用较明显,使用范围非常有限.近二十年来,人们开始从天然产物中寻找毒副作用低、易降解并且安全性高的黄曲霉抑制剂.本文对天然植物挥发油及其单体成分抑制黄曲霉和寄生曲霉生长并抑制AFT合成,以及在粮食、食品及其包装等方面的应用情况进行综述,为进一步研究植物挥发油类成分的抑菌机制和产品开发提供参考.     

Evaluation of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Mentha pulegium,Juniperus phoenicea,and Cyperus longus essential oils from Morocco

The present study evaluates the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils (EOs) of Mentha pulegium L., Juniperus phoenicea L. and Cyperus longus L. from Morocco. The composition of these species was analyzed by GC/MS and 84 components were identified. M. pulegium EO showed a great similarity with EOs coming from other regions, as pulegone, the major component, accounted for about 70% of the EO. The EO of J. phoenicea had as main components α-pinene (24.9%), β-phellandrene (24.4%) and α-terpinyl acetate (12.9%). The EO extracted from C. longus was remarkably rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (83.2%), which included β-himachalene (46.6%), α-humulene (16.9%), and γ-himachalene (10.1%). The antimicrobial activity of these EOs has been evaluated against seven bacteria of significant importance for food hygiene. According to the results, M. pulegium showed the best bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect, followed by J. phoenicea and C. longus. So far as we know, this is the first report on the quantitative composition and biological activity of the essential oil from C. longus. The tested EOs showed a variable degree of antimicrobial activity being M. pulegium the most effective one.